DMV Virginia

The Virginia Driver’s Manual will help you learn and
understand safe driving practices. Study this manual to prepare for the knowledge
test, obtain a Virginia driver’s license and become a safe driver.
The information contained in this manual should be used as a general guide to the
motor vehicle laws but not as a substitute for the Code of Virginia, which contains
the laws that govern Virginia drivers and vehicles.
If you are learning to drive, this manual will give you information you need to study
for the knowledge exam. If you already have a Virginia driver’s license, review this
manual for new laws or rules of the road.
Driving is a privilege, not a right. Your driver’s license carries with it a great
responsibility to be courteous of other drivers on the roadways and follow state and
federal motoring laws.
This manual is also available on the DMV website, www.dmvNOW.com.
DMV offers the Virginia Driver’s Manual in an audio format for Virginians with
special needs. The audio version is available at www.dmvNOW.com.
Virginia Driver’s Manual:
Table of Contents
Section 1 – Testing Searching ...........................................................................18

Two-part knowledge exam .................................................3 Blind spots .........................................................................19
Road skills test ...................................................................4 Sharing the road ................................................................19
Vision screening .................................................................4 Pedestrians ............................................................19
Vision standards ....................................................4 Bicycles .................................................................19
Mopeds .................................................................19
Motorcycles...........................................................19
Section 2 – Signals, Signs and Light rail ................................................................20
Low speed vehicles ...............................................20
Pavement Markings Trucks, tractor-trailers, buses and RVs ....................20
Traffic signals......................................................................5
Light to medium trailers .........................................20
Lane use signals .....................................................6
Backing .............................................................................21
Traffic signs ........................................................................6
Parking .............................................................................21
Sign colors .............................................................6
Visibility .............................................................................21
Sign shapes............................................................6
Lights .................................................................................22
Regulatory signs .....................................................7
Hazardous conditions ........................................................22
Warning signs ........................................................8
Night driving .........................................................22
Work zones ...........................................................10
Fog ........................................................................22
Pavement markings ............................................................10
Rain ......................................................................22
Painted curbs .....................................................................13
Snow .....................................................................22
Dangerous driving behaviors ..............................................22
Aggressive driving ..................................................22
Section 3 – Safe Driving Distracted driving ..................................................23
Hand position ....................................................................13
Drowsy driving ......................................................23
Speed limits .......................................................................14
Drinking and driving ..............................................23
Stopping ............................................................................14
Traffic crashes ....................................................................24
Yielding the right-of-way ....................................................15
Deer hazards .....................................................................24
Roundabouts .....................................................................16
Traffic stops ........................................................................25
Changing lanes ..................................................................16
Passing .............................................................................16
Over-correcting .................................................................17
Turning .............................................................................17
Section 4 – Seat Belts, Airbags, and
U-turns .............................................................................17 Child Safety Seats
Turn signals ........................................................................17 Seat belts ...........................................................................25
Maintaining a space cushion ..............................................18 Air bags .............................................................................26
Following distance .................................................18 Child safety seats ...............................................................26
V I R G I N I A D R I V E R ’ S M A N U A L | 1
Table of Contents
Section 5 – Penalties
License suspension ............................................................27
License revocation .............................................................27
Conviction-related suspensions and revocations .................27
Other DMV requirements, suspensions and revocations .....28
Driver Improvement Program ................................28
Medical review program ........................................28
Insurance monitoring program ...............................29
Suspension for failing to satisfy child
support-related requirements ................................29
Alcohol and the law ...........................................................29
Administrative License Suspension .........................29
Open alcohol containers in vehicles ......................29
Transporting children while under the influence
of alcohol/drugs .....................................................29
Vehicle impoundment ...........................................29
Restitution .............................................................29
Alcohol related violations and penalties
involving persons under age 21 .............................30
Section 6 – License Types

Learner’s permit ................................................................31
Driver’s license ..................................................................31
Commercial driver’s license ...............................................31
School bus driver’s license .................................................31
Motorcycle learner’s permit ...............................................32
Motorcycle driver’s license.................................................32
International driver’s license ..............................................32
Section 7 – Other Important

Information
Receiving your license by mail ...........................................33
Address Changes................................................................33
New to Virginia ..................................................................33
Titles, registrations, license plates, decals ............................33
Safety inspections ..............................................................33
Tire safety inspections ........................................................33
Insurance requirements .....................................................34
Applying to register to vote ................................................34
Organ, eye and tissue donation..........................................34
Section 8 – Sample Knowledge Exam

Sample exam .....................................................................35
2 | V I R G I N I A D R I V E R ’ S M A N U A L
Age 18 or older – you must pay a $2.00 fee if you
retake the exam within 15 days.
Section 1: The exam may be taken only once per business day. An
Testing audio version of the exam is available and the exam is offered
in many different languages and American Sign Language.
Therefore, translators may not be used for tests in offered
languages.
If you fail the knowledge exam three times, you will not be
able to take it a fourth time until you complete and pass the
classroom component of driver education.
You may have the option of completing an 8-hour course

based on the Virginia Driver’s Manual and approved by DMV
exclusively for satisfying the three-times-failure requirement.
This course is available at a driver training school. Please see
the requirements below based on your age.
Customers age 18 and older may complete a course
based on the Virginia Driver’s Manual. The completion
date of the driver’s manual course must be after the
date that you failed the knowledge exam the third time.
When you successfully complete the course and give
DMV your certificate of completion, you can take the
In this section you’ll learn about: knowledge exam again.
Two-part knowledge exam Customers younger than 18 may complete the course
Road skills test based on the Virginia Driver’s Manual if they have
Vision screening previously completed the classroom component of
driver education. Before you can take this course, you
Vision standards
must present your certificate of completion for the
classroom component of driver education to the driver
training school that will be conducting the driver’s
manual course. The completion date of the driver’s
Tests will include a vision screening and may manual course must be after the date that you failed the
include a two-part knowledge exam and a road skills test. A knowledge exam the third time. When you successfully
DMV representative will tell you which tests you need to take. complete the course and give DMV your certificate of
completion, you can take the knowledge exam again.
Two-Part Knowledge Exam When testing, you cannot:

get help while taking the exam
You will need to take the knowledge exam if you do not
hold a valid driver’s license from another U. S. state, help another person taking the exam
Canada, Germany, France, or the Republic of Korea. The try to get test questions or answers before the exam
two-part knowledge exam is given on a computer and tests give another person exam questions or answers
your knowledge of traffic signs, motor vehicle laws, and
use a cell phone during the exam
safe driving. Exam questions are taken from information in
this manual. You must correctly answer all ten traffic sign A sample knowledge exam is in Section 8 of this manual and
questions in part one of the exam before you can take part at www.dmvNOW.com.
two of the exam. Part two tests your general knowledge
with multiple choice questions. You must answer at least 80
percent of these questions correctly to pass part two. Services for Persons With Disabilities
Customers with special needs or who require special help
If you fail the exam and you are:
with applications or testing should tell a DMV staff member
Under age 18 – by law you must wait a full 15 days at any DMV location.
before you can retake the exam. For example, if you
fail the exam on January 1, the earliest you can take the
exam again is January 17.
Section 1: Testing
Road Skills Test Vision Screening

You will need to take the road skills test if you do not hold To screen your vision, a DMV staff member will ask you to
a valid driver’s license from another U. S. state, Canada, look into a machine and read a series of letters or numbers.
Germany, France, the Republic of Korea, or Taiwan. You must The vision screening is not a medical exam. The screening
provide a vehicle for the road skills test (cannot be taken in shows whether your vision meets Virginia’s standards to safely
an autocycle). The vehicle must have a valid safety inspection drive. If you fail the vision screening, you may be asked to
sticker, license plates, registration card and decals, working visit an eye care professional.
brakes, safety belts, horn, lights, turn signals, mirrors and
speedometer. If you need to wear glasses or contact lenses to pass the vision
screening, you must wear them when you drive. Your license
To take the road skills test, the DMV examiner will require will display a C for this restriction. To have this restriction
that you either: removed after having laser surgery to correct your vision, you
present an acceptable driver’s education certificate of must visit a DMV customer service center and pass the vision
completion, or screening without wearing glasses or contact lenses or submit
a Vision Screening Report (MED 4).
complete a behind-the-wheel checklist (DMV form
CSMA 19 available at www.dmvNOW.com or any DMV
office) that describes specific driving tasks that you may Vision Standards
be asked to perform while taking the road skills test. A Driver’s license – unrestricted
licensed driver will need to certify on the form that he/
she has been with you while you practiced the driving 20/40 or better vision in one or both eyes, and
tasks and that you have complied with all requirements 110 degrees, or better, horizontal vision in one or both
for learner’s permit holders while operating a motor eyes, or comparable measurement that shows a field of
vehicle. vision within this range.
For applicants under 18, the road skills test will be given as Driving – restricted to daylight hours only
part of the driver education course taken at a public, private 20/70 or better vision in one or both eyes, and
or commercial driving school. If you are home schooled, refer
to the Home-Schooled In-Car Driver Education Information 70 degrees, or better, horizontal vision. If you have
Sheet (HS 3) for more information about taking the road skills vision in only one eye, you must have horizontal vision
test. of at least 30 degrees or better when looking toward
your nose and 40 degrees or better when looking
Applicants age 18 or older must hold the learner’s permit for toward your temple, or comparable measurement that
60 days prior to the first road skills test or complete a course shows a field of vision within this range.
of driver’s education at a driver training school approved by
DMV or the Department of Education. For applicants who A daylight driving only restricted license permits you to drive
choose to take driver’s education, the road skills test will be only during the period of time beginning a half-hour after
administered by the driver training school. For those who opt sunrise and ending a half-hour before sunset.
to hold a learner’s permit for 60 days, the road skills test will
Bioptic telescopic lenses: If you wear bioptic telescopic
be given by a DMV staff member. The test may be taken only
lenses, read the DMV publication Driver’s Licensing
once per business day. If you fail the road skills test, you must
Information for Bioptic Telescopic Lense Wearers (MED 44)
wait two days to take it again. If you fail the road skills test
available at www.dmvNOW.com or contact DMV
at DMV three times, you will not be able to take it a fourth
at (804) 497-7100.
time until you complete and pass the in-vehicle part of driver
education at a driver training school approved by DMV or
the Department of Education. The completion date for the
in-vehicle part must be after the date you failed the road skills
test the third time. Once you successfully complete the
in-vehicle part and give DMV your certificate of completion,
you can take the road skills test again.
Section 2:
You may not turn right on red if signs are posted at the
intersection that read “No Turn on Red,” or if a red arrow
pointing to the right is displayed.
Signals, Signs and Left turn on red: You may turn left at a red light if you are on
Pavement Markings
a one-way street and turning left onto another one-way street
while the traffic signal displays a red light. Before turning, you
must come to a complete stop. Look both ways and yield the
right-of-way to pedestrians and other traffic. Be sure to check
for less visible vehicles such as motorcycles, bicycles, and
mopeds. You may not turn left on red if signs are posted at
the intersection that read “No Turn on Red,” or if a red arrow
pointing to the left is displayed.
Red arrow: A red arrow means you must stop if you intend
to move in the direction of the arrow. You may not proceed
in the direction of the arrow as long as the red
arrow is displayed, unless signs are posted at
the intersection that read “Right on Red Arrow
After Stop” or “Left on Red Arrow After Stop.”
Virginia law prohibits right and left turns at red
arrow lights.
Note: If you are traveling in another state, make sure you know
In this section you’ll learn about: its laws for right and left turns at red and red arrow lights.
Traffic signals
Traffic signs Flashing red light: At a flashing red light, come
to a complete stop and yield to oncoming
Pavement markings
vehicles and pedestrians. You may go when the
Painted curbs way is clear. At a railroad crossing, you must
come to a complete stop even if you don’t see a
train.
Flashing red arrow: At a flashing red arrow, come to a

