Magnetism and

20 Matter
NATURAL MAGNET MAGNETIC FIELD
A natural magnet is an ore of iron (Fe3 O4) which The space around a magnet within which its influence can be
(i) attracts small pieces of iron, cobalt and nickel towards it. experienced is called its magnetic field.
(ii) when suspendeded freely, comes to rest along north-south Uniform magnetic field : A uniform magnetic field is one where the
direction. strength of the magnetic field is the same at all points of the field. In
The magnets which are obtained artificially are called artificial a uniform field, all the magnetic lines of force are parallel to one
magnets, e.g. a bar magnet, a magnetic needle, horse shoe magnet another. But in non-uniform magnetic field the strength of
etc. magnetic field is not same at all points of the field and also the
BAR MAGNET magnetic lines of force are not parallel.
A bar magnet consists of two equal and opposite magnetic poles Atom as a Magnetic Dipole
separated by a small distance. Poles are not exactly at the ends. Every atom of a magnetic material behaves as a magnetic dipole,
The shortest distance between two poles is called effective length because electrons in the atom revolve round the nucleus. The
(Le) and is less than its geometric length (Lg). magnetic moment M associated with an atomic dipole as
For bar magnet Le = 2l and Le =(5/6) Lg. neh
M= = nm B
For semicircular magnet Lg = pR and Le = 2R. 4pm
eh
where n = 1, 2, 3 ..... denotes the no. of orbits and m B = .
4pm
–24
Least value of dipole moment of atom = 9.27 × 10 Am . 2
S N
Le =2l m B is called Bohr magneton.
Lg Most of the magnetic moment is produced due to electron spin,
Bar magnet
the contribution of the orbital revolution is very small.
Properties of Magnets MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE
(i) Attractive property : A magnet attracts small pieces of iron, Magnetic line of force is an imaginary curve the tangent to which
cobalt, nickel, etc. and other magnetic subsances. at a point gives the direction of magnetic field at that point or
(ii) Directive property : A freely suspended magnet aligns itself the magnetic field line is the imaginary path along which an
nearly in the geographical north-south direction. isolated north pole will tend to move if it is free to do so.
(iii) Law of magnetic poles : Like magnetic poles repel, and unlike Properties of Magnetic Lines of Force
magnetic poles attract each other. (i) Magnetic lines of force are hypothetical lines use to depict
According to Gauss’s theorem in magnetism, surface magnetic field in a region and understand certain
integral of magnetic field intensity over a surface (closed or phenomenon in magnetism.
uur ur uur ur
open) is always zero i.e. Ñò B .d s (or ò B .d s ) = 0. Direction of magnetic
lines outside the body
This theorem establishes that the poles always exist in equal of magnet (from north
and unlike pairs. pole to south pole)
(iv) Magnetic poles exist in pairs : Isolated magnetic poles do
not exist. If we break a magnet into two pieces, we get two N S Direction of magnetic
lines inside the body
smaller dipole magnets. Magnetic field lines of magnet (from south
(v) Repulsion is a sure test of magnetism. in a bar magnet pole to north pole)
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(ii) Tangent to field line at a point gives us the direction of Magnetic length : The shortest distance between the two poles
uur
magnetic field intensity B at that point. No two magnetic of a magnet is called its magnetic length. It is less than the
lines of force can intersect each other because magnetic geometrical length of the magnet. This magnetic length is also
field will have two directions at the point of intersection. called an effective length.
(iii) Magnetic lines of force are continuous curve from north to
south, outside the body of the magnet and from south to Geometrical length
north inside the body of the magnet.
Magnetic length
(iv) The number of lines originating or terminating on a pole is = 0.84 S N
Geometrical length
proportional to its pole strength.
Magnetic flux = number of magnetic lines of force Magnetic length
= µ0 × m
Where µ0 is number of lines associated with unit pole. MAGNETIC MOMENT
(v) The number of lines of force per unit area at a point gives The magnetic moment of a magnet in magnitude is equal to the
magnitude of field at that point. The crowded lines show a product of pole strength with effective length (i.e. magnetic
strong field while distant lines represent a weak field.
length). Its direction is along the axis of magnet from south pole
(vi) The magnetic lines of force have a tendency to contract
to north pole.
longitudinally like a stretched elastic string producing
r r r
attraction between opposite pole. M = m ´ 2 l ´ (n) Þ | M |= 2ml
If the same bar magnet is bent in a semicircle then

N S 2l
pr = 2l Þ r =
p

Longitudnal contraction (attraction)

(vii) The magnetic lines of force have a tendency to repel each r
other laterally resulting in repulsion between similar poles. m m

Net magnetic moment

2l 4l 2 M
M ¢ = m ´ 2r = m ´ 2 ´ = m´ =
S N X N p p p
r
Where m is pole strength, 2l is effective length and n is unit
vector having a direction from S-pole to N-pole.
n (attraction) Lateral expansion (repulsion)
r
The SI unit of M is A m2, which is equivalent to J/T..
(viii) The region of space with no magnetic field has no lines of
Circular current loop as a magnet : A small plane loop of current
force. At neutral point where resultant field is zero there
cannot be any line of force. behaves as a magnet with a definite dipole moment given by
uuur
SOME TERMS RELATED TO MAGNETISM M = I Anˆ
Magnetic poles : These are the regions of apparently concentrated
where A is the area of the loop, I the current in the loop and n̂ is
magnetic strength where the magnetic attraction is maximum.
It means that pole of a magnet is located not at a point but over a a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of the loop, and its direction
region. Magnetic poles exist in pairs. An isolated magnetic pole is decided by the sense of flow of current I using the Fleming’s
(north or south) does not exist. If a magnet is cut into two pieces, right hand rule.
then instead of obtaining separate N-pole and S-pole, each of the Relation between magnetic moment and angular momentum
two parts are found to behave as complete magnets.
Magnetic axis : The line passing through the poles of a magnet is uuur q uur
M = L
called its magnetic axis. 2m
Magnetic equator : The line passing through the centre of the
Where q is the total charge on a body of mass m rotaing about a
magnet and at right angles ot the magnetic axis is called the
fixed axis.
magnetic equator of the magnet.
 Magnetism and Matter 545

