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CHAPTER 5 The resemblance of MF lines of a bar magnet

and a solenoid suggests that a bar magnet can be
MAGNETISM AND MATTER considered as a large number of circulating current in
analogous with a solenoid.
Therefore the MF at a far point on the axial
line of a bar magnet
BAR MAGNET μ0 2 m
A bar magnet is a permanent magnet with two B ax =
poles where the attractive property of the magnet is
4 π x3
concentrated. And the MF at a far point on the equitorial line of a
A freely suspended bar magnet aligns bar magnet
approximately in the geographic north-south direction. μ0 m
B eq=
4 π x3
Magnetic field lines of a bar magnet
where, 'm' is the magnetic moment of the bar
magnet(which is equal to the magnetic moment of an
equivalent solenoid that produces the same MF)

MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT (m)

Magnetic dipole moment is the product of pole
strength and the distance between the poles.
Magnetic field lines of a current carrying finite m= p x 2 l
solenoid Where, p – Pole strength
2l – Distance b/w the poles
Note: magnetic dipole moment is a vector quantity
whose direction is from the south pole to the north
pole.
Problem
(a) What happens if a bar magnet is cut into two
Electric field lines of an electric dipole pieces: (i) transverse to its length
(ii) along its length?

(b)How does the pole strength and the magnetic

dipole moment changes if a bar magnet is cut into
two pieces:
(i) Longitudinally (ii) Transversally ?
NOTE Solution
➢ The pattern of the magnetic field lines of a (a) In either case, one gets two magnets, each with a
current carrying finite solenoid and a bar north and south pole.
magnet is identical. (b)(i) Pole strength and magnetic moment become
➢ Difference between electric field lines and half
magnetic field lines (ii) No change in Pole strength and magnetic
Magnetic field lines are continuous closed moment becomes half
loops, but electric field lines do not form
closed loops.
MAGNETIC DIPOLE IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC FIELD LINES FIELD
1. Magnetic field lines are continuous closed 1. Torque acting on a magnetic dipole placed in a
loops. uniform magnetic field
2. The tangent drawn to the MF lines gives the
direction of MF at that point.
3. Two MF lines never intersect. If two field lines
intersect at a point, it means that there are
two different directions for magnetic field at
that point. But this is not possible.
4. The number density of field lines gives in a
region gives the intensity MF in that region.

BAR MAGNET AS AN EQUIVALENT SOLENOID Two equal and opposite forces acting at the two ends
of the dipole constitutes a torque.

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τ=τ 1+ τ 2 cross-sectional area 2 × 10 –4 m 2 and 1000 turns, but

=> τ=P B l sin θ+ P B l sin θ=P B2 l sin θ of the same magnetic moment. Determine the
=> τ=m B sin θ => mX⃗
⃗τ =⃗ B current flowing through the solenoid
Solution
where, P2 l=m , the magnetic dipole moment.
Note : Net force acting on the dipole is zero. (a) τ=m B sin θ => m= τ =0.40 A m2
B sin θ
2. Motion of a dipole in a uniform magnetic field
(b) u(180)−u (0)=m B+ mB=2 mB
When a magnetic dipole is released from an = 2 x 0.40 x 800 x 10-4 = 0.064 J
angular position, θ in a uniform magnetic field , it m
(c) m=NIA => I= =2A
executes SHM. Whose period, NA
I
T =2 π
√ mB Comparison between Electrostatics and
Magnetism
1 mB
=> υ=
2π√I
using the above equations , we can find out the
Electrostatics magnetism
1
ε0
μ0

4 π2 I
magnetic field at a place by B= Dipole moment p m
mT 2
Axial Field for a short 1 2m μ 0 2m
dipole 4 πε0 x 3 4 π x3
3 . Magnetic potential energy
Magnetic potential energy, U m= work done
Equatorial Field for a −1 m −μ0 m
U m=−m B cos θ=−⃗
m.⃗
B short dipole 4 πε0 x 3 4 π x3