complete stop, yield the right-of-way to vehicles coming from
Traffic signals, signs and the other direction and pedestrians in the intersection, and
pavement markings are used for traffic proceed in the direction of the arrow when the way is clear.
control to provide a smooth, orderly flow of traffic. It is
important to understand and obey them. It is illegal to avoid Yellow light or arrow: A yellow
these traffic controls by cutting through a parking lot or field. light or arrow are cautions warning
that the light is about to change.
Obey all signs and signals unless directed by a police officer; If you have not entered the
always follow the officer’s direction. intersection, stop; or, if unsafe to
stop, cautiously go through it. If
Traffic Signals you are already in the intersection, go through it cautiously.
Traffic signals apply to drivers, motorcycle riders, bicyclists, Do not speed up to beat the light.
moped-riders and pedestrians.
Flashing yellow light: A flashing yellow light
Red light: At a red light, come to a complete stop means slow down and proceed with caution.
at the stop line or, if there is no stop line, before Flashing yellow lights are at locations with
entering the intersection or before reaching the higher-than-normal hazardous conditions.
crosswalk. Remain stopped as long as the signal is
red, unless turns are allowed. Flashing yellow arrow: At a flashing yellow arrow, you may
turn in the direction of the arrow, if the way is clear. Yield
Right turn on red: You may turn right while the traffic signal the right-of-way to vehicles coming from the other direction
displays a red light. Before turning, you must come to a and pedestrians in the intersection. Be sure to check for less
complete stop. Look both ways and yield the right-of-way to visible vehicles such as motorcycles, bicycles, and mopeds. If
pedestrians and other traffic. Be sure to check for less visible a traffic light changes from red to flashing yellow arrow while a
vehicles such as motorcycles, bicycles and mopeds. pedestrian is in the intersection, allow the pedestrian to cross
the street before turning.
Section 2: Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings
Green light or arrow: At a green light, you may go if the way Sign Colors
is clear. At a green arrow, you may go in the direction of the Sign colors help you know what the intention of the sign is.
arrow if the way is clear. If you
are turning without a green arrow, Red used with white conveys stop, yield, do not, and no. Stop
you must yield the right-of-way signs, yield signs, do not enter or wrong way signs, the circle
to vehicles coming from the other and slash in a no turn sign, and the restrictions in a parking sign
direction and pedestrians in the are examples.
intersection. Be sure to check
for less visible vehicles such as Black used with white conveys regulatory information. Speed
motorcycles, bicycles, and mopeds. If a traffic light changes limit, do not pass, no turns are examples where the operation is
from red to green while a pedestrian is in the street, allow the regulated by law and the black and white sign would be found.
pedestrian to cross the street before turning.
Yellow used with black conveys a warning. Curve ahead,
Out of service signals: When traffic signals are not working stop ahead, overhead clearances, slippery when wet, are all
because of a power outage or other problem and not displaying examples. A specialized class of warning signs uses a strong
any lights, you are required to stop, proceeding through the yellow/green color with black to advise of school zone,
intersection as though it were an all-way stop. This does not pedestrian and/or bicyclist activities.
apply if a law enforcement officer or other authorized person is
directing traffic at the intersection, or if portable stop signs are Green and white, blue and white, and brown and white signs
in use. are used to provide helpful information. The green sign is used
to provide destination types of information, while the blue sign
Lane use signals indicate lanes where you can and is used to inform regarding motorists services. The brown sign is
cannot drive during different hours of the day. used to advise of historical or cultural interests that might exist
in the area.
Red X: Never drive in a lane marked with Orange and black and pink and black signs are used to
a red X signal. advise and warn in construction (orange) and incident (pink)
areas. They are used with black and white signs that convey
regulations that might exist only because of the construction
effort or the incident.
Yellow X or Yellow Diagonal
Downward Arrow: These signals Sign Shapes
mean that you should move out
of the lane as soon as safely Octagon (Stop): This eight-sided
possible. shape always means stop. You
must come to a complete stop
at the sign, stop line, pedestrian
Green Arrow: You are permitted to drive in crosswalk or curb. Wait for any
a lane marked with a green arrow signal. vehicle or pedestrian to clear the
way. At some intersections you’ll find a sign beneath the stop
sign that reads “All Way” or “4 Way.” At these intersections all
Left-turn Arrow: You are vehicles on all roads leading into the intersection must stop. If
permitted to enter in a lane you get to the intersection at the same time as other vehicles,
marked with a one-way or the driver on the left must yield to the driver on the right.
two-way arrow only to turn in
Triangle (Yield): You must
the direction of the arrow.
slow down as you come to the
intersection. Be prepared to stop.
Let any vehicles, pedestrians or
Traffic Signs bicyclists safely pass before you
proceed.
The color and shape of a traffic sign communicates
important information about the sign’s message. In poor
visibility conditions, such as heavy fog, you may be able to Rectangle (Regulatory or Guide):
make out only the shape of a sign. As you approach a sign Vertical signs generally give
and while still distant, you may see the color long before you instructions or tell you the law.
can read the message or see the symbol, giving you some Horizontal signs may give directions
advance information. or information.
Diamond (Warning): These signs warn No U-Turn: U-turns are illegal. Do not make
you of special conditions or hazards ahead. a U-turn when you see this sign.
Slow down and drive with caution. Be ready
to stop.
Pentagon (School Zone/School Crossing): No Turn on Red: You may not turn on the
This five-sided shape marks red light. Wait for the signal to turn green.
school zones and warns you
about school crossings. Two
signs may be used together to
show the actual location of the
crosswalk.
Do Not Pass: This sign marks the beginning
of a no passing zone. You may not pass cars
ahead of you in your lane, even if the way is
Regulatory signs inform you of the law; clear.
you must obey their instructions. Remember
that a red circle with a slash means NO —
the symbol inside the circle tells you what is
Left Turn Yield on Green: This sign is used
prohibited.
with a traffic signal. It tells you that the traffic
turning left at a green light does not have the
Speed Limit: These signs tell you the maximum legal speed right-of-way and must yield to traffic coming
that you may drive on the road where the sign from the other direction. Stop and look for
is posted when weather conditions are good. oncoming traffic, then proceed with caution.
During rain, snow and ice, you may receive
a ticket for driving too fast for the conditions
even if you are driving at or less than the Keep Right: A traffic island, median or barrier is
posted speed limit. ahead. Keep to the side indicated by the arrow.
Do Not Enter – Wrong Way: These signs

mean you cannot drive in that direction. Lane Use Control: These
If you drive past these signs you are going in signs are used where turns are
the wrong direction and could get into a required or where special turning
head-on crash with vehicles headed your way. movements are permitted for
Cautiously turn around. specific lanes. Traffic in the lane
must turn in the direction of
the arrow.
One Way: Traffic flows only High Occupancy Vehicle: These signs
in the direction of the arrow. indicate lanes reserved for buses and
vehicles with a driver and one or more
passengers as specified on the sign.
No Left Turn: Left turns are against the law.

In Virginia, U-turns are considered as two left Disabled Parking: Parking spaces marked
turns and are illegal if this sign is posted. with these signs are reserved for people with
disabled parking permits.
No Right Turn: Right turns are illegal. Do not

make a right turn when you see this sign.
Warning signs alert you to possible hazards ahead. Slow Slippery When Wet: When pavement is
down and watch for other pavement markings, signs, signals wet, reduce your speed. Do not brake hard
or work zones that may follow. or change direction suddenly. Increase the
distance between your car and the one ahead
of you.
Advisory Speed: This sign indicates the
maximum safe speed for a highway exit.
Low Clearance Sign: The overpass ahead
has a low clearance. Do not proceed if your
vehicle is taller than the height shown on the
sign.
Reduced Speed Limit Ahead: Prepare
to reduce your speed; the speed limit is
changing ahead. Hill: A steep grade is ahead. Check your
brakes.
Stop Ahead/Yield Ahead: A stop Deer Crossing: Deer cross the roadway in
sign or yield sign is ahead. Slow this area. Slow down, be alert and be ready
down and be ready to stop. to stop.
Pedestrian Crossing: Watch for

people entering a crosswalk or
Signal Ahead: Traffic signals are crossing your path. Slow down
ahead. Slow down and be ready to stop. and be prepared to stop. A
second sign with an arrow may
show the actual location of the
No Passing Zone: This sign marks the crosswalk.
beginning of a no passing zone. You may not
pass cars ahead of you in your lane, even if
the way is clear. Bicycle Crossing/Bike Path:
Bicycles regularly cross or ride
beside traffic in this area. Drive
Merge: Two lanes of traffic moving in the same with caution. A second sign with
direction are about to become one. Drivers in an arrow may show the actual
both lanes are responsible for merging safely. location of the bike crossing.
School Zone/School Crossing:

Lane Reduction: The right lane ends soon. Watch out for children crossing
Drivers in the right lane must merge left when the street or playing. Be ready
space opens up. Drivers in the left lane should to slow down or stop. Obey
allow other vehicles to merge smoothly. speed limits and signals from
any crossing guards. A second
sign with an arrow may show the
Divided Highway Begins: The highway ahead actual location of the sidewalk.
is split into two separate roadways by
a median or divider and each roadway is
Open Joints: Slow down. Open joints on
one-way. Keep right.
bridges or ramps could cause a motorcyclist
to lose control of the motorcycle.
Divided Highway Ends: The highway ahead

no longer has a median or divider. Traffic goes
in both directions. Keep right. Expansion Joints: This sign is used when a
joint across lanes creates a bump or is wide
enough to cause loss of traction in
wet weather.
Intersections: An intersection Winding Road: The road ahead winds with

is ahead. Be alert for vehicles a series of turns or curves. On all curves, slow
entering the road on which you down for better control.
are traveling.
Low Ground Railroad Crossing: A steep

slope where the railroad tracks cross the road
Y Intersection: You must bear may cause the bottom of low vehicles to get
either right or left ahead. caught or drag on the tracks.
Railroad Crossing: Advance warning signs

are placed before a railroad crossing. These
T Intersection: The roadway you are signs warn you to look, listen, slow down and
traveling on ends ahead. Signal before be prepared to stop for trains or any vehicles
turning right or left. using the rails.
Railroad Crossbuck: This sign is a warning of a

Roundabout: These signs indicate a circular railroad crossing. Look, listen, slow down and
intersection with an island in the center be prepared to stop for trains or any vehicles
is ahead. Also called traffic circles, these using the rails. Trains may be approaching
intersections may have one or more lanes. from either direction. If there is more than one
Entering traffic must yield the right-of-way track, trains may be approaching from either
to traffic already in the circle and travel in a direction on either track.
counter clockwise direction.
Railroad Crossbuck and Flashing Lights:
Flashing lights may be used with crossbuck
signs. Always stop when the light begins to
Right Curve – Side Road: The road ahead flash and be alert for approaching trains.
curves right and a side road joins from the Do not proceed until all trains or any other
left within the curve. Be alert for vehicles vehicles using the rails have passed, the tracks
entering the roadway you are traveling on. are clear, and the lights are no longer flashing.
Be especially alert at multi-track crossings
because a second train could be approaching
from the opposite direction.
Sharp Right Turn: Slow down and be
prepared for a sharp right turn in the Crossbuck, Flashing Lights and Gate: Gates
road ahead. are used with flashing light signals at some
crossings. Stop when the lights begin to flash and
before the gate lowers. Remain stopped until the
Sharp Right and Left Turns: Slow down gates are raised and the lights stop
and be prepared for the road ahead to flashing. Do not attempt to drive
turn sharply right, then left. around the lowered gate.
Pavement markings,
consisting of an X and
Right and Left Curves: The road ahead RR, may be painted
curves right, then left. Slow down. on the pavement
at the approach to
some crossings. When
approaching railroad
Right Curve with Safe Speed Indicator: tracks, be alert. Trains
The road ahead curves right. Slow down may approach the
to the safe speed indicated. crossing at any time and
from either direction.
Unless you can clear
the tracks completely, never start across the tracks. Make sure
there is room for your vehicle on the other side of the tracks
before proceeding.
Note: School buses must always stop at railroad crossings, Flaggers: Flaggers are highway
even when the lights are not flashing. workers who normally wear orange
or yellow vests, or yellow-green shirts
If a dangerous condition exists at a rail crossing, call the or jackets. They use STOP/SLOW
number listed on the emergency sign. paddles or red flags to stop or direct
This will allow the rail company to traffic through the work zone, and
stop or reroute approaching rail traffic to let other workers or construction
until the hazard is removed. Be sure vehicles cross the road.
to give the posted crossing number
so that the hazard can be identified
correctly. Traffic Control Devices:
Barricades, vertical signs, concrete
If your car barriers, drums and cones are the
stalls on the most common devices used to
tracks, don’t guide drivers safely through work
hesitate. zones. When driving near the
Get out of devices, keep your vehicle in the
the car right middle of the lane and obey the
away and run posted speed limit. As you leave the
diagonally work zone, stay in your lane and
away from maintain your speed. Don’t change
the tracks in lanes until you are completely clear of
the direction the work zone.
of the
oncoming Message Boards: You may see portable or permanent
train. message boards along roadways. They provide information
about traffic, road, weather or other hazardous conditions.
Always obey any directions posted on these message boards.
In a work zone, the lives of highway workers depend on For information about road conditions or road construction,
drivers like you obeying the posted speed limits. If you are visit the Virginia Department of Transportation website at
convicted of exceeding the speed limit in a highway work www.virginiadot.org.
zone, you may be fined up to $500. Remember, the color
orange marks a work zone and means slow down and be
Slow Moving Vehicles traveling at 25 MPH or less,
alert.
such as farm equipment, horse-drawn vehicles
or highway work vehicles, must display these
Rough Road, Bump, or Uneven Lanes: These signs are signs when using a public highway. Be prepared
used when certain road conditions, such as loose gravel or to adjust your speed or position when you see
road construction, a vehicle with one of these signs.
affect the roadway
surface and create
potentially difficult Pavement Markings
conditions for
motorists, especially Road markings guide and warn drivers as well as regulate
motorcyclists. traffic. Markings may be red, blue, yellow or white. They
may be used alone or in combinations. Each has a different
meaning.
Road Construction Ahead – Detour: These
signs indicate a change in the traffic pattern Red markings are generally not used; but, some communities
or route ahead. Slow down. Unusual or do use red curbs to indicate no parking zones.
potentially dangerous conditions are ahead.
Red reflectors on the pavement show areas not to be entered
or used. They are positioned on the road surface so that only
traffic flowing in the wrong direction would observe them.
Flashing Arrow Boards: Large flashing arrow Blue markings show parking spaces for persons with
boards or flashing message signs in work zones disabilities.
direct drivers to proceed into different traffic
lanes and inform them that part of the road Yellow center lines mean two-way traffic, flowing in
ahead is closed. opposite directions.
Broken yellow center Dotted white lines are actually small rectangles in a series
lines mean that passing where each is closely spaced to the next. They are used to
on the left is allowed in show lane assignment in intersections and interchanges where
either direction when there might otherwise be a tendency to drift out of a lane or
the way ahead is clear. an area of intended use. Often they are used to guide two
turning lanes through the intersection. Dotted white lines
are also used to denote the opening of a turn lane at an
intersection and entrance/exit lanes at interchanges.
Many two-lane roads in Virginia do not have lane markings