Magnetic moment, pole strength and effective length when a magnet is cut
Magnet placed after Pole strength Effective length Magnetic moment
cutting after cutting

N S Breadth
m 2l M = 2ml
Length

N S m M
m/2 2l M1 = .2l =
X X´ 2 2

M
S N m l M 2 = ml =
2

Y´

N S ml M
m/2 l M3 = =
X X´ 2 4

Y´

2l
m 2l M = m ´ 2l
m m

COULOMB’S LAW OF MAGNETIC FORCE A magnet of dipole moment M suspended freely in a magnetic
It states that : field B experiences a torque t given by
ur uuur uur
(i) The force of attraction or repulsion between two magnetic t = M ´ B ; t = MB sin q
poles is directly proportional to the product of their pole uur ur
strengths. where q is the angle between M and B
r
(ii) The force of attraction or repulsion between two magnetic It is clear from the expression that | tmax |= MB
poles is inversely proportional to the square of the distance i.e., when dipole is perpendicular to field the torque is maximum
between them. This law is also known as inverse square law. and when they are parallel, the torque is minimum
r
1 m m m (for q = 0 or 180º ® | t | = 0 ).
i.e., F µ m1m2 and F µ r or, F = 0 . 1 2 The net force acting on a bar magnet placed
4p r 2 ® in a uniform magnetic field is zero
where m1 and m2 are the pole strengths of the two magnetic ® in a non-uniform magnetic field is non-zero
poles, r is the distance between them and m0 is the Let the length of a bar magnet be 2l and pole strength be m,
permeability of free space. the magnetic field is B, and the angle between B and bar
Unit magnetic pole : A unit magnetic pole may be defined as the magnet is q. Force on north pole is mB along the field and
pole which when placed in vacuum at a distance of one metre from that on south pole is mB opposite to the field.
an identical pole, repels it with a force of 10–7 newton. B mB
TORQUE ON A MAGNET IN A MAGNETIC FIELD N
q
m(North pole)
N mB
B O
Bar magnet at lsinq
q
an angle q. with S
S the magnetic field B
mB m (South pole) 2l
mB
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The torque of these two forces about O is GAUSS'S LAW IN MAGNETISM

t = 2mBlsinq = MB sinq r
uur uur The surface integral of magnetic field B over a closed surface S
t = M ´B is always zero.
® ®
where M is the magnetic moment of the magnet. Mathematically Ñò B . da = 0
(Q M = 2ml) S
This torque tries to align the magnet with the field. (1) Isolated magnetic poles do not exist is a direct consequence
Work Done by External Agent in Rotating the Magnet of gauss's law in magnetism.
If an external agent rotates the magnet slowly, the agent has to (2) The total magnetic flux linked with a closed surface is always
exert a torque MBsinq opposite to that exerted by the field. zero.
Work done by the agent in changing the angle from q to q + dq is (3) If a number of magnetic field lines are leaving a closed
dW = (MBsinq) dq surface, an equal number of field lines must also be entering
the surface.
q
Magnetic Flux
Wext = ò (MB sin q)dq The magnetic flux through a given area may be defined as the
q0 total number of magnetic lines of force passing through this
area. It is equal to the product of the normal components of the
Wext = MB(cos q 0 - cos q)
magnetic field B and the area over which it is uniform. In general,
Wext is stored as potential energy of the field-magnet system. uur uuur
Thus Magnetic flux, f = ò B .dA = ò BdA cos q , where q is angle
A A
U(q) - U(q0 ) = MB(cos q0 - cos q)
between normal to the area dA with magnetic field B.
If we take U(q 0 ) = 0 for q 0 = 90o , then
Potential energy
uur uur
Magnetic flux linked with a closed surface is zero i.e., ò B .dA = 0
s
U (q) = U ( q) - U (90°) = - MB cos q = – M . B
(i) When q = 0, U = – MB (minimum PE) The S.I. Unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb) : If a magnetic field of
1 tesla passes normally through a surface of area 1 square metre,
(ii) When q = 90º , U = 0
then the magnetic flux linked with this surface is said to be 1
(iii) When q = 180º , U = MB (maximum PE) weber.
M B Oscillations of a Bar Magnet in a Magnetic Field
N B A freely suspended magnet of magnetic moment M and of moment
of inertia I oscillates simple harmonically in a magnetic field B with
frequency
q = 90° S N

S M
U = – MB (min)
U=0 q = 0° +m
q = 90° Stable equilibrium N mB
q
B B
mB S
–m
Freely suspended bar
N M S magnet, at an angle q
with the magnetic field B

