Introduction To Heat and Mass Transfer Chapter 1
Introduction To Heat and Mass Transfer Chapter 1
Introduction To Heat and Mass Transfer Chapter 1
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1/22/2012
Heat Transfer
thermal,
mechanical,
kinetic,
potential,
electrical,
magnetic,
chemical, and
nuclear.
1/22/2012
Energy Transfer
Energy can be transferred to or from a given mass
by two mechanisms: heat transfer and work.
when
is constant:
1/22/2012
1/22/2012
Conduction
Conduction: The transfer of energy from the more
energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent less
energetic ones as a result of interactions between the
particles.
In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the
collisions and diffusion of the molecules during their
random motion.
In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations
of the molecules in a lattice and the energy transport
by free electrons.
1/22/2012
Conduction
Fouriers law of heat conduction:
dT
Q& cond = kA
dx
(W)
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Conductivity
1/22/2012
The range of
thermal
conductivity of
various materials
at room
temperature.
Thermal Diffusivity
Convection
Forced convection,
Natural (or free) convection,
Change of phase (liquid/vapor,
solid/liquid, etc.)
1/22/2012
Radiation
Radiation: The energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic
waves (or photons) as a result of the changes in the electronic
configurations of the atoms or molecules.
Unlike conduction and convection, the transfer of heat by radiation does
not require the presence of an intervening medium.
In fact, heat transfer by radiation is fastest (at the speed of light) and it
suffers no attenuation in a vacuum. This is how the energy of the sun
reaches the earth.
In heat transfer studies we are interested in thermal radiation, which is
the form of radiation emitted by bodies because of their temperature.
All bodies at a temperature above absolute zero emit thermal radiation.
Radiation is a volumetric phenomenon, and all solids, liquids, and gases
emit, absorb, or transmit radiation to varying degrees.
However, radiation is usually considered to be a surface phenomenon
for solids.
1/22/2012
StefanBoltzmann law
= 5.670 108 W/m2 K4 StefanBoltzmann constant
Blackbody: The idealized surface that emits radiation at the maximum rate.
Radiation emitted
by real surfaces