to separate the lanes. On an unmarked two-lane road, you
may pass a slow moving vehicle on the left side if there are no
signs prohibiting passing. Make sure that the way is clear.
A broken yellow line Solid white lines show turn lanes and discourage lane
alongside a solid yellow changes near intersections, interchange/on- and off-ramps,
line means that passing is and at other
allowed from the side of locations
the broken line, but not where lane
from the side of the solid changes might
line. be dangerous.
Solid white
Vehicles on the solid yellow lines also mark
line side may only cross the the right edge
line to pass pedestrians, of pavement.
bicyclists, and riders of Arrows used
scooters or skateboards, with white lines
when the opposite lane is clear and you can pass safely. indicate which
turn may be
made from the
Double solid yellow lines lane. Stop lines,
mark the center of the road crosswalks and
and separate traffic traveling parking spaces
in two different directions. also are marked by white lines.
Passing is not allowed in
either direction. You may
not cross the lines unless White lane arrows are curved or straight. If you are in a
you are making a left turn lane marked with a curved arrow or a curved arrow and the
or passing pedestrians, word ONLY, you must turn in the direction of the arrow. If
bicyclists, and riders of your lane is marked with both a curved and straight arrow,
scooters or skateboards, you may turn or go straight.
when the opposite lane is
clear and you can pass safely. Double solid white lines separate lanes of traffic going in
the same direction. Most
often they are used to
designate special use lane
from conventional lanes,
Broken white lines as when used to separate
separate lanes of traffic a High Occupancy Vehicle
going in the same direction. lanes from the other lanes of
You may change lanes with an expressway. You may not
caution. cross these lines. You may
enter the designated special
use lane only where signs
and markings allow.
Yield line is a line of High Occupancy Vehicles (HOV)

triangles extending across lanes are marked on highways by a
the roadway that may be diamond shape in the center of the
used with a yield sign to lane. HOV lanes may also be special
show the point at which lanes separated by a barrier or solid
you must yield or stop, if double white lines. During heavy traffic periods, HOV lanes are
necessary. A yield line is reserved for buses, vanpools, carpools, other high occupancy
often seen at the entrance vehicles, motorcycles, and certain clean special fuel vehicles.
of a roundabout. Road signs show the minimum number of passengers a vehicle
must carry (excluding motorcycles and clean fuel vehicles)
to use the HOV lanes and the times that HOV restrictions
are in effect. If the lanes are separated by a barrier, they are
On three-lane roads with traffic moving in both directions, reversible. This means that
road markings show when drivers may use the center lane for during certain times of
making left turns or for passing. the day, traffic flows one
way. During other times
If the center lane is marked by a single broken yellow line of the day, traffic flows in
on both sides, drivers traveling in either direction may use the opposite direction. A
the center lane for passing. diamond-shaped marking
may also indicate that the
If both sides of the center lane is reserved for use as a
lane are marked by a solid bus lane.
yellow line and a broken
yellow line, drivers traveling Toll Plazas and Lanes
in either direction may use
the lane for making left turns. All toll facilities in Virginia accept payment using E-ZPass toll
However, they may not travel transponders. Transponders allow drivers to pay electronically
further than 150 feet in this without having to stop to pay with cash. If you have a
lane. transponder, as you approach a toll plaza look for and follow
signs with the purple E-ZPass logo. If you do not have a
transponder, as you approach a toll plaza, look for and follow
signs for cash only lanes.
A shared lane marking, or
sharrow, consists of a bicycle Slow down as you approach toll plazas. Be extra cautious as
symbol with a double you approach, enter, and depart toll plazas. There may be
chevron arrow above it and other drivers changing lanes and/or toll employees crossing
is used on travel lanes too the lanes.
narrow for motor vehicles
and bicycles to share side-by- Some toll roads have high speed lanes reserved for vehicles
side. Sharrows clarify where with E-ZPass transponders. Do not enter those lanes unless
bicyclists are encouraged to you have a transponder. However, if you do enter one of
ride in the lane and remind those lanes by mistake, do not stop. Stopping is unsafe and
drivers to expect bicyclists could cause a rear-end crash. Cameras will photograph the
on the road. car’s license plate number and the registered vehicle’s owner
will be billed for the toll.
Bicycle lanes are indicated by a solid or

dashed white line or green pavement
markings, and a bicyclist symbol. A bicycle
lane is for the preferential use of bicyclists.
Drivers should not drive in the bicycle lane
except when necessary to turn left or right.
Before turning, check your mirrors for
bicyclists that may be behind you and
yield to bicycles in the lane.
A painted curb means that you must follow special rules to
park there. Check with the locality for specific meanings.
Generally, the colors on the curb mean:
Section 3:
Safe Driving
White — Stop only long enough to pick up or drop
off passengers.
Yellow — Stop only long enough to load or unload.

Stay with your car.
Red — Do not stop, stand or park.
Blue — Parking is reserved for persons

with disabilities.
Every time you get behind the wheel, you accept

responsibility for your actions. You must obey Virginia’s traffic
laws, and ensure the safety of you, your passengers, and other
motorists, pedestrians and bicyclists on the roadways.
In this section you’ll learn about:
Hand position Hand Position
Speed limits
Sit straight but relaxed and place your hands on the steering
Stopping wheel. If your steering wheel were a clock, your hands should
Yielding the right-of-way be at the 8 o’clock and 4 o’clock positions. Hold the wheel
Roundabouts with your fingers and thumbs. Avoid gripping it with your
palms.
Changing lanes
Over-correcting
Turning
U-turns
Turn signals
Maintaining a space cushion
Searching
Blind spots
Sharing the road
Backing
Parking
Visibility
Lights
Hazardous conditions
Dangerous driving behaviors
Traffic crashes
Deer hazards
Traffic stops
Section 3: Safe Driving
Speed Limits Stopping for School Buses

In the following pictures, the red vehicles
A speed limit is the maximum legal speed you can travel on must stop and remain stopped until all
a road under ideal conditions. You may drive slower than the children are clear of the roadway and the
posted speed, but it is illegal to drive any faster. By law you bus moves again.
must drive slower where signs indicate a school zone speed
You must stop for stopped
limit or work zone speed limit is in effect, and/or if conditions
school buses with flashing
such as road construction or bad weather make the posted
red lights and an extended
speed unsafe. According to Virginia law, if you are driving 20
stop sign when you
or more miles per hour above the speed limit, or 81 miles per
approach from any
hour, a law enforcement officer may charge you with reckless
direction on a highway,
driving, regardless of the speed limit. If convicted of reckless
private road or school
driving, it is considered a misdemeanor criminal offense. The
driveway. Stop and remain
court may require a fine, suspend your driving privilege and/
stopped until all persons
or impose a jail sentence. If the violation results in death,
are clear and the bus
it may be considered a felony, which carries more serious
moves again.
consequences. It is illegal to use radar detectors in Virginia.
You must also stop if the
bus is loading or unloading
Maximum speed limit for passengers and the signals
passenger vehicles and motorcycles are not on.
(unless posted otherwise)
Type of highway or zone Speed limit
You do not have to stop if
Interstate highways 55-70 MPH you are traveling in the
opposite direction on a
Public highways not part of the roadway with a median or
55 MPH
interstate system barrier dividing the road
Unpaved roads 35 MPH and the bus is on the
opposite side of the median
School, business and residential areas 25 MPH or barrier. However, be
prepared for unexpected
actions by persons exiting
Stopping the school bus.
You must always stop your vehicle:

at all stop signs, red traffic lights and flashing red signals
when entering a street or crossing over a sidewalk from Stopping Distance
a driveway, alley, building or parking lot
Three factors determine the distance that it takes to stop
at railroad crossings with flashing signals your vehicle: perception time, reaction distance and braking
when signaled by flaggers directing traffic distance.
for pedestrians attempting to cross the street at a
crosswalk Perception time: The time it takes you to recognize a hazard.
at the direction of a police officer. If you don’t obey a Reaction distance: The distance your vehicle travels between
law enforcement officer’s signal to stop and the officer the time you recognize a problem and the time you apply the
pursues you and is killed as a direct result of the pursuit, brakes.
you will be guilty of a Class 4 felony.
at the scene of a crash in which you are involved Braking distance: The distance your car travels after you
apply the brakes.
When approaching a stop sign and the car in front of you
proceeds, stop at the sign and proceed when the way is clear. Perception time, reaction distance and braking distance are
affected by weather, visibility, and your mental and physical
condition. Braking distance is also affected by how fast your
vehicle is traveling, the condition of your brakes and tires,
and the pavement condition. For example, wet pavement can
double your braking distance.
Average stopping distance on dry, level pavement. You must yield to funeral processions. Do not cut
through, join or interfere with a funeral procession.
Unless led by a police escort, the lead vehicle in a
funeral procession must obey all traffic signs and signals.
Other drivers in the procession may follow carefully
without stopping and may use hazard lights (flashers) to
indicate they are in the procession.
You must yield to all military convoys. Never cut
through or join a military convoy.
Yielding to Vehicles with Flashing Lights