1 MB I
n= , \ Time period , T = 2 p
U = + MB (max) 2p I MB
q = 180° MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A BAR MAGNET
Unstable equilibrium (i) Magnetic field intensity B1 due to a bar magnet at any point
Work done in Rotating a Uniform Magnetic Dipole
m0 2 Md
in a Magnetic Field on the axial line of the magnet is B1 =
4 p (d 2 - l 2 ) 2
Work done in deflecting the dipole through an angle q is,
W = MB (1 – cos q) B1
S N
If q = 0, cos q = 1 then W = MB (1 – 1) = 0
P
If q = 90°, cos q = 0 then W = MB
If q = 180°, cos q = –1, then W = 2MB 2l
d
 Magnetism and Matter 547

where d = distance of the point from the centre of the magnet. MAGNETIC POTENTIAL
The direction of B1 is along SN. The magnetic potential at a point is defined as the work done in
m m carrying a unit N-pole from infinity to that point against the
BN = 0 field. It may also be defined as the quantity whose space rate of
4 p (d - l ) 2 where, m is pole strength.
variation in any direction gives the intensity of the magnetic field
BN is magnetic field due to north pole, it is directed away from the
magnet. dV B
i.e., B=-
m m dx
BS = 0
4p (d + l) 2 it is directed towards the magnet. (i) Magnetic potential due to a point dipole, at a distance r
from the pole of strength m is given by
m0m é 1 1 ù m m
\ B = BN - BS Þ B = ê - ú V B = 0 . (joule/Wb)
4 p êë (d - l) 2
(d + l) 2 úû 4p r
B due to a pole of Pole strength m at a distance r is given by
m 0 m (4ld ) m0 2 Md
= = [Q M = m(2L)]
4p ( d 2 - l 2 ) 2 4p ( d 2 - l 2 ) 2 m0 m
B=
4p r 2
0 m 2M
If d > > l, B = 4p 3 Now V0 at A is the work done is bringing a unit pole from
d
infinity to A.
(ii) Magnetic field intensity (B 2) due to A bar magnet at any
point on the equatorial line of the bar magnet is r
m 0m
\ VA - V¥ = ò a dr Þ V A = m 0m
m M 4pr 2
4 pr
B2 = 0 ¥
4 p ( d 2 + l 2 )3 / 2
The direction of B2 is along a line parallel to NS. (ii) Potential due to a magnetic dipole at a point in end-side on
m0 æ m ö
P position is VB = .ç ÷ , where M = 2ml.
B 4p è r 2 - l 2 ø
S N
d
O
P

S r
O N

2l
m m
m m NP m m PS
If l2 < < r2 then VB = 0
BN = 0 , BS = 0 4p r 2
4p NP 3 4p PS3
(iii) Potential due to a magnetic pole at a point in the broad side-
Now, NP = PS = (d2 + l2 )3/ 2 on position. Net potential at P = 0. The potential at any point
uur uuur uuur lying on the magnetic equator of a magnet is zero in CGS
Resultant field at P is, B = BN + BS and MKS system.
m m m m P
ÞB = 0. ( NP + PS) = 0 . ( NS)
4p ( d 2 + l 2 ) 3 / 2 4 p (d 2 + l 2 ) 3 / 2
r
m 2ml m M
| B |= 0 = 0
4 p (d + l )
2 2 3 / 2 4p ( d + l 2 ) 3 / 2
2
N S
uur m 0 M
If d > > l, | B |= 4p 3 2l
d
(iv) The magnetic potential at a point lying on a line passing
The magnetic field at any point having polar coordinates (r, q) through the centre and making angle q with the axis
relative to centre of magnet or loop
m 0 M cos q
m0 M VB = and for small dipole, r >> l
B= (1 + 3 cos 2 q ) and direction is given by 4p (r 2 - l 2 )
4p r 3
1 m0 M cos q
tan a = tan q VB =
2 4p r2
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Example 1. Example 5.
Two identical thin bar magnets each of length l and pole The time period of oscillation of a magnet in a vibration
strength m are placed at right angles to each other, with magnetometer is 1.5 sec. What will be the time period of
north pole of one touching south pole of the other, then oscillation of another magnet similar in size, shape and
find the magnetic moment of the system. mass but having 1/4 magnetic moment than that of the 1st
N1 magnet oscillating at the same place?
Solution :

T2 M1 M1
= = =2; \ T2 = 2 T1 = 3 s .
2 T1 M2 1
M1
4
Example 6.
S1 The time period of oscillation of a magnet is 2 sec. When it
N2 S2 is remagnetised so that its pole strength is 4 times, what
will be its period?
Solution : Solution :
Initial magnetic moment of each magnet = m × l.
As is clear from fig., S1 and N2 neutralize each other. T2 M1 m1 ´ 2 l T2 m1 1
= = = =
Effective distance between T1 M2 m 2 ´ 2 l ; T1 4 m1 2 ; T2 = 1 sec.
N1 and S2 = l 2 + l2 = l 2 \ M ¢ = ml 2 . Example 7.
Example 2. A thin rectangular magnet suspended freely has a period
A steel wire of length l has a magnetic moment M. It is then of oscillation of 4s. If it is broken into two equal halves,
bent into a semi-circular arc. Find the new magnetic what will be the period of oscillation of each half ?
moment. Solution :
Solution : For each half, mass is half and length is half;
Let d be the diameter of semi-circle.
\ l = (p d/2) or d = (2 l/p) m l2
As M.I. = \ M.I. becomes 1/8th.
New magnetic moment = m × d = m × (2 l/p) 12
= 2m l/p = (2 M/p) Also M becomes 1/2
Example 3.
Work done in turning a magnet of magnetic moment M by an As T = 2 p M.I. / MB
angle 90º from the magnetic meridian is n times the
corresponding work done to turn through an angle of 60º, 1/ 8 1
\ T becomes times = times
where n is 1/ 2 2
(a) 1/2 (b) 2
(c) 1/4 (d) 1 1
New time period = ´ 4s = 2s
Solution : (b) 2
W1 = – MB (cos 90º – cos 0º) = MB EARTH’S MAGNETISM
W2 = – MB (cos 60º – cos 0º)
Magnetic field of earth extends nearly upto five times the radius
æ1 ö 1 1 of earth i.e., 3.2 × 104 km.
= - MB ç - 1÷ = MB = W1
è2 ø 2 2 The magnetic field of earth is fairly uniform and can be represented
As W1 = n W2 ; \ n =2 by equidistant parallel lines.
Example 4. NG
In a hydrogen atom, an electron revolves with a frequency Magnetic axis Sm
Magnetic equator
of 6.8 × 109 megahertz in an orbit of diameter 1.06 Å. What
will be the equivalent magnetic moment? Geographic equator
Solution : Earth's magnetic
n = 6.8 × 109 MHz = 6.8 × 1015 Hz, Imaginary lines of force
bar magnet in
1.06 the core of Earth
r= = 0.53 Å = 0.53 × 10–10 m
2 to depict earth's
magnetic field
æ e ö 2 2 SG Nm
M = IA = ç ÷pr = enpr
è 1/ n ø Geographic axis
22 Geographic meridian : The geographic meridian at a place is the
= (1.6 ´ 10 -19 ) (6.80 ´ 1015 ) ´ (0.53 ´10 -10 ) 2
7 vertical plane passing through the geographic north & south at
= 9.7 ´10 - 24 A m 2 that place.
 Magnetism and Matter 549