Special cases External Field: torque PX⃗

⃗ E mX⃗
⃗ B
m and ⃗
Case1 : θ=0 , ( ⃗ B are parallel) External Field: −P⃗.⃗
E −⃗m. B
⃗
U m=−m B ( PE is minimum, this is stable Energy
equilibrium)
GAUSS'S LAW IN MAGNETISM
m and ⃗
Case2: θ=180 , ( ⃗ B are anti parallel) The law states that “the net magnetic flux
U m=m B ( PE is maximum, this is unstable through any closed surface is zero”

equilibrium) B.⃗
ϕ B =∮ ⃗ ds=0
S
Note: The RHS of the above equation is zero as there
Problem
is no magnetic monopole exist.
A magnetised needle in a uniform magnetic field
experiences a torque but no net force. An iron nail
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
near a bar magnet, however, experiences a force of
attraction in addition to a torque. Why?
SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS
Solution
Magnetization
No force if the field is uniform. The iron nail
➢ The process of bringing up magnetism in a
experiences a non- uniform field due to the bar
material is called magnetization
magnet. There is induced magnetic moment in the
nail, therefore, it experiences both force and torque.
Intensity of magnetization (M)
The net force is attractive because the induced south
➢ It is the net magnetic dipole moment induced
pole (say) in the nail is closer to the north pole of
per unit volume when the sample is subjected
magnet than induced north pole.
to magnetizing field.
➢ It is a vector quantity
Example 5.2 mnet m
⃗
A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 30 o with an ➢ M= , In vector form ⃗ M=
external field of 800 G experiences a torque of 0.016 V V
Nm. p2l P
(a) What is the magnetic moment of the magnet? (or) M= = , where P – Pole strength
A 2l A
(b) What is the work done in moving it from its most
stable to most unstable position? ➢ Unit: A/m Dimension: L-1A
(c) The bar magnet is replaced by a solenoid of ➢ It depends on the material property

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Magnetising field (Or) Magnetic Intensity (H) => μ r=1+ χm

➢ The field which induces magnetism in a
material is called magnetizing field and the
strength of that field is called magnetic
intensity (H)
➢ The magnetizing field along the axis of a
CLASSIFICATION OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS
solenoid having n turns per unit length and
carrying a current I is given by H=n I
➢ The MF inside a solenoid is given by
B 0=μ0 n I =μ0 H
➢ H=nI does not depends on the medium
(material)inside the solenoid.
➢ Unit: A/m Dimension: L-1A

Permeability (μ) Diamagnetic materials

➢ Permeability μ of a medium is the ratio of the 1. Substances which experience a very weak force
magnetic induction (B) to the magnetic of repulsion from a magnet are called
intensity (H) diamagnetic substances.
2. In a non uniform magnetic field , it tend to move
B0 B from a region of stronger field to a region of
➢ μ 0= and μ=
H H weaker field.
3. Diamagnetism is independent of temperature.
Relative Permeability(μr) 4. The atoms or molecules of a diamagnetic
➢ It is the ratio of magnetic induction in a material do not possess a permanent dipole
material to the magnetic induction in air moment of their own. When an external MF is
applied a small dipole moment is developed
B μH μ
μ r= = = in it but pointing in the opposite direction of
B 0 μ0 H μ0 the field.
5. When freely suspended in a magnetic field
Magnetic Susceptibility ( χ m ) it aligns perpendicular to the magnetic field
➢ Magnetisation produced in a material is 6. 'M' is small and negative, χ m is small and
directly proportional to the magnetic intensity negative , μ r is small and positive
(H). −1≤χ m <0 0≤μ r <1 μ<μ 0
➢ MαH (or) M =χm H Note : A super conductor is a perfect diamagnet
Where, χ m is a constant called whose χ m=−1 ,μ r=0
M 7. Behaviour of magnetic field lines in a
susceptibility χ m= diamagnetic material is shown
H
➢ It is the ratio of magnetisation to the magnetic
intensity.
➢ It has no unit

Relation between susceptibility ( χ m ) and

8. Eg:Bismuth,Gold , Copper, Diamond, Lead,
relative permeability( μ r ) Mercury , Silver, Silicon , Nitrogen (at STP)
Consider a material ( say an iron core) in an air Paramagnetic materials
solenoid, then the total magnetic field, 1. Substances which experience a very weak force
B=B0 + Bm of attraction from a magnet are called
Total MF= External MF + MF due to material paramagnetic substances.
2. In a non uniform magnetic field , it tend to move
ie, B=μ0 H +μ0 M
from a region of weaker field to a region of
M stronger field.
=> B=μ0 H (1+ ) 3. For a paramagnetic material, both χ m
H
and μ r depend not only material but also on
M
=> μ H=μ 0 H (1+ ) temperature.
H 4. The atoms or molecules of a paramagnetic
μ M material possess a permanent dipole moment of
=> μ 0 =1+ H =1+ χm their own. When an external MF is applied
individual dipole moment aligns in the