Source: Code of Virginia Section 46.2-880
Drivers must take specific actions when they see vehicles with
flashing or blinking blue, red, amber (yellow) or white lights
on roadways.
Antilock Brakes
Stationary (Stopped) vehicles
If your vehicle has antilock brakes, be sure that you
understand how they work. Check your vehicle owner’s When approaching a stationary emergency vehicle or
manual and practice braking before you go out on the tow truck with flashing lights on a highway, proceed
road. Remember, never pump antilock brakes. with caution and, if reasonable, with due regard for
safety and traffic conditions, change to a lane not next
to the vehicle. If you are unable to safely change lanes,
reduce your speed and proceed with caution. Violations
Yielding the Right-of-Way can result in court suspension of your driver’s license
and demerit points on your driving record.
Yield also means to stop if you cannot merge safely into the When passing stationary vehicles in the process of trash
flow of traffic. collection on a highway of at least four lanes, change to
a lane not next to the vehicle, if you can change lanes
Examples of yielding the right-of-way: safely. If on a highway of fewer than four lanes or if you
When vehicles from different directions arrive at an are unable to change lanes, slow down to 10 miles per
intersection at different times, the vehicle that arrives hour below the posted speed limit and pass at least two
first goes first. feet to the left of the vehicle.
When vehicles from different directions arrive at the When passing a stationary mail vehicle, proceed
same time at an intersection with no signs or signals, the with caution and maintain a safe speed for highway
driver on the left must allow the driver on the right to conditions.
go first. You may not park within 500 feet of where fire trucks or
If the traffic lights at an intersection are not working, equipment are stopped answering an alarm.
all vehicles coming to the intersection must stop. The Approaching vehicles – same direction
driver on the left must yield to the driver on the right.
Never follow an emergency vehicle closer than 500 feet
Drivers entering an interstate from an entrance ramp when its lights are flashing.
must yield the right-of-way to traffic already on the
highway. When police, fire and rescue vehicles or ambulances
approach you from behind your vehicle using a siren,
Drivers entering any intersection or traffic circle must flashing lights or both, you must immediately yield the
yield to traffic already in it. right-of-way. Safely pull over to the right edge of the
When entering a roadway from a private road or road and stop until the emergency vehicle has passed.
driveway, you must stop and yield to all traffic and Approaching vehicles – opposite direction
pedestrians.
When emergency vehicles approach you in the
You must yield to pedestrians or bicyclists who are opposite lane on an undivided highway, you must
crossing a street within a clearly marked crosswalk or at pull over to the edge of the road and stop until the
an unmarked intersection. Remember that turns on red emergency vehicle passes.
are especially hazardous to pedestrians. Avoid conflict
with pedestrians and bicyclists; permit them to cross the These requirements do not apply in highway work zones.
street safely.
Roundabouts While inside the roundabout, stay in your lane until you
are ready to exit. Use your vehicle’s right turn signal to
Roundabouts are circular intersections with let drivers around you know what you want to do.
an island in the center and have one or Do not change lanes or take an exit before checking
more lanes. Entering traffic must yield the for vehicles that may be continuing through the
right-of-way to pedestrians, and to traffic roundabout in the lane next to you or behind you.
already in the circle. Each road approaching Expect vehicles to be in blind spots you cannot see in
the roundabout is marked with a yield sign and may also your rearview or side mirrors. Quickly glance over your
have yield line markings on the pavement. Drivers must pay shoulder and check for any vehicles that may be in your
attention and obey the signs. After entering the roundabout, blind spot.
drivers must travel in a counter-clockwise direction.
Changing Lanes
Before changing lanes, check your side and rearview mirrors
for traffic approaching you from behind. Then, use your turn
signal to let other drivers know you plan to change lanes.
Check for other drivers who also may be moving into the
same lane. Just before you begin moving into the other lane,
quickly glance over your shoulder and check for any vehicles
that may be in your blind spot.
Whether you are changing lanes, passing, entering or exiting a

highway, always use your turn signals and check traffic to the
rear and sides. When driving on a multi-lane highway, stay in
the right lane if you are driving slower than the traffic around
you. The left lane is for passing only.
Passing
When passing another vehicle:
check the traffic
ahead of you,
behind you and
in your blind spot
before you attempt
When approaching a roundabout, slow down. Use your turn to pass. Signal and
signals to indicate where you want to go. If you plan to turn then accelerate to
right, stay to the right as you enter the roundabout. If you pass. Return to the
plan to go straight, you may stay in either lane (if it is a dual right lane as soon
lane circular intersection). If you plan to turn left, stay to the as you can see the
left as you enter the roundabout. front of the passed
vehicle in your
More information about driving safely through a roundabout rearview mirror.
is available at the Virginia Department of Transportation web
site at http://www.virginiadot.org/info/faq-roundabouts.asp. it is against the
law to exceed the
Tips for driving safely through a roundabout: speed limit as you
pass.
As you approach the roundabout, slow down; look for
the street and direction signs. This will help you know complete the pass before you reach a No Passing zone.
which exit to take. These signs should be posted along If you’re still in the left lane when you reach the zone,
the roadside before you reach the roundabout. you’re breaking the law.
When you arrive at the roundabout, yield the right-of- you may pass on the right if the vehicle you are passing
way to pedestrians and bicyclists. You also must yield has signaled and is making a left turn. Be cautious
to any vehicles already in the roundabout. Sometimes because the vehicle you are passing may be blocking
your entry point will be controlled by a stop or yield your view or blocking the view of other drivers. You
sign, or traffic signal. When the way is clear, you may may not pass on the right if you must drive off the
enter the roundabout. pavement or main portion of the roadway to get around
the other vehicle.
when approaching or passing a person riding a bicycle, Keep your front wheels pointed straight ahead until you are
moped, or power-assisted bicycle or other device, actually going to make the left turn. This prevents you from
reduce speed and pass at least three feet to the left. being pushed into oncoming traffic if another vehicle crashes
into you from behind. When the way is clear, make the left
When being passed, don’t speed up. Maintain a steady turn, yield to any vehicles (including bicycles and pedestrians)
speed or slow down. approaching from the opposite direction.
Passing is unlawful and unsafe: When two vehicles are

on hills, curves, at intersections or railroad crossings, approaching each other
except on roads with two or more lanes of traffic and signaling to turn left,
moving in the same direction both vehicles should turn in
front of each other so that
off the pavement or shoulder of the road the passenger sides of the
when a school bus is stopped to load or unload vehicles are beside each
passengers on a public road (unless a physical barrier other.
or unpaved median separates traffic going in either
direction) or on a private road
when a solid line marks the left side of your lane
when approaching a crosswalk and the vehicle
ahead of you is stopped U-Turns
U-turns are not legal everywhere. Before
Over-correcting you make a U-turn, check for No U-Turn
or No Left Turn signs. In business districts,
Over-correcting occurs when the driver turns the steering
cities and towns, U-turns are allowed only
wheel more sharply than expected, causing the rear wheels of
at intersections. Never make a U-turn on a
the vehicle to slide toward the outside of the turn. This may
highway.
result in the loss of vehicle control.
When making a U-turn, turn on your left-turn signal, stop,
Most over-correction crashes are single vehicle crashes and
and yield for approaching traffic. When the way is clear,
are often preventable. A driver should remain alert at all
proceed into the outside or right hand lane traveling in the
times. Reduce speed and use extra caution while driving on
opposite direction.
curved roads. If you veer off the road, curved or straight, do
not panic. Gradually reduce your speed, look in the direction
you want to go, slowly steer back onto the roadway. Turn Signals
When you plan to change lanes, turn, or enter or exit a
Turning highway, first give the proper turn signal. Using your turn
To make a right turn you should be in the lane furthest signal, which is required by law, communicates your intended
to the right. Signal your intent to turn by using the proper movement to drivers around you. Develop a good habit and
turn signal. You should signal at least three or four seconds, use turn signals or hand signals even if no other traffic is on
100 feet, ahead of the turn. Look to your left to check the the road.
intersection for pedestrians and traffic coming from the other
direction. Then brake smoothly before and during the turn. If Hand Signals
there is a traffic light or a stop sign at the intersection, come
to a complete stop before you make the turn. Turn into the
lane closest to the curb unless pavement markings lead you
otherwise, and then change lanes if needed.
To make a left turn you should be in the furthest left lane

Left Turn Right Turn Slow or Stop
possible, turning into the leftmost lane on the intersecting
Left hand and Left hand and Left hand and
road, unless pavement markings lead you otherwise; or,
arm pointing arm pointing arm pointing
unless multiple left turn lanes are provided. If multiple left
straight out upward downward
turn lanes are provided, you should choose the lane that will
best serve your need once you enter the intersecting road.
Signal your intent to turn by using the proper turn signal. You
should signal at least three to four seconds, 100 feet, ahead of
the turn. Look in all directions, checking the intersection for
pedestrians and traffic coming from the opposite direction.
When you plan to turn, signal three or four seconds, 100 feet, For bad weather conditions, heavy traffic, poor
ahead of your turn. Be aware that drivers planning to turn into pavement or if your vehicle is in poor condition, add
your lane may not know exactly where you will turn; drivers extra seconds to increase your following distance.
may pull out in front of you. Be alert.
Drivers need to change following distance when speed or
After you complete the turn or lane change, be sure the turn road conditions change. Hand response time is close to a
signal stops flashing. half second. Foot response time is normally three-quarters
of a second. This does not take into account any delay in
perception time as a result of the driver being tired, on
Maintaining a Space Cushion medication, distracted, etc. Road conditions, speed, driver
alertness, and the weight of the vehicle you are driving all
Space around your vehicle gives you distance to react in change the ability to stop.
emergencies and avoid a crash. Create a space cushion
around your vehicle by staying in the middle of your lane. Increase your following distance when driving:
Make sure there is enough room ahead of your vehicle and behind a large vehicle that blocks your vision
behind it for other vehicles to pass or stop safely.
in bad weather or heavy traffic
Use the two-, three- and four-second rule to determine if when exiting an expressway
you are following far enough behind the vehicle ahead of behind a motorcycle or bicycle
you.
when being tailgated
Following Distance Tailgating is when the driver behind you is following too
At these posted speeds and on dry surfaces, closely. If you find yourself in this situation, do not brake
this distance, in seconds, allows the driver to steer and suddenly. If possible, move over to another lane, or gently
brake out of a problem areas. tap your brakes to flash your brake lights and slow down. This
should encourage the tailgater to pass you or slow down.
2 seconds Under 35 MPH
3 seconds 35-45 MPH Help the driver behind you by maintaining a safe following
4 seconds 46-70 MPH distance and a steady speed. Tap your brakes to warn the
driver behind you when you plan to slow down or stop.
Here’s how the following