Magnetic meridian : The magnetic meridian at a place is the vertical BV¢ BV

plane passing through the magnetic axis of a freely suspended tan d¢ = =
BH¢ BH cos q
small magnet. The earth’s magnetic field acts in the plane of
magnetic meridian. where d¢ = apparent dip
Magnetic meridian d = true dip
If the dip circle is rotated by 90°, the new apparent dip d¢¢ and d¢
S N
N Vertical plane and d are related as cot 2 d = cot 2 d¢ + cot 2 d¢¢
S (iii) Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field (B H) : It is
passing through
the magnetic axis uur
the component of the earth’s total magnetic field B in the
horizontal diection and is given by, BH = B cos d
Elements of Earth’s Magnetic Field
The earth’s magnetic field at a place can be completely described Keep in Memory
by three independent parameters called elements of earth’s
magnetic field. These are : 1. Dip circle is an instrument used to measure angle of dip at a
Geographic
place.
BH
meridian a d 2. At poles total magnetic intensity is 0.66 oersted and at
–d
Bcos d d 90
° equator it is 0.33 oersted
Magnetic BI Bv The total magnetic intensity at a particular latitude is
meridian B
Bv
I = I 0 1 + 3 sin 2 l
Magnetic
meridian where l is the angle of latitude
Magnetic 90°
meridian d=
Magnetic equator
S Horizontal
line
d 0° Magnetic axis
Axis of a freely d=
N suspended magnet

(i) Magnetic declination (q) : The angle between the 90°

d=
geographic meridian and the magnetic meridian at a place The angle of dip d = 0° at magnetic equator
is called the magnetic declination at that place. and d = 90° at magnetic poles.
(ii) Angle of dip (d) : The angle made by the earth’s total 3. A spectacular effect due to earth's magnetism is observed
uur near the magnetic poles of earth. This effect is called aurora-
magnetic field B with the horizontal is called angle of
borealis in the north and aurora - austorlis in south. It is
dip at any place.
shown by patterns of coloured lights.
B
tan d = H
BV Magnetic Maps
True and apparent dip Magnetic surveys all over the earth have been carried out and
When the plane of the dip circle is in the magnetic meridian, then magnetic maps have been prepared which show the values of
the needle stops in the actual direction of the Earth's magnetic magnetic element throughout the world. Lines can be drawn to
field. The angle made by the needle with the horizontal in this join places having the same value of a particular magnetic element.
condition is called true dip. (i) Isogonic lines : These join places of equal declination. A
In case, the plane of the dip circle is not in the magnetic meridian line joining places of zero declination is called agonic line.
then the angle made by the needle with the horizontal is called
(ii) Isoclinic lines : These join places of equal dip.
apparent dip. In this case the vertical component of earth's magnetic
field remains the same but the effective horizontal component A line joining the places of zero-dip is called aclinic line.
B'H = BHcos q (iii) Isodynamic lines : These join places of equal horizontal
B'H component.
Plane in q Shielding from magnetic fields : For shielding a certain region of
which the dip space from magnetic field, we surround the region by soft iron
BH
circle is rings. Magnetic field lines will be drawn into the rings and the
present space enclosed will be free of magnetic field.
Neutral Points
Magnetic
meridian Neutral points are the points where the net field intensity due to
the field of the bar magnet and field of earth is zero. When magnet
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is placed with its north pole towards geographic north, neutral Example 9.
points lie on equatorial line of the magnet. At each neutral point,
If q1 and q2 are angles of dip in two vertical planes at
m0 M
B2 = =H right angle to each other and q is true dip then prove
4p (d 2 + l 2 )3/ 2
cot2q = cot2q1 + cot2q2.
where H = horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field.
Solution :
When the bar magnet is placed with its north pole towards
If the vertical plane in which dip is q1 subtends an angle a
geographic south, the neutral points lie on the axial line of the
with meridian than other vertical plane in which dip is q2 and
magnet. At each neutral point,
is perpendicular to first will make an angle of 90° – a with
m M
B1 = 0 =H magnetic meridian. If q1 and q2 are apparent dips then
4p ( d - l 2 ) 2
2