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direction of the field. Problem

5. When freely suspended in a magnetic field What happens if an iron bar magnet is melted? Does
aligns in the direction of the field. it retain it's magnetism?
6. 'M' is small and positive, χ m is small and Solution
positive , μ r is small and positive Melting point of iron is greater than it's Curie
χ m >0 μ r >1 μ>μ 0 temperature. So iron bar does not retain it's
magnetism.
7. Behaviour of magnetic field lines in a
paramagnetic material is shown

Problem ( NEET 2020)

An iron rod of susceptibility 599 is subjected to a
magnetising field of 1200 Am–1. The permeability of
8. Eg: Al, Ca, Cr, W, Li, Mg, Niobium, Platinum, the material of the rod is :
−7 −1
Oxygen (at STP) ( μ 0=4 π ×10 T m A )

Ferromagnetic materials
(A) μ 0=2.4 π× 10−7 T m A−1
−4 −1
1. Substances which experience a very strong (B) μ 0=2.4 π× 10 T m A
force of attraction from a magnet are called −5
(C) μ 0=8.0 ×10 T m A
−1
ferromagnetic substances. −5 −1
2. In a non uniform magnetic field , it tend to move (D) μ 0=2.4 π× 10 T m A
from a region of weaker field to a region of Solution
stronger field. μ r=1+ χm =1+ 599=600 T m A −1
3. On rising the temperature, ferromagnetic
behaviour decreases and above a certain μ=μ 0 μ r =4 π ×10−7 x 600=2.4 π× 10−4 T m A−1
temperature(Curie point,TC) the ferromagnetic Ans : (B)
behaviour vanish and the substance attain
paramagnetic behaviour.
The susceptibility above the curie PREVIOUS QUESTIONS
temperature, TC ( ie, in paramagnetic phase) is
given by 1. A magnetised needle in uniform magnetic field
C experiences a torque but no net force. An iron nail
χ= for T >T C near a bar magnet, however, experiences a force of
T −T C
attraction in addition to a torque. Why ? (2)
4. Individual atoms have permanent magnetic [MAR 2020]
dipole moments just like in paramagnetic 2. (a) The figure below shows a bar of --------------------
material. But the neighbouring atoms material placed in an external magnetic field (1)
interact with one another and align
themselves along a common direction
spontaneously. This alignment extends over
small regions called domains. There is no bulk
magnetisation, since the domains are randomly
aligned . In an external magnetic field (b) Give any two properties of this material (2)
domains align in the direction of the field. [IMP 2020]
5. When freely suspended in a magnetic field
aligns in the direction of the field.
6. 'M' is large and positive, χ m is large and 3. The expression ∑ B̄ . ds=0
¯ is (1)
positive , μ r is large and positive (i) Gauss Law in Electrostatics
(ii) Gauss Law in Magnetism
χ m ≫1 μ r ≫1 μ≫μ0 (iii) Ampere’s circuital law
(iv) Lenz’s law [MAR 2021]
7. Behaviour of magnetic field lines in a 4. An air cored solenoid has 1000 turns per metre and
paramagnetic material is shown carries a current of 2A. Calculate the magnetic
intensity (H). (2)
[MAR 2021,IMP2022]
5. The behaviour of magnetic filed lines near two
magnetic substances P and Q are shown below.
8. Eg : Steel, Alnico, soft iron, nickel, cobalt

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(a) From the figure identify paramagnetic substance.

(b) Susceptibility of substance P is _________.
(positive/negative) (1+1)
[MAR 2021]
6. Which of the following is not a ferromagnetic
material ? (1)
(a) Cobalt (b) Iron
(c) Nickel (d) Bismuth
[IMP 2021]
7. The temperature at which a ferromagnetic material
become paramagnetic is ...........................
(a) Cut off temperature (b) Absolute temperature
(d) Curie temperature (1)
[MAR 2022]
8. Define magnetisation. Give its dimension. (2)
[MAR 2023]
9. Differentiate between paramagnetic, diamagnetic
and ferromagnetic substances. (3)
[MAR 2023]

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