distance rule works. Searching
Glance at the vehicle
ahead as it passes a Searching means looking at the entire scene for anything that
fixed object, such as an might come into your path. As you search the road, avoid
overpass, sign, fence, staring at one thing. Keep your eyes moving and learn to read
corner or other fixed the road and your surroundings.
mark.
Looking ahead will help you identify risks early and provide
Begin counting the
you with more time to react. Expert drivers try to focus
seconds it takes you to
their eyes 20 to 30 seconds ahead. In the city, that equals
reach the same place in
approximately one block. Avoid staring at the middle of the
the road.
road. Scan from side to side, checking for traffic signs and
If you reach the mark signals, cars or people that might be in the road by the time
before you have you reach them.
counted off two,
three, or four seconds, Search for clues on the road. Look for exhaust smoke, brake
depending on speed, or back-up lights and turned wheels on vehicles. Clues like
you’re following too these warn that the vehicles may pull into your path. Watch
closely. Slow down and for pedestrians, bicyclists and other slow moving vehicles that
increase your following may be in the road ahead.
distance.
When driving in rural areas, watch for hidden intersections
and driveways, curves, hills and different road conditions.
Watch for other vehicles, especially trucks, oversized and
slow-moving farm vehicles, and bicycles.
Check from left to right and then left again before Bicycles: Bicycles are considered vehicles and
entering an intersection. Whenever you reach a place in have the same right-of-way as motor vehicles.
the road where other cars, people or animals may cross your Bicyclists are allowed to ride in the center of
path, look both ways to be sure it is clear. These include the lane, when necessary, such as when they
intersections, crosswalks, shopping centers, construction areas are about to turn left or when the lane is too
and playgrounds. At any intersection, look to the left first, narrow to share side-by-side with a car. Bicyclists
since cars coming from the left will be closer to you. Then are legally allowed on all public roads except
look to the right and take one more quick look to the left interstates and most freeways (limited access
before you drive through. highways). Bicyclists may also be riding in either
direction on sidewalks.
Look behind. Use your rearview mirror to check the traffic
behind you frequently, about every 10 seconds. This will alert Bicyclists are expected to obey the same traffic rules and
you if someone is moving up too quickly or tailgating you. regulations as vehicle drivers; however, many are children
Check the traffic behind you when changing lanes, backing who may not know or obey the rules. Slow down when you
up, slowing down quickly or driving down a long, steep hill. approach bicyclists. Using marked bicycle lanes is prohibited
by motor vehicles, including while passing. State law requires
motorists to pass cyclists with at least three feet of clearance.
Blind Spots Give them plenty of room when passing and be prepared to
stop suddenly. Check your blind spots. A bicycle’s small size
Blind spots are danger areas where vehicles around you allows it to slip into your blind spot easily. Always check for
cannot be easily seen. Before driving, adjust your vehicle’s bicyclists before you pull out, change lanes, turn, back up,
mirrors. Make sure the inside rear view mirror frames the open the door, or proceed through an intersection.
entire back window. Adjust both side mirrors so you can
barely see the sides of your vehicle. Mopeds: It is against the law to operate a moped faster
than 35 MPH or on an interstate highway. Any person who
The best way to see a car in your blind spot is by quickly operates a moped faster than 35 MPH is considered to be
turning your head and glancing over your shoulder to ensure operating a motorcycle which must meet Virginia registration
the way is clear before changing lanes or passing another requirements. In addition, the operator would be required to
vehicle. hold a valid driver’s license with a motorcycle classification or
a driver’s license restricted to operating motorcycles only.
Avoid driving in someone else’s blind spot. This can be just as
dangerous as not checking your own blind spot. Speed up or Moped riders must be at least age 16 and obey all rules of the
drop back; but, don’t stay in the other driver’s blind spot. road. They must carry some form of government-issued photo
identification (does not have to be a driver’s license) that includes
name, address and date of birth. As a driver, treat moped riders
Sharing the Road with the same care given to any other vehicle driver.
Drivers share the road with many other users: pedestrians, Riders and passengers must wear helmets, and use eye
bicyclists, moped and motorcycle riders, trucks and buses, protection if the moped does not have a windshield. The
recreational vehicles and other vehicles of all shapes and moped must be titled and registered with DMV.
sizes. It is your responsibility to adjust your driving to avoid
other drivers’ mistakes and assure everyone’s safety. Although you do not need a driver’s license to operate a
moped, you may not operate a moped if you have been
Pedestrians are especially prone to serious injury when declared a habitual offender and your license is suspended or
struck. revoked for driving while intoxicated.
Be careful around schools, playgrounds and in
residential areas where small children may be playing Motorcycles: Approximately half of all fatal motorcycle
or crossing the street. crashes involve automobiles. Many crashes are caused by the
motorist’s failure to see a motorcycle in traffic.
Look out for the elderly, who may have poor vision and
hearing. Remember that the elderly and people with Look for motorcyclists. In more than half of all crashes
disabilities may move slowly. involving motorcycles and automobiles, the other driver
didn’t see the motorcycle until it was too late. Drivers
Be especially aware of pedestrians when making a are conditioned to look for four-wheeled vehicles;
right or left turn. They have the right-of-way. Allow but they don’t expect to see two-wheeled vehicles. A
pedestrians to completely cross the street before motorcycle’s small size also makes it difficult to see.
beginning your turn.
Check your blind spots. A motorcycle’s small size allows
Passing at a crosswalk is illegal. You may not see it to slip into your blind spot easily. Always check for
pedestrians crossing the road in front of other vehicles. motorcycles before you pull out, change lanes, turn,
Be alert for pedestrians at all times. Slow down and be back up or proceed through an intersection.
prepared to stop.
Never tailgate a motorcycle (or any other vehicle). Allow Side No-Zones:
yourself plenty of braking distance by adding an extra Trucks, tractor-
second to the following distance rule. In inclement trailers, buses
weather, double this distance. and RVs have
Anticipate the motorcyclist’s movements. Although a big No-Zones on
motorcycle is not as wide as the lane, the rider will use both sides that
the entire lane as traffic situations and road conditions are dangerous
change. A slight change or debris on the road surface because these
can be a major obstacle for a motorcyclist. Expect the vehicles must
motorcycle to make sudden moves within the lane. make wide turns.
Never drive beside a motorcycle in the same lane. These No-Zones
or blind spots are
Yield to motorcycles. The small size of a motorcycle much larger than
can cause you to misjudge the motorcycle’s speed and your car’s blind
distance. Before pulling out into traffic, check twice for spots. If you can’t
motorcycles and use extra caution before you pull out see the driver’s
in front of one. face in his side
view mirror, then
Light Rail: There is a light rail train system in Norfolk called
he can’t see you.
The Tide. Light rail trains share the road with motor vehicles
and bicyclists, and they intersect with motor vehicle traffic at Rear No-Zone: Trucks, tractor-trailers, buses and RVs
27 locations along the 7.4 mile route. Stay safe when driving have huge No-Zones directly behind them. The driver
around The Tide by obeying the tips below. can’t see your car behind his vehicle and you can’t see
what’s happening in traffic ahead of his vehicle. If the
Pay attention to changing traffic patterns and always
truck, bus or RV brakes or stops suddenly, you have no
follow the roadway.
place to go and could crash into the vehicle’s rear-end.
Never drive around lowered crossing gates. Always maintain a safe following distance.
Always look both ways before turning across train Front No-Zone: You could get rear-ended by a truck, bus
tracks. or RV if you cut in front too soon after passing the vehicle
Expect trains on any track at any time. or if you cut in front and then suddenly slow down. The
Always obey signs and traffic signals. truck, bus and RV drivers would be forced to slam on
their brakes. These vehicles need nearly twice the time
Never stop, pass or shift on train tracks. and room to stop as cars. A truck and its trailer may be as
Don’t cross train tracks unless you have enough room to long as 65 feet and it may take you more than half a mile
cross without stopping and can clear the tracks to a safe of clear road to pass. When passing, look for the entire
distance. front of the truck in your rearview mirror before pulling
in front. And then, maintain your speed.
For more info about light rail safety, visit www.gohrt.com or
Wide Turns: Trucks, buses and RVs sometimes need to
call (757) 222-6100.
swing wide to the left or right to safely make a turn. They
Low Speed Vehicles: These electrically- or gas-powered can’t see the cars directly behind or beside them. In fact,
four-wheel vehicles have a maximum speed ranging from their blind spots may stretch up to 20 feet in front of
21 to 25 MPH. Low speed vehicles may be operated on the cab and approximately 200 feet behind the vehicle.
public roads with speed limits of 35 MPH or less by licensed Never try to squeeze between a truck, bus or RV and the
drivers or learner’s permit holders accompanied by a licensed curb or another vehicle.
driver. Low speed vehicles must comply with all federal
safety standards and must meet Virginia’s requirements for Light to Medium Trailers: These trailers are attached to
passenger vehicle registration and insurance coverage. Golf mid-sized cars and trucks with safety chains and a trailer hitch.
carts are not classified as low speed vehicles. Large side mirrors are generally needed to increase visibility.
Towing a trailer places additional stress on the vehicle; it takes
Trucks, Tractor-Trailers, Buses and RVs: Trucks, tractor- the vehicle twice as long to pass, stop, accelerate and turn.
trailers, buses and recreational vehicles (RVs) – including Remember the No-Zones described under Trucks,
motor homes, campers and travel trailers – are longer, higher Tractor-Trailers and RVs.
and wider than other vehicles. They accelerate slowly and
require greater stopping and turning distances. Plus, there are Before driving a vehicle with a light to medium trailer
danger areas around these vehicles where crashes are more attached, perform a safety inspection before each trip. Ensure:
likely to occur. These areas are called No-Zones. No-Zones the pin securing the ball mount to the receiver is intact
on the side, front and rear also include blind spots where your the hitch coupler is secured
car disappears from the driver’s view. Learning the No-Zones
can save your life. safety chains are properly attached
the electrical plug is properly installed Without a curb:

brake lights, turn signals, and license plate lights are Turn the front wheels
functioning properly. so that if the vehicle
rolls, the rear of the
Before pulling a trailer on public roads, find a location such as vehicle will roll away
a vacant parking lot to practice and get the feel for how your from traffic.
vehicle and trailer will handle.
When driving a vehicle with a light to medium trailer

attached: Parking Parking uphill
always allow for the added length of the trailer when downhill — no — no curb
you change lanes curb Turn front Turn front
wheels right wheels right
if your trailer starts to sway, slow down
when backing up, place your hand on the bottom of the Be aware of other traffic when exiting your vehicle. Look
steering wheel. If you cannot see where you are backing for other cars, bicyclists, and pedestrians before opening the
up, have someone outside to help guide you. To back door.
the trailer to the left, use your left hand to move the
You may not park:
wheel left. To back the trailer to the right, use your right
hand to move the wheel to the right. beside another parked vehicle (double parking)
on crosswalks or sidewalks
Backing in front of driveways
within areas where parking is prohibited by curbs
The most common mistake that drivers make when backing painted yellow or No Parking signs
up is failing to look both ways behind them. Mirrors do not
in a parking space reserved for disabled persons
give you a full view. To see as much as possible, turn your
body and head to the right and look out through the rear on the hard surface of a road when no curb is present
window. Back up slowly and check for pedestrians and within 15 feet of a fire hydrant
approaching traffic by glancing quickly to either side. within 20 feet of an intersection
in a bike lane
Parking within 15 feet of the entrance to a fire, ambulance or
rescue squad station
When parking on a public road, move as far from traffic as
possible. If you park on a shoulder, pull over as far on the within 500 feet of where fire trucks or equipment are
shoulder as possible. If you park next to a curb, pull close to stopped answering an alarm
it. You may not park more than one foot from the curb. On a within 50 feet of a railroad crossing
two-way street, park on the right side of the road. On a in such a way that you block or create a hazard for
one-way road, park on either side. other vehicles in a designated traffic lane
Parking on a hill Visibility

With a curb: Turn
Most of what you do while driving depends on what you
the front wheels
see. To be a good driver, you need to know what to look
of your vehicle to
for, where to look, and how to adjust to possible problems.
prevent it from
The single biggest contributor to crashes is failing to identify
rolling into the
a risk. Always know where other vehicles are positioned
street.
around you. You must look down the road, to the sides, and
behind your vehicle. You must also be alert for unexpected
events, especially pedestrians and bicyclists. You must use
your headlights at night and at other times when it’s hard to
Parking Parking uphill see. You must be alert and pay attention to what is going on
downhill — with — with curb around you.
curb Turn front Turn front
wheels right wheels left
Lights When rain begins, during the first half-hour, roads are more
likely to be slippery due to oil on the road surface mixing with
Virginia law requires motorists to use headlights during water.
inclement weather such as rain, fog, snow or sleet when
visibility is reduced to 500 feet. You must use your headlights
whenever you use your windshield wipers as a result of bad
Snow
weather. Using headlights at all times, including during the day, Remove snow and ice from your entire car, including the roof,
increases your vehicle’s visibility. hood and rear of the vehicle, before you start driving. Snow
and ice left on the car can fly off when the vehicle is moving
Hazardous Conditions and create a hazard for other motorists. Be sure to clear all of
your windows, mirrors and front and rear lights of snow or ice
Driving becomes hazardous when visibility is reduced or when so you can see and communicate with other drivers.
the road surface is covered with rain, snow or ice. Reducing
your speed should be your first response to decreased visibility Equip your car with all-weather snow tires or chains to help
and dangerous road conditions. Increase your space cushion prevent skidding and reduce stopping distance.
by doubling your normal following distance (refer to the
Maintaining a Space Cushion section for more information). Driving on packed snow is similar to driving on ice. When you
Turn on your headlights. brake, apply the brakes gently. Slow down before stopping or
turning.
Night Driving When driving on slippery surfaces and you need to stop,
At sunset, as soon as light begins to fade, turn on your release the accelerator and apply brakes gently. You have
headlights to make your vehicle more visible to others. You the most traction and control when the front tires are rolling.
must use headlights from sunset to sunrise. Keeping a slow, steady speed – rather than hard braking – will
allow you to control your vehicle.
Use low-beams when driving in cities and towns, except
on streets where there is no lighting. Switch to low-beams Watch for ice on bridges and in shady areas. Bridges freeze
whenever you meet oncoming traffic to avoid blinding the before other road surfaces.
other driver. When following, use low-beams whenever you
are within 200 feet of the vehicle ahead.
Dangerous Driving Behaviors
Use high-beam headlights on highways, unless another
vehicle is within 500 feet coming toward you. If the high-
beams of an oncoming car are on, avoid looking directly at
Aggressive Driving
the bright lights. Glance toward the side of the road, then This dangerous driving behavior is defined by Virginia law
look quickly ahead to determine the other vehicle’s position. as the intent to harass, intimidate, injure or obstruct another
Keep doing this until you have passed the other vehicle. Even person while committing one or more traffic offenses such
if the other driver does not dim his headlights, do not turn on as failing to stop or yield the right-of-way, avoiding a traffic
your high-beam headlights. control device or failing to give way to an overtaking vehicle.
When aggressive drivers are behind the wheel, these