Relation between the units of quantities associated with magnetic BV BV BV

tan q1 = ; tan q 2 = =
field : BH cos a BH cos(90 - a ) B H sin a
1A = 1JT–1 m–2 = 1J Wb–1 1 1
1T = 1JA–1 m–2 = 1Wb m–2 cot 2 q1 + cot 2 q 2 = +
2
(tan q1 ) (tan q 2 ) 2
1Wb = 1JA–1 = 1Tm2
[B] = NA–1 m–1 = T = Wb m–2 2
B2H cos 2 a + B2H sin 2 a B2H æ B cos q ö
[M] = A m2 = JT–1 = J m2 Wb–1 = = =ç = cot 2 q
B2V B2V è B sin q ÷ø
[m0] = NA–2 = T2 m2 N–1 = Wb2 J–1 m–1
Example 8. s o cot2q1 + cot2q2 = cot2q
A circular coil of radius 0.157 m has 50 turns. It is placed TERMS RELATED TO MAGNETISM
such that its axis is in magnetic meridian. A dip needle is
supported at the centre of the coil with its axis of rotation Magnetic intensity (H ) : When a magnetic material is placed in
horizontal and in the plane of the coil. The angle of dip is
a magnetic field, it becomes magnetised. The capability of the
30º, when a current flows through the coil. The angle of
dip becomes 60º on reversing the current. Find the current magnetic field to magnetise a material is expressed by means of
uur
in the coil assuming that magnetic field due to the coil is a magnetic vector H , called the `magnetic intensity’ of the field.
smaller than the horizontal component of earth’s field. Take
H = 3 × 10–5 T. The relation between magnetic induction B and magnetising field
Solution : B
H H = , m being permeability of medium.
If H is horizontal component and V is vertical component at m
the place, then true value of dip (d) at the place is given by, Intensity of magnetisation (I) : When a material is placed in a
V magnetising field, it acquires magnetic moment M. The intensity
tan d = of magnetisation is defined as the magnetic moment per unit
H
If B is magnetic field intensity at the centre of coil due to current M
volume i.e., I m =
V
V
I in circular coil and B is along H, then tan 30º = . V being volume of mateiral. If the material is in the form of a bar of
H+B cross-sectional area A, length 2l and pole strength m, then
On reversing the direction of current, the direction of B is
reversed. M m.2l m
M = m × 2l; V = A × 2l \
\ Im = = =
V V A.2 l A
\ tan 60º = Magnetic susceptibility (c) : The magnetic susceptibility is defined
H-B
as the intensity of magnetisation per unit magentising field.
tan 60º H + B 3
Dividing, we get = = =3 Im
tan 30º H - B 1 / 3
i.e., c =
H
3 ´ 10 -5
\ B = H/2 Þ B = = 1.5 ´ 10 -5 T Magnetic permeability (m) : The magnetic permeability of a material
2 is the measure of degree to which the material can be permited by
m o nI a magnetic field and is defined as the ratio of magnetic induction
For a circular coil, B =
2r B
-7 (B) in the material to the magnetising field i.e. m =
\ 1.5 × 10–5 = (4 p ´ 10 ) ´ 50 ´ I H
2 ´ 0.157
Relation between Magnetic Susceptibility and
\ I= 1.5 ´ 10 -5 ´ 2 ´ 0.157 Permeability
= 0.75 A .
4p ´ 10 - 7 ´ 50 We have magnetic induction in mateiral, B = mH
Also B = B0 + Bm
 Magnetism and Matter 551

where B0 = magnetic induction in vacuum produced by The characteristics of paramagnetic substances are
magnetising field (a) They are attracted by a strong magnet
Bm = magnetic induction due to magnetisation of material. (b) Their susceptibility is positive but very small ( c > 0)
But B0 = m0H and Bm = m0 I m Þ B = m 0 [H + I m ] (c) Their relative permeability is slightly greater than unity.
(m > 1)
Im
\ B = m 0 H [1 + ] = B0 [1 + c] ; \ B / B0 = [1 + c] (d) Their susceptibility and permeability do not change
H with the variation of magnetising field.
mH (e) Their susceptibility is inversely proportional to
\ B / B0 = = m / m0 = µr, the relative magnetic permeability
temperature, æç i.e. c a ö÷ .
m0 H 1
è Tø
\ m r =1 + c (f) They are found in those material which have atoms
This is required relation. containing odd number of electrons
3. Ferromagnetic Substances : These are the substances which
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS are strongly magnetised by relatively weak magnetising
According to the behaviour of substances in magnetic field, they field in the same sense as the magnetising field. The
are classified into three categories: examples are Ni, Co, iron and their alloys.
1. Diamagnetic Substances : These are the substances which The characteristics of ferromagnetic substances are
when placed in a strong magnetic field acquire a feeble (a) They are attracted even by a weak magnet.
magnetism opposite to the direction of magnetising field. (b) The susceptibility is very large and positive.
The examples are copper, gold, antimony, bismuth, alcohol, ( c >> 0)
water, quartz, hydrogen, etc.
(c) The relative permeability is very high (of the order of
hundreds and thousands). (m >> 1)
N S (d) The intensity of magnetisation is proportional to the
N S magnetising field H for smaller values, varies rapidly
for moderate values and attains a constant value for
larger values of H.
N S (e) The susceptibility of a ferromagnetic substance is
Bo
inversely proportional to temperature i.e., c µ1/ T
Diamagnetic
C
B<B0 Þ c = ; C = curie constant .
T
This is called Curie law. At a temperature called curie
r temperature, ferromagnetic substance becomes
Behaviour of diamagnetic substance in an external magnetic field Bo paramagnetic. The curie temperatures for Ni, Fe and
The characteristics of diamagnetic substances are Co are 360ºC, 740ºC and 1100ºC respectively.
(a) They are feebly repelled by a strong magnet (f) They are found in those material which have domains
(b) Their susceptibility is negative (i.e. c < 0) and can be converted into strong magnets
(c) Their relative permeability is less than 1. (i.e. mr < 1) Keep in Memory
(d) Their susceptibility is independent of magnetising field
and temperature (except for Bismuth at low 1. Diamagnetism is universal. It is present in all materials. But
it is weak and hard to detect if substance is para or
temperature)
feromagnetic.
2. Paramagnetic Substances : These are the materials which 2. I – H curve for different materials
when placed in a strong magnetic field acquire a feeble
magnetism in the same sense as the applied magnetic field. I Ferromagnetic
The examples are platinum, aluminium, chromium, Paramagnetic
manganese, CuSO4, O2, air, etc.
D iama
g netic H
N S
N S 3. Curve for magnetic susceptibility and temperature for a
paramagnetic and ferromagnetic material.
X
N S
Bo 1
Paramagnetic cµ
B > B0 T

r T
Behaviour of paramagnetic substance in an external field Bo
 EBD_7751
552 PHYSICS

HYSTERESIS Keep in Memory

When a bar of ferromagnetic material is magnetised by a varying
magnetic field and the intensity of magnetisation I m induced is 1. By alloying soft-iron with 4% silicon ‘transformer steel’ is
measured for different values of magnetising field H, the graph of produced. It has a higher relative permeability and is an ideal
I versus H is as shown in fig material for cores of transformers. Alloys of iron and nickel
called ‘permalloys’, also have very large permeabilities.
2. Energy spent per unit volume of specimen is complete cycle
Im
of magnetisation is numerically equal to area of I – H loop
B A
Perme- Suscep- Intensity of Reten- Coerc- Hysteresis
ability tibility magnetisation tivity ivity loss
C O G H Soft iron high high high high low low
Steel low low low low high high
F
D Þ Steel is most suitable for making parmanent magnet
The graph shows : Þ Soft iron is most suitable for making core of an
(i) When magnetising field is increased from O the intensity of electromagnet.
magnetisation I m increases and becomes maximum (i.e.
point A). This maximum value is called the saturation value. Example 10.
(ii) When H is reduced, I m reduces but is not zero when H = 0. A magnetising field of 1600 Am–1 produces a magnetic
The remainder value OB of magnetisation when H = 0 is flux of 2.4 × 10–5 weber in a bar of iron of cross section 0.2
called the residual magnetism or retentivity. OB is retentivity. cm2. Calculate permeability and susceptibility of the bar.
(iii) When magnetic field H is reversed, the magnetisaiton Solution :
decreases and for a particular value of H, it becomes zero Here, H = 1600 Am–1, f = 2.4 ×10–5 Wb.
i.e., for H = OC, I = 0. This value of H is called the coercivity. A = 0.2 cm2 = 0.2 × 10–4 m2, m = ? cm = ?
(iv) When field H is further increased in reverse direction, the
intensity of magnetisation attains saturation value in reverse f 2.4 ´ 10-5
direction (i.e., point D). B= = = 1.2 weber / m 2 ;
A 0.2 ´ 10-4
(v) When H is decreased to zero and changed direction in steps,
we get the part DFGA. B 1. 2
m= = = 7.5 ´ 10 - 4 TA -1m ;
Properties of Soft Iron and Steel H 1600
For soft iron, the susceptibility, permeability and retentivity are [Q As m = m 0 (1 + c m ) ]
greater while coercivity and hysteresis loss per cycle are smaller
than those of steel. m 7.5 ´10 -4
\ cm = -1 = -1 ;
B B m0 4p ´10 -7
Hysteresis
curve 7.5 ´103
cm = - 1 = 597.1 - 1 = 596.1
H 4p
Hysteresis H
curve Soft magnetic Hard magnetic Example 11.
material material A solenoid of 500 turns/m is carrying a current of 3A. Its
core is made of iron which has a relative permeability of
PERMANENT MAGNETS AND ELECTROMAGNETS
5000. Determine the magnitude of magnetic intensity,
Permanent magnets are made of steel and cobalt while
magnetisation and magnetic field inside the core.
electromagnets are made of soft iron.
Solution :
An electromagnet is made by inserting a soft iron core into the
interior of a solenoid. Soft iron does not retain a significant Magnetic intensity
permanent magnetization when the solenoid’s field is turned off– H = ni = 500 × 3 = 1500 A/m
soft iron does not make a good permanent magnet. When current µr = 1 + cm so cm = µr – 1 = 4999 » 5000
flows in the solenoid, magnetic dipoles in the iron tend to line up Intensity of magnetisation
with the field due to the solenoid. The net effect is that the field I = cH = 5000 × 1500 = 7.5 × 106 A/m
inside the iron is intensified by a factor known as the relative Magnetic field B = µr µ0 H = 5000 × 4p × 10–7 × 1500
permeability. The relative permeability is analogous in magnetism
to the dielectric constant in electricity. However, the dielectric = 9.4 tesla.
constant is the factor by which the electric field is weakened, TANGENT GALVANOMETER
while the relative permeability is the factor by which the magnetic It is an instrument used for measuring small current. It is based on
field is strengthened. The reactive permeability of a ferromagnet
tangent law. It is a moving magnet and fixed coil type galvanometer.
can be in the hundreds or even thousands–the intensification of
the magnetic field is significant. Not only that, but in an Tangent Law : If a small magnetic needle is under the influence
electromagnet the strength and even direction of the magnetic of two crossed magnetic fields (B) and (H) and suffers a deflection
field can be changed by changing the current in the solenoid. q from field H, then by tangent law, B = H tan q.
 Magnetism and Matter 553