Fog high-risk drivers take out their anger on other motorists.
Fog reflects light and can reflect your own headlights back into Their frustration levels run high while their concerns for fellow
your eyes. Use low-beam headlights in heavy fog and look motorists run low. They break the law by running stop signs
for road edge markings to guide you. Even light fog reduces and red lights, speeding, tailgating, weaving in and out of
visibility and your ability to judge distances, so slow down. traffic, passing on the right (including on the shoulder and
unpaved portions of the road), making improper and unsafe
lane changes, as well as making hand and facial gestures,
Rain screaming, honking and flashing their lights.
Driving in heavy rain can be as hazardous as driving in fog,
especially if the wind is blowing. Other vehicles to the rear Protect yourself. If you see an aggressive driver, stay out of
and in blind spot areas are especially difficult to see when it’s the way. Don’t challenge the aggressive driver by speeding up
raining. or trying to out-maneuver him. Avoid eye contact and ignore
his gestures and shouting.
Use your low-beam headlights to see and be seen. In light
rain or drizzle, turn on your windshield wipers to improve Remember, if you are convicted of aggressive driving, your
visibility; using wipers for sprinkles may smear the windshield license could be suspended for ten days or for as long as six
and make it harder to see, so make sure you have windshield months.
washer fluid.
Distracted Driving To avoid drowsy driving:

Driving requires your full attention. There are many Get plenty of quality sleep before a trip.
distractions that may prevent drivers from focusing on driving: Avoid alcoholic beverages and heavy foods.
changing the radio or CD, talking to passengers, observing
Beware of medications that can impair your driving
outside surroundings, eating, using a cell phone and more.
ability.
When on the road, drivers should not use cell phones,
computers or other distracting devices except to report a Limit long distance driving. Stop at least every two
crash or emergency. Before engaging in distracting behavior, hours for rest.
pull over and stop the vehicle in a safe location. Stop at a safe place and take a nap. As little as 10 to 20
minutes of sleep can make a big difference.
Virginia law prohibits drivers under age 18 from using cell
If possible, drive with a companion and switch drivers
phones or any other wireless communication device while
when necessary. Always let a well-rested person drive.
driving except in a driver emergency or the vehicle is lawfully
parked or stopped. Text messaging or reading of text Avoid driving from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.
messages while driving is illegal for all drivers.
Rolling down a window, chewing gum, turning up the radio,
Annually, driver distraction accounts for roughly 20 percent or consuming caffeine, energy drinks or other stimulants do
of all traffic crashes in Virginia. Why is distracted driving so not prevent drowsy driving and are not reliable methods for
deadly? Because while the driver is distracted, the vehicle may staying awake. Drowsy driving is a type of impaired driving
move into a high risk situation. The driver then loses precious and puts the driver and everyone else on the roadway at risk
seconds before recognizing the situation and must make an for harm. If you observe a drowsy driver, find a safe place to
emergency maneuver. Young distracted drivers are even more stop or ask a passenger to call law enforcement. Be able to
susceptible. Failure to maintain proper control, following too describe the location, vehicle and actions you observed.
closely, and not yielding the right-of-way are common actions
of young distracted drivers. Inexperience in handling or
Drinking and Driving
controlling a vehicle during an emergency situation combined
with distracted driving (cell phone use, other passengers, eyes Legally, drivers age 21 or older are considered to be driving
not on the road, etc.) puts them at greater risk of a crash. under the influence (DUI) if your blood alcohol content
(BAC) is .08 percent or higher. If your driving is impaired, you
Don’t let this happen to you. Take the following precautions. can be convicted of driving under the influence with a BAC
lower than .08 percent. If under age 21, you can be convicted
Concentrate. Keep your eyes on the road and your
of illegal consumption of alcohol if your BAC is at least .02
hands on the wheel at all times. Also, keep your body
but less than .08. If your BAC is .08 or higher you could be
alert; sit straight, but relaxed. Look in the direction that
convicted of a DUI. If your driving is impaired because you
you want to go.
are under the influence of any drug, you may face the same
Set or adjust the controls on the vehicle and other penalties as driving under the influence of alcohol.
devices as soon as you get in the car and before you
begin driving. Researchers estimate that between the hours of 10 PM and
Do not use a cell phone. 2 AM three out of every ten drivers are drunk. More than
one-third of these drivers have been drinking at someone
Anticipate the traffic and environment around you by
else’s home. Nearly 50 percent of the drivers arrested for
searching ahead and checking your rearview mirrors
DUI are social to moderate drinkers. Don’t think that it won’t
often.
happen to you. In your lifetime, there’s a 50-50 chance that
Maintain a space cushion around your vehicle. Make you’ll be involved in an alcohol-related crash.
sure there is enough room ahead of your vehicle and
behind it. Just one alcoholic drink can affect your driving ability
because even a small amount of alcohol affects the brain’s
functions – particularly vision, judgment, and coordination.
Drowsy Driving
Constant yawning, head nodding, heavy eyelids, difficulty Because alcohol affects your judgment and driving ability,
remembering the last few miles driven, missing road signs or your chances of being in a crash are seven times greater if you
exits, unplanned lane changes, driving off the road or hitting drive after drinking than if you drive sober.
rumble strips are all signs of drowsy driving. Driving while you
are sleepy increases your crash risk as you struggle to process Twelve ounces of beer is the same as a shot of liquor or a
complex information coming from different places at once. five-ounce glass of wine.
You may make careless driving decisions, have trouble paying
attention or actually fall asleep while driving. Only time can decrease intoxication. Coffee, cold showers or
exercise will not sober you up.
Alcohol-related crashes are not accidents. They can be exchange information with other people involved
prevented! The only way to avoid the risks of drinking and in the crash as soon as possible. Be sure to get the
driving is to decide before you start drinking that you are not following information:
going to drive. Remember, alcohol affects judgment. Making name, address and driver’s license number of
the decision not to drive is a lot more difficult after one or other drivers
two drinks.
license plate numbers of other vehicles
Drive to social events in groups of two or more and have name and address of anyone who was injured
the driver agree not to drink. name and address of each witness
Combining alcohol with other drugs usually multiplies the name, address and insurance policy number of
effects of both and can have a disastrous effect on your other vehicle owners
ability to drive. One drink taken when you are on another notify your insurance company immediately.
drug – even an aspirin, or allergy or cold medicine – could
have the same effect on your driving ability as drinking several Law enforcement officers are required to forward a written
alcoholic beverages. crash report to DMV when a traffic crash results in injury or
the death of any person or total property damage is in excess
Almost any drug can reduce your ability to drive safely. It’s not of $1,500. All crash information will be recorded on the DMV
just illegal drugs that cause problems. Many over-the-counter records of each driver involved in the crash.
medications and prescription drugs for headaches, hay fever,
colds, allergies or nervous conditions can cause drowsiness You must make a reasonable effort to find the owner of an
and dizziness. This includes syrups, drops, sprays, pills and unattended vehicle or other property damaged in a crash.
tablets. They often affect driver alertness and slow reaction If you cannot locate anyone, leave a note that can be found
time. easily at the scene of the crash. Include your name, telephone
number, the date and time of the crash, and a description
Read the label before taking any drug or medicine. Look for of the damage. You must also report the crash to the police
warnings about side effects. If you’re uncertain about the within 24 hours.
effects of a drug, ask your pharmacist or doctor for advice.
Remember that, while the effects may vary among users, no
drug is harmless. Deer Hazards
Thousands of deer-vehicle crashes take place in Virginia each
Traffic Crashes year, resulting in fatalities, injuries and costly vehicle damage.
To avoid hitting a deer:
If you are involved in a traffic crash, you must: Be alert at dusk and dawn especially in the fall.
stop at the scene of the crash or as close to the scene Slow down if you see a deer near or crossing the road.
as possible without blocking traffic. Drivers must move Deer frequently travel in groups; there are likely more
vehicles from the road immediately if the vehicles are deer nearby.
able to be moved, no one is injured and the driver is
Use the horn to scare deer away.
capable of safely doing so.
If a collision with a deer or other animal is unavoidable,
give any help you can if someone is injured. Do not
do not swerve. Brake firmly, stay in your lane, and come
attempt to move an injured person from a wrecked
to a controlled stop.
vehicle unless you have the necessary medical training
or there is an immediate danger such as fire. If you hit a deer, report it to law enforcement.
report the crash to the police as quickly as possible.
Motor vehicle crashes involving property damage,
personal injury or death must be reported to the police.
Traffic Stops
Section 4:
Seat Belts, Air Bags and
If you are stopped by a police officer:
Remain calm.
Pull your vehicle to the side of the road in a safe
location and park. Child Safety Seats
Turn on your flashers.
If you are pulled over at night, turn on your vehicle’s
interior lights.
Turn off your engine, radio, and any other device that
could block communication with the officer.
Roll down your window so that you can communicate
with the officer. An officer may approach your vehicle
on the driver or passenger side for safety reasons.
Keep your safety belt fastened and ask your passengers
to keep their belts fastened.
Stay in your vehicle. Do not get out unless the officer
asks you to.
Keep your hands in plain view, preferably on the
steering wheel. Ask your passengers to keep their
hands in plain view also. In this section you’ll learn about:
Do not make any movement that will make the officer Seat belts
think you are hiding or reaching for something. Air bags
Carry proper identification: a valid driver’s license, Child safety seats
proof of vehicle registration and proof of insurance. If
the officer asks for these documents, tell him where
they are and reach for them slowly, keeping one hand
on the steering wheel.
If the officer is driving an unmarked car or is not in
Wearing seat belts, also called safety belts,
can double your chances of surviving a crash and more than
uniform, you may ask to see his or her identification.
double your chances of avoiding serious injury.
Answer the officer’s questions fully and clearly. If you
disagree with the officer, do not discuss your point of
view at that time. You will have your chance to make Seat Belts
your case in court.
You will be asked to sign the citation. Sign the citation; Under Virginia law, the driver and all front seat passengers
this is not an admission of guilt. Refusal to sign the must wear safety belts. A driver transporting anyone younger
citation may result in your arrest. Or, you may be than age 18 must ensure that the passenger is properly
required to go to the police station. secured in a safety belt, booster seat or child safety seat no
matter where the child is seated in the vehicle.
Remember to wear your lap belt low on your lap and against
your thighs. Wear your shoulder belt over your shoulder and
across your chest. Never wear your shoulder belt behind your
back or under your arm. Your shoulder and lap belts should
be snug. Pregnant women are much safer if buckled up by
wearing the belt as low on the pelvis as possible.
Exception: A waiver of the seat belt requirement may be

granted by a licensed physician if the use of a safety belt is
not reasonable due to the driver’s or passenger’s physical or
medical condition. The person granted the waiver must carry
the physician’s signed written statement identifying the person
with the waiver and the reason for the waiver.
Section 4: Seat Belts, Air Bags and Child Safety Seats
Air Bags A waiver of the child restraint law may be granted by

a licensed physician if using a child restraint would be
Air bags, when used properly with safety belts, cushion drivers unreasonable due to the child’s weight, physical fitness
and passengers as they move forward in a front-end crash. or other medical reasons. The person responsible for
By providing a cushion, the air bag keeps the head, neck and transporting this child must carry the signed written
chest from hitting the steering column or dashboard, and statement by the physician identifying the child and stating
reduces the force of impact. the grounds for the waiver.
If your vehicle is equipped with air bags: The driver is responsible for making sure that children are
properly secured. If you are convicted of violating the child
Always buckle up and have all passengers in the vehicle
restraint law, you will be fined $50. A second or subsequent
buckle up.
offense could mean a $500 penalty.
Move your seat back so that you are at least ten inches
from the steering wheel.
When traveling with children:
If your steering wheel is adjustable, tilt it downward.
This points the air bag toward your chest instead of your The safest place to install a child safety seat is in the
head and neck. center of the back seat.
Children ages 12 and under are safer buckled up in the Numerous child safety seat checks are held in localities
back seat. across Virginia. Attend one of these checks to make
sure that your child’s safety seat is installed correctly.
For more information about air bags, including applying for Visit www.vdh.virginia.gov for more information.
an on/off switch, contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Never hold a child in your lap. In a crash, the
Administration (NHTSA) at www.nhtsa.dot.gov or toll-free child may be crushed between your body and the
hotline at 1-800-424-9393. dashboard or the back of the seat.
Make sure that all car doors are securely closed and
locked before driving. If your car is equipped with
Child Safety Seats a child safety lock, turn it on. Don’t allow children
to play with door handles or locks. If you must open
Securing a child in a correctly installed child safety seat can
a door, pull the vehicle off the road and come to a
significantly reduce the possibility of death or injury.
complete stop.
All children under age 8 must be properly secured in a Never allow children to ride in the luggage area of
child safety seat or booster seat when riding in vehicles hatchbacks, station wagons or vans.
manufactured after January 1, 1968. Children should ride Never leave a hatchback open when a child is riding in
rear facing from birth to 2 years, or as long as the safety seat the back seat.
manufacturer allows. If the vehicle does not have a back seat,
It is illegal to transport children under age 16 in the
a rear facing child seat may be placed in the front passenger
bed of a pickup truck, even if equipped with a camper
seat if the vehicle is not equipped with a passenger side air
shell.
bag or if the passenger air bag is turned off. Children should
ride facing forward in a child safety seat or booster seat until
at least age 8, or until they can attain a proper seat belt fit.
Criteria for sitting without a booster seat:

Lap belt lies snugly across the upper thighs
Shoulder belt lies snugly across the shoulder and chest
Tall enough to sit without slouching
Able to keep knees naturally bent over the edge of the
vehicle seat
Able to sit all the way back against the vehicle seat back
Able to keep feet flat on the floor
Able to sit this way for entire trip
If you break certain laws or
Section 5: repeatedly violate the laws of Virginia, your driving privilege

may be suspended or revoked by the court and/or DMV.
Penalties If your license is suspended, your privilege to drive has

been withdrawn temporarily. You may pay the required
fees and reinstate your license at the end of the suspension
period. Also, you will be required to show proof of legal
presence, which means you are either a U.S. citizen or legally
authorized by the federal government to be in the U.S. During
the suspension period, if your license has been expired for
one year or more, you must show proof of legal presence and
pass the two-part knowledge, road skills and vision exams to
have your driving privilege reinstated.
Revocation means that your privilege to drive has been

terminated. Your driving privilege may be restored if you
re-apply for a driver’s license and show proof of legal
presence after the revocation period has passed. You must
successfully complete the vision screening, two-part
knowledge exam and road skills tests and pay the required
fees when you re-apply.
In this section you’ll learn about: Conviction-Related Suspensions and

License suspension Revocations
License revocation
The court or DMV will suspend or revoke your privilege to
Conviction-related suspensions and
drive if you are convicted of any of the following offenses:
revocations
operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of
Other DMV requirements, suspensions
alcohol or drugs (DUI)
and revocations
injuring another person as a result of operating a motor
Driver Improvement Program
vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs
Medical review program
operating a motor vehicle while suspended or revoked
Insurance monitoring program for a DUI
Suspension for failing to satisfy child operating a motor vehicle that is not equipped with the
support-related requirements ignition interlock device when it is required by the court
Alcohol and the law or DMV
Administrative License Suspension making a false statement to DMV
Open alcohol containers in vehicles failing to stop and identify yourself at the scene of a
Transporting children while under the crash if someone has been injured or killed
influence of alcohol/drugs voluntary or involuntary manslaughter resulting from
Vehicle impoundment driving a motor vehicle
Restitution involuntary manslaughter resulting from operating a

motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol
Alcohol related violations and
penalties involving persons under committing a drug offense, regardless of whether or not
age 21 a motor vehicle is involved
committing a felony involving the use of a motor vehicle
taking a driver’s license exam for another person, or
appearing for another person to renew a license
eluding police
Section 5: Penalties
The court may suspend or revoke your driving privilege if you Age 18 or 19: DMV will require you to complete a driver
are convicted of the following offenses: improvement clinic if you are convicted of a demerit point or
reckless or aggressive driving safety belt/child restraint violation committed while you were
age 18 or 19.
operating a motor vehicle without a valid driver’s
license Age 18 or Older: DMV will require you to complete a driver
driving while your license is revoked or suspended for a improvement clinic if you accumulate 12 demerit points
non-DUI related conviction within 12 months or 18 points within 24 months. If you do
refusing to take a blood/breath test when charged with not complete the clinic within 90 days, DMV will suspend
driving while under the influence of alcohol/drugs your driving privilege.
failing to pay for gas If you receive 18 demerit points within 12 months or 24
points within 24 months, DMV will suspend your driving
If you are convicted of any traffic or criminal convictions privilege for 90 days and require that you complete a driver
and you fail to pay your court fines and costs within 30 days, improvement clinic.
the court will suspend your driving privilege. The court may
offer you the option to enter into an installment payment For more detailed information on the Driver Improvement
agreement if you are unable to pay the total amount. Program for juveniles and adults and the actions taken by
DMV, refer to www.dmvNOW.com or A Different Kind of
Refer to the DMV website under Reinstating Driving Privileges Crash Course (DMV 114) brochure.
and Restricted Driving Privileges for information on other
reasons for suspensions/revocations, requirements to reinstate
your driving privilege, and eligibility for restricted driving Medical Review Program
privileges. DMV is responsible for making sure that drivers are able to
safely operate motor vehicles. When DMV receives a report
that a driver may have a physical or mental condition that
Other DMV Requirements, affects his ability to drive safely, a medical review of the driver
Suspensions and Revocations may be conducted. DMV is concerned about any condition
that impairs the driver’s:
Driver Improvement Program level of consciousness
If you are a Virginia resident, DMV is responsible for perception (vision)
maintaining a driving record of all convictions received from judgment
the court. When convictions are added to your record, DMV motor skills
assigns demerit points to traffic offenses and moving
violations. DMV also monitors your driving record to see how Depending upon the situation, DMV may require you
many demerit points you receive within a 12-month and to submit a medical or vision report completed by your
24-month period. Convictions may be assigned three, four or physician and/or to pass the two-part knowledge exam and/or
six demerit points. For more information, refer to the road skills test.
Moving Violations and Points Assessment (DMV 115)
publication available at www.dmvNOW.com or DMV Once the medical review is completed, DMV will decide
customer service centers. whether to:
suspend your driving privilege
Under Age 18: If you are convicted of a demerit point
traffic violation (or safety belt/child restraint violation) restrict your driving privilege
committed when you were under age 18, DMV will require require you to submit periodic medical and/or vision
that you complete a driver improvement clinic. If you do reports, or
not complete the clinic within 90 days, DMV will suspend end the medical review with no other requirements
your driving privilege until you complete the clinic and pay a
reinstatement fee. If DMV suspends your driving privilege as a result of medical
review action, you will not be required to present legal
After your second conviction for a demerit point traffic presence proof documents to reinstate your driving privilege
violation (or safety belt/child restraint violation) committed unless required to do so for another suspension/revocation or
when you were under age 18, DMV will suspend your driving your license expires.
privilege for 90 days. Your third conviction will result in a
revocation of your driving privilege for one year or until you Refer to the DMV publication, Medical Fitness for Safe
reach age 18, whichever is longer. Driving (MED 80), for more detailed information on the
Medical Review Program.
Insurance Monitoring Program If you are convicted of DUI, the court and DMV will impose
a suspension/revocation and other penalties in addition to
DMV is responsible for making sure that all owners of vehicles
the administrative license suspension. If you receive multiple
with a valid registration comply with the Virginia laws on
DUI convictions, the suspension/revocation periods will run
insurance requirements. When registering a motor vehicle,
consecutively.
you must sign a statement on the registration application that
you have liability insurance coverage for your motor vehicle,
or pay the $500 uninsured motor vehicle fee. DMV will Open Alcohol Containers in Vehicles
suspend your driving privilege if:
You may be charged with drinking while operating a motor
you do not submit the requested insurance policy vehicle if you:
information to verify that you have liability insurance
are stopped by law enforcement and you have an open
coverage
container of alcohol in the passenger area and the
there is a break in your insurance policy coverage and contents have been partially removed, and
you do not return your license plates to DMV
show signs that you have been drinking
Refer to www.dmvNOW.com for more detailed information The passenger area means the area that seats the driver and
on Insurance Monitoring activities by DMV. passengers and any area within the driver’s reach, including
an unlocked glove compartment.
Suspensions for Failing to Satisfy Child

Support-Related Requirements Transporting Children While Under the
The Division of Child Support Enforcement will direct DMV
Influence of Alcohol/Drugs
to suspend your driving privilege if you: Conviction of any DUI offense involving a juvenile passenger
(age 17 or younger) in the vehicle at the time of the offense
are late making child support payments by 90 days or
carries an additional mandatory five-day jail term plus all
$5,000, or
other fines and jail sentences. You may also be charged
fail to appear in court or comply with a subpoena, an additional fine of at least $500 and up to $1,000. A
summons or warrant related to paternity or child second DUI offense with a juvenile in the vehicle carries an
support hearings additional 80-hour community service requirement plus all
other fines and jail sentences.
Refer to the DMV website under Reinstatement for
information on eligibility for restricted driving privileges and
requirements to reinstate your driving privilege. Vehicle Impoundment
Your vehicle will be impounded immediately for 30 days if
you are caught driving after your license has been suspended
Alcohol and the Law for an alcohol-related offense. The court can impound the
vehicle for an additional 90 days if you are convicted.
If you are arrested for drinking and driving, the penalties are
severe. If the police have probable cause to stop you and Also, your vehicle will be impounded by law enforcement if
suspect that you have been drinking or using drugs, they will you operate a motor vehicle without a license after you have
ask you to take a breath or blood test. Under implied consent previously been convicted of driving without a license. The
laws, if you operate a motor vehicle on Virginia’s public vehicle will remain impounded until you obtain a license or
roads, you agree to take a breath test upon request. If you for three days, whichever is less.
are involved in a motor vehicle crash and a law enforcement
officer has probable cause, you can be arrested for DUI
within three hours of the crash without a warrant and at any
Restitution
location. Depending on the laws of the city or county in which you
are driving, you may be responsible for paying the cost (up
to $1,000) for law enforcement, emergency medical services,
Administrative License Suspension fire fighters and rescue personnel who respond to a crash or
incident resulting from your DUI violation.
If you refuse a breath test or your BAC is .08 percent or
higher while you are driving and law enforcement charges
you with driving while under the influence of alcohol/drugs,
your driving privilege will be automatically suspended:
for seven days, for a first offense
for 60 days or until you go to trial, whichever comes
first, for a second offense
until the trial, for a third DUI offense
Alcohol Related Violations and Penalties

Involving Persons Under Age 21
Purchasing/Consuming Alcohol: If you are under age 21,
you cannot purchase, possess or consume alcohol. If you are
convicted of driving after illegally consuming alcohol, and
your BAC was at least .02 percent and less than .08 percent,
the court penalty will include:
a suspension of your driving privilege for one year from
the date of conviction, and
a minimum mandatory fine of $500, or
the requirement that you complete at least 50 hours of
community service.
If you are convicted of driving after illegally consuming
alcohol and your BAC was .08 percent or higher, you may
face the same penalties as an adult.
Providing Alcoholic Beverages: If you provide or sell

alcoholic beverages to a person under age 21 or someone
who is intoxicated or ordered by a court to refrain from
drinking alcohol, you are subject to a fine up to $2,500,
mandatory suspension of your driver’s license for up to one
year, and 12 months in jail.
Misrepresentation of Age: If you are under age 21 and you

use or attempt to use a fake ID to establish a false age in an
attempt to drink or purchase alcohol, you will:
be fined at least $500
be required to perform at least 50 hours of community
service
face up to 12 months in jail, and
face mandatory suspension of your driver’s license for at
least six months but not more than one year
Whenever you drive, you must carry a
Section 6: valid driver’s license or learner’s permit with you. Any misuse
of your driver’s license or learner’s permit is illegal. You could
License Types
be fined, sentenced to jail, or your license may be suspended.
Learner’s Permit
A learner’s permit allows you to operate a motor vehicle
when a licensed driver at least 21 years of age is seated in the
front passenger seat. The driver with you must hold a valid
driver’s license, be alert and able to assist you while you are
driving. The licensed driver with you may be age 18, 19, or
20 if he or she is your legal guardian, brother, sister, half-
brother, half-sister, step brother or stepsister. If you are age
19 or older, you must hold a learner’s permit for 60 days, or
present a driver’s education certificate of completion to apply
for a driver’s license. For more information about obtaining
a learner’s permit, refer to the Parents in the Driver’s Seat
(DMV 16) publication available at www.dmvNOW.com and
DMV customer service centers.
In this section you’ll learn about: Driver’s License

Learner’s Permit A driver’s license allows you to operate any vehicle or small
Driver’s License truck less than 26,001 pounds that is exempt from commercial
Commercial Driver’s License driver’s license (CDL) requirements. For more information
about obtaining a driver’s license, refer to the publication
School Bus Driver’s License
Obtaining a Virginia Driver’s License or Identification Card
Motorcycle Learner’s Permit (DMV 141) available at www.dmvNOW.com or DMV
Motorcycle Driver’s License customer service centers.
International Driver’s License
Commercial Driver’s License
A commercial driver’s license (CDL) allows you to operate
tractor-trailers, passenger buses, tank vehicles, school buses
for 16 or more occupants (including the driver), or vehicles
carrying hazardous materials. For more information about
CDL, refer to the Virginia Supplement to the Commercial
Driver License Manual (DMV 60V) available at
www.dmvNOW.com under forms or any DMV customer
service center.
School Bus Driver’s License