Formula for current : If a current passing through the coil of n and net M.Ι ¢ = M.Ι + M.Ι = 2M.Ι
turns and mean radius r of a tangent galvanometer placed in
magnetic meridian causes a deflection q in the magnetic needle 2 M.I. 2 M.I.
kept at the centre of the coil, then \ T ¢ = 2p = 2´ ....(1)
M 2H MH
æ 2rH ö 2rH When one of the magnets is taken away,
I=ç tan q ; I = K tanq where K = and is called the
è m 0 n ÷ø m0 n M² = M, MI² = MI,
reduction factor. M.Ι
\ T¢¢ = 2p ...(2)
MH
DEFLECTION MAGNETOMETER
Divide eqn. (2) by (1),
It's working is based on the principle of tangent law.
(a) Tan A Position : In this position the magneto- meter is set T ¢¢ 1 T¢ 4
= or T ¢¢ = = = 3 .34 s
perpendicular to magnetic meridian so that, magnetic field T ¢ ( 2)1 / 4 ( 2) 1/ 4
2 1/ 4
due to magnet is in axial position and perpendicular to earth’s
field and hence Examples 13.
The magnetic needle of an oscillation magnetometer makes
m0 2Md
= H tan q 10 oscillations per minute under the action of earth’s
4p (d 2 - l2 )2 magnetic field alone. When a bar magnet is placed at some
where d = distance of needle from centre of magnet and distance along the axis of the needle, it makes 14
2l = length of magnet. oscillations per minute. If the bar magnet is turned so that
(b) TanB position : The arms of magnetometer are set in its poles interchange their positions, then what will be the
magnetic meridian, so that the field is at equatorial position new frequency of oscillation of the needle?

m0 M 1 MH
and hence, H tan q = Sol. 10 = ...(i)
4p ( d 2 - l 2 )3 / 2 2p I
Magnetic field of earth extends nearly upto five times the
1 M (H + F)
radius of earth i.e., 3.2 × 104 km. 14 = ...(ii)
2p I
The magnetic field of earth is fairly uniform and can be
represented by equidistant parallel lines.
1 M (H - F) ...(iii)
VIBRATION MAGNETOMETER n=
2p I
It is an instrument for comparing the magnetic moments of two
magnets and for comparing their magnetic fields. 14 H+F F 7
Divide eqs. (ii) by (i), = = 1+ =
10 H H 5
The time period of a bar magnet vibrating in the vibration
magnetometer kept in magnetic meridian is given by F 24
\ =
4p I2 H 25
I
T = 2p \ M = n H-F F 1
MH T 2H Divide eqs. (iii) by (i), = = 1- =
10 H H 5
æ m(l 2 + b2 ) ö
where I = ç 10
÷ is the moment of inertia of the vibrating or, n= = 2 vibs /minute.
è 12 ø 5
magnet, m = mass of magnet, l = length of magnet, b = breadth of Example 14.
magnet. The period of oscillation of a magnet in a vibration
Example 12. magnetometer is 2 sec. What will be the period of oscillation
A vibration magnetometer consists of two identical bar of a magnet whose magnetic moment is four times that of
magnets, placed one over the other, such that they are the first magnet?
mutually perpendicular and bisect each other. The time
æ Ι ö
period of oscillation in a horizontal magnetic field is 4 Sol. T = 2p ç
second. If one of the magnets is taken away, find the period è M BH ÷ø
of oscillation of the other in the same field.
æ Ι ö 1é Ι ù
Sol. For a vibration magnetometer, we know that T = 2p I / MH T ' = 2p ç ÷ = ê2p ú
è 4M BH ø 2 ë (M BH ) û
Let M be the magnetic moment and M.I, moment of inertia
of each magnet, 1
= ´ 2 = 1 second.
\ M¢ = M2 + M2 = M 2 2
 EBD_7751
554 PHYSICS

Example 15.
A magnet is suspended in such a way that it oscillates in æ Ι ö
T1 = 3 = 2p ç
the horizontal plane. It makes 20 oscillations per minute è M B1 cos 30 ÷ø
at a place where dip angle is 30º and 15 oscillations per
minute at a place where dip angle is 60º. What will be the
æ Ι ö
ratio of the total earth’s magnetic field at the two places? and T2 = 4 = 2p ç
Sol. Let the total magnetic fields due to earth at the two places è M B2 cos 60º ÷ø
be B1 and B2. If horizontal components be (BH)1 and (BH)2
respectively, then 1/ 2
3 æ B 2 cos 60 ö B1 16 cos 60
\ =ç ÷ or = ´
(BH)1 = B1 cos 30º and (BH)2 = B2 cos 60º 4 çè B1 cos 30 ÷ø B2 9 cos 30
Here T1 = 3 sec. and T2 = 4 sec.
B1 16 1 2 16
or = ´ ´ = or B1 : B2 = 16 : 9 3
B2 9 2 3 9 3
 CONCEPT MAP

Directive
Magnet field due A freely suspended magnet always
to a bar magnet points in north-south direction
Force between two
Magnetism and Matter

magnetic poles
At a point on axial At a point on equatorial
m 2M m M m 0 m1m2
line B = 0 3 line B = 0 2 2 F=
4p d 4p (r + l )3 / 2 4p r 2

Properties of magnet Pole of a magnet

Repulsive Like poles always exist in pair
always repel one
another. It is sure Magnetism Property of Magnetic dipole
test of magnet attracting a piece of iron, moment M = NIA
cobalt, nickel or steel
Angle of dip or
inclination ()d
Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic Angle made by
intensity permeability susceptibility MAGNETISM AND Earth's magnetic
direction of earth's
M MATTER elements
B µ = µ0(1 + )cm I magnetic field
H= 0 cm = I=
m H V with the horizontal
dequator = 0; dpole = 90º
Paramagnetics Magnetist Magnetic field lines
in the direction of magnetic Imaginary lines in a Horizontal component
field e.g., Al, Mn µr, I, c>m1 magnetic field which In a uniform magnetic BV= B sin q
Magnetic continuously represent field time period of
Materials the direction of magnetic oscillation of a freely BH= B cos q
Ferromagnetics Strongly
magnetised in the direction field suspended magnet
of magnetic field e.g., Fe, Co, I Angle of declination
Ni µr, I,c>> T = 2p Angle between magnetic
m 1 MB
Properties of magnetic meridian and geographic
field lines meridian