If you wish to operate a school bus designed to carry 15
occupants (including the driver), you do not need to obtain
a commercial driver’s license. However, you will need to
take the commercial driver and school bus tests to obtain the
school bus endorsement on your driver’s license. You will
be restricted to driving a bus designed to carry 15 occupants
(including the driver). This restriction will be printed on your
license. For more information about licensing requirements to
operate larger school buses, refer to the Virginia Supplement
Section 6: License Types
to the Commercial Driver License Manual (DMV 60V)

available at www.dmvNOW.com under forms or any DMV
International Driver’s License
customer service center. An international driver’s license is not a valid driver’s
license and does not allow you to drive. It is only a foreign
translation of your existing valid driver’s license to be used
Motorcycle Learner’s Permit when you are traveling outside of the U.S. These permits
are issued by your local AAA, except to persons whose
A motorcycle learner’s permit allows you to operate a
driving privilege is suspended or revoked.
motorcycle after 4 AM and before midnight. You may operate
the motorcycle only when supervised by a person who is at
If you are visiting the U.S. from a foreign country, you
least 21 years of age, licensed to operate a motorcycle, and
may drive using your driver’s license issued by your home
able to assist you while they are supervising from another
country. Your home country driver’s license should be
motorcycle or other vehicle riding along with you. No one,
accompanied by a translation of the license.
other than the operator, can be on the motorcycle. You
must always wear an approved helmet while operating a International driver’s licenses marketed by private sector
motorcycle in Virginia. For more information, refer to the businesses are not valid and do not allow you to legally
Virginia Motorcycle Operator Manual (DMV 2), available at operate a motor vehicle. Sale of any document claiming to
www.dmvNOW.com or DMV customer service centers. be a driver’s license is a Class 1 misdemeanor.
Motorcycle Driver’s License

If you operate a motorcycle in Virginia, you must hold a
valid motorcycle classification designation on your driver’s
license, or have a driver’s license restricted to the operation
of a motorcycle. When applying for a new motorcycle
classification, riders will be asked to indicate the type of
motorcycle they wish to operate, two-wheeled or three-
wheeled. The appropriate classification, M2 for two-wheeled
or M3 for three-wheeled, will be marked on the license once
DMV staff determines the applicant has passed the road
test on the type of motorcycle he/she has indicated or has
completed an acceptable motorcycle rider training course.
Riders who test on both two-wheeled and three-wheeled
motorcycles or complete training courses for both types of
vehicles will receive an M classification. An M classification
signifies that the license holder is permitted to operate
two-wheeled and three-wheeled motorcycles. For more
information, refer to the Virginia Motorcycle Operator Manual
(DMV 2).
Section 7: Whether you are learning to drive
for the first time, new to Virginia or brushing up on your safe
Other Important driving knowledge, there are additional requirements that all
Virginia drivers should know.
Information Receiving License by Mail

You will receive your new driver’s license in the mail. For
security, DMV does not issue licenses in customer service
centers.
Address Changes
If you move, you are required to notify DMV within 30 days.
The postal service will not forward your license to another
address. If DMV does not have your correct address, the
postal service will return the license to DMV.
New to Virginia
If you are a new Virginia resident and drive, you must obtain
In this section you’ll learn about: a Virginia driver’s license within 60 days of moving here.
Receiving your license by mail
Address changes
Titles, Registrations, License Plates,
New to Virginia
Titles, registrations, license plates, decals
Decals
Safety inspections Title and register your vehicle and obtain Virginia license
Insurance requirements plates within 30 days of moving to Virginia. License plates
must be displayed on the front and rear of the vehicle. Decals
Applying to register to vote
indicating the month and year that the registration expires
Organ, eye and tissue donation must be placed in the designated areas on the plates (except
for vehicles displaying permanent plates).
You must have the vehicle registration card with you when
operating the vehicle. You must also register your vehicle
in your locality, if required. Check with your city or county
government.
Safety Inspections
Your vehicle must pass an annual vehicle safety inspection
and display a valid safety inspection sticker. In certain
localities, your vehicle also must pass an emissions inspection.
For more information about Virginia safety inspections, visit
the Virginia State Police website at www.vsp.virginia.gov.
Tire Safety Inspection

Once every month, or before a long road trip, check your
tires for wear and damage problems by using the penny test.
1. Take a penny and hold Abraham Lincoln’s body
between your thumb and forefinger.
Section 7: Other Important Information
2. Select a point on your tire where the tread appears Applying to Register to Vote
to be lowest and place Lincoln’s head into one of the
grooves. You may apply to register to vote or to change your voter
3. If any part of Lincoln’s head is covered by the tread, registration mailing address at any DMV office. Indicate your
you’re driving with the safe amount of tread. If your intentions on the voter registration section of the driver’s
tread gets below that, your car’s ability to grip the road license application. To apply to register to vote in Virginia, you
in adverse conditions is greatly reduced. must be a U.S. citizen, a resident of Virginia, and be at least
18 years old by the next general election. You must have had
Prior to entering the vehicle, check tire pressure using a tire your voting rights restored by a circuit court if you have been
pressure gauge. The recommended PSI (pounds per square convicted of a felony or if you have been declared mentally
inch) is located in the vehicle owner’s manual or the driver’s incompetent.
side door jamb of the vehicle.
To check your voter registration status, contact your local
registrar or the Department of Elections at 1-800-552-9745
Insurance Requirements or TTY 711.
To register a vehicle and obtain license plates, you must have

liability insurance or pay the $500 uninsured motor vehicle Organ, Eye and Tissue Donation
fee.
To sign up to be a donor and save lives, check yes on your
Insure your vehicle with a company authorized to do business driver’s license, learners permit, or ID card application. For
in Virginia. At a minimum, your insurance policy must provide more information about organ, eye, and tissue donation or to
the following liability insurance coverage: sign up online, visit www.donatelifevirginia.org.
$25,000 for injury or death of one person;
If you are age 18 or older, your registered decision to be a
$50,000 for injury or death of two or more people; and donor will be honored. If you are under age 18, you can
$20,000 for property damage. indicate your wishes to donate by checking yes; by law, your
parents and guardians must make the final decision. It is
Insurance companies may factor in their policy premium the important for all ages to share your decision to be a donor
driving records of any individual of driving age that resides with your friends and family.
within an insured’s household. If you have any questions
regarding the potential impact a newly licensed driver may
have on your policy, you may wish to contact your insurance
agent.
In some cases, liability insurance requirements may be

higher. Refer to www.dmvNOW.com for more information
about DMV’s Insurance Verification Program and Financial
Responsibility Certifications.
Paying the uninsured motor vehicle fee does not provide

insurance coverage, but it allows you to register and operate
the vehicle in Virginia for a one-year period.
Insure your Virginia-registered vehicle during the entire

registration period even if it is not driven or is inoperable.
Before you cancel your insurance, return the license plates to
DMV and cancel the registration.
If you are caught driving without insurance and you did not
pay the uninsured motor vehicle fee, DMV will suspend your
driving privilege until you:
pay a $500 fee or apply and be approved for a payment
plan, and
have your insurance company file a certificate that you
have a policy with the required coverage limits. You will
have to file this certificate of insurance for three years
from the date you regain your driving privileges.
5. This road sign means:
Section 8: a. You may turn during the red light.

b. Pass only in the right lane.
Sample Knowledge Exam

c. One way street.
d. Do not turn during the red light.
6. If you drive after drinking, be aware that alcohol affects:

a. Your coordination.
b. Your vision.
c. Your judgment.
d. All of these.
7. If you are driving on an icy or slippery road and have to

stop:
a. Apply brakes gently.
b. Apply brakes in a normal manner.
c. Keep foot off brake and let compression stop you.
d. Press brakes firmly.
1. This road sign means: 8. The correct hand signal for stopping is:
a. Warning of a hazard. a. Right hand and arm pointing downward.
b. Yield right-of-way. b. Left hand and arm pointing straight out.
c. Railroad crossing. c. Left hand and arm pointing downward.
d. Speed limit. d. Left hand and arm pointing upward.
2. This road sign means: 9. When a school bus stops to load or unload children,
a. No U-turn. vehicles traveling in the same direction as the bus must:
b. Curve. a. Slow down and proceed with caution.
c. Turn right or left. b. Maintain speed.
d. Traffic flows only in the direction c. Stop, then proceed with caution.
of the arrow. d. Stop until all persons are clear and the bus
moves again.
3. This road sign means:

a. Right lane ends soon, merge left. 10. If you are involved in a crash, you must:
b. Soft shoulders. a. Take the person to the nearest hospital.
c. Low place in the road. b. Continue home and file a crash report.
d. Lane ends soon, merge right. c. Stop, help any injured, report the crash to the
police, exchange information and notify your
insurance company.
4. This road sign means: d. Check your car for damages.
a. Church.
b. First aid station. Answers on next page.
c. Intersection.
d. Railroad crossing.
Section 8: Sample Knowledge Exam
Correct Answers
1. A, 2. D, 3. A, 4. C, 5. D,
6. D, 7. A, 8. C, 9. D, 10. C
Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles
P. O. Box 27412
Richmond, Virginia 23269
(804) 497-7100
This manual is an informational tool. It does not supercede

the Code of Virginia, Virginia Administrative Code or any
other statute. To view Virginia’s motor vehicle laws, refer to
the Virginia Code, Title 46.2.
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What is the purpose of the Virginia Driver's Manual?

What is the purpose of the Virginia Driver's Manual?

What are the different types of traffic signs mentioned in the manual and what do they signify?

What are the different types of traffic signs mentioned in the manual and what do they signify?

The Virginia Driver’s Manual will help you learn and

This manual is also available on the DMV website, www.dmvNOW.com.

Section 1 – Testing Searching ...........................................................................18

Section 6 – License Types

Section 7 – Other Important

Section 8 – Sample Knowledge Exam

You may have the option of completing an 8-hour course

Two-Part Knowledge Exam When testing, you cannot:

Road Skills Test Vision Screening

Flashing red arrow: At a flashing red arrow, come to a

Do Not Enter – Wrong Way: These signs

No Left Turn: Left turns are against the law.

No Right Turn: Right turns are illegal. Do not

Pedestrian Crossing: Watch for

School Zone/School Crossing:

Divided Highway Ends: The highway ahead

Intersections: An intersection Winding Road: The road ahead winds with

Low Ground Railroad Crossing: A steep

Railroad Crossing: Advance warning signs

Railroad Crossbuck: This sign is a warning of a

Many two-lane roads in Virginia do not have lane markings

Yield line is a line of High Occupancy Vehicles (HOV)

Bicycle lanes are indicated by a solid or

Yellow — Stop only long enough to load or unload.

Red — Do not stop, stand or park.

Blue — Parking is reserved for persons

Every time you get behind the wheel, you accept

Speed Limits Stopping for School Buses

You must always stop your vehicle:

Yielding to Vehicles with Flashing Lights

Whether you are changing lanes, passing, entering or exiting a

Passing is unlawful and unsafe: When two vehicles are

To make a left turn you should be in the furthest left lane

Here’s how the following

 the electrical plug is properly installed Without a curb:

When driving a vehicle with a light to medium trailer

Parking on a hill Visibility

When aggressive drivers are behind the wheel, these

Distracted Driving To avoid drowsy driving:

Exception: A waiver of the seat belt requirement may be

Air Bags A waiver of the child restraint law may be granted by

Criteria for sitting without a booster seat:

Section 5: repeatedly violate the laws of Virginia, your driving privilege

Penalties If your license is suspended, your privilege to drive has

Revocation means that your privilege to drive has been

In this section you’ll learn about: Conviction-Related Suspensions and

 Restitution  involuntary manslaughter resulting from operating a

Suspensions for Failing to Satisfy Child

Alcohol Related Violations and Penalties

Providing Alcoholic Beverages: If you provide or sell

Misrepresentation of Age: If you are under age 21 and you

In this section you’ll learn about: Driver’s License

School Bus Driver’s License

to the Commercial Driver License Manual (DMV 60V)

Motorcycle Driver’s License

the electrical plug is properly installed Without a curb:

Restitution involuntary manslaughter resulting from operating a