Diamagnetics Magnetised Form continuous closed

in a direction opposite to the loops start from N-pole Tangent to the field
direction of magnetic field end S-pole outside the Come out of Magnetic field line at a given point
e.g., Bi, Cu, Hg µr, I and cm magnet and its opposite surface at any lines do not intersect represents the direction
555

are negative inside the magnet angle each other of the net magnetic field
 EBD_7751
556 PHYSICS

1. The main difference between electric lines of force and (a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2
magnetic lines of force is (c) 1 : 1 (d) None of these
(a) electric lines of force are closed curves whereas magnetic 11. A watch glass containing some powdered substance is
lines of force are open curves placed between the pole pieces of a magnet. Deep concavity
(b) electric lines of force are open curves whereas magnetic is observed at the centre. The substance in the watch glass
lines of force are closed curves is
(c) magnetic lines of force cut each other whereas electric (a) iron (b) chromium
lines of force do not cut (c) carbon (d) wood
(d) electric lines of force cut each other whereas magnetic 12. Needles N1, N2 and N3 are made of a ferromagnetic, a
lines of force do not cut paramagnetic and a diamagnetic substance respectively. A
2. Current i is flowing in a coil of area A and number of turns N, magnet when brought close to them will
then magnetic moment of the coil, M is (a) attract N1 and N2 strongly but repel N3
(b) attract N1 strongly, N2 weakly and repel N3 weakly
Ni Ni (c) attract N1 strongly, but repel N2 and N3 weakly
(a) NiA (b) (c) (d) N2Ai
A A (d) attract all three of them
3. Nickel shows ferromagnetic property at room temperature. If 13. A bar magnet is oscillating in the Earth’s magnetic field
the temperature is increased beyond Curie temperature, then with a period T. What happens to its period and motion if
it will show its mass is quadrupled?
(a) anti ferromagnetism (b) no magnetic property (a) Motion remains S.H. and period remains nearly
(c) diamagnetism (d) paramagnetism constant
4. The line on the earth surface joining the point where the field T
(b) Motion remains S.H. with time period =
is horizontal, is called 2
(a) magnetic equator (b) magnetic line (c) Motion remains S.H. with time period = 2T
(c) magnetic axis (d) magnetic inertia (d) Motion remains S.H. with time period = 4T
5. When a ferromagnetic material is heated to temperature above 14. Two magnets of magnetic moments M and 2M are placed
its Curie temperature, the material in a vibration magnetometer, with the identical poles in the
same direction. The time period of vibration is T1. If the
(a) is permanently magnetized
magnets are placed with opposite poles together and vibrate
(b) remains ferromagnetic
with time period T2, then
(c) behaves like a diamagnetic material
(a) T2 is infinite (b) T2 = T1
(d) behaves like a paramagnetic material
6. The force between two short bar magnets with magnetic (c) T2 > T1 (d) T2 < T1
moments M1 and M2 whose centres are r metres apart is 8 N
when their axes are in same line. if the separation is increased 15. If horizontal and vertical components of earths magnetic
to 2 r, the force between them in reduced to field are equal, then angle of dip is
(a) 4 N (b) 2 N (c) 1 N (d) 0.5 N (a) 60° (b) 45° (c) 30° (d) 90°
7. The magnet of pole strength m and magnetic moment M is 16. The magnetic materials having negative magnetic
cut into two pieces along its axis. Its pole strength and susceptibility are
magnetic moment now becomes (a) non-magnetic (b) para magnetic
(c) dia magnetic (d) ferro magnetic
m M M m 17. For protecting a sensitive equipment from the external
(a) , (b) m, (c) , M (d) m, M
2 2 2 2 electric arc, it should be
8. A bar magnet of magnetic moment M and length L is cut (a) wrapped with insulation around it when passing
into two equal parts each of length L/2. The magnetic moment current through it
of each part will be (b) placed inside an iron can
(c) surrounded with fine copper sheet
(a) M (b) M/4 (c) 2M (d) M/2 (d) placed inside an aluminium can
9. A superconductor exhibits perfect : 18. If a diamagnetic substance is brought near north or south
(a) ferrimagnetism (b) ferromagnetism pole of a bar magnet, it is
(c) paramagnetism (d) diamagnetism (a) attracted by the poles
10. In end on and broadside on position of a deflection (b) repelled by the poles
magnetometer, if q1 and q2 are the deflections produced by (c) repelled by north pole and attracted by the south pole
(d) attracted by the north pole and repelled by the south
short magnets at equal distances, then tan q1/ tanq2 is
pole
 Magnetism and Matter 557

19. A bar magnet, of magnetic moment M , is placed in a (c) unity

magnetic field of induction B . The torque exerted on it is (d) between zero and one
24. There are four light-weight-rod samples A,B,C,D separately
(a) M.B (b) – M . B (c) M ´ B (d) B´M suspended by threads. A bar magnet is slowly brought near
20. Current i is flowing in a coil of area A and number of turns each sample and the following observations are noted
N, then magnetic moment of the coil M is (i) A is feebly repelled
Ni Ni (ii) B is feebly attracted
(a) NiA (b) (c) (d) N2Ai (iii) C is strongly attracted
A A
21. A diamagnetic material in a magnetic field moves (iv) D remains unaffected
(a) perpendicular to the field Which one of the following is true ?
(b) from stronger to the weaker parts of the field (a) B is of a paramagnetic material
(c) from weaker to the stronger parts of the field (b) C is of a diamagnetic material
(d) None of these (c) D is of a ferromagnetic material
22. According to Curie’s law, the magnetic susceptibility of a (d) A is of a non-magnetic material
substance at an absolute temperature T is proportional to
25. If the magnetic dipole moment of an atom of diamagnetic
1 1 material, paramagnetic material and ferromagnetic material
(a) T 2 (b) (c) T (d) are denoted by md, mp and mf respectively, then
T T2
(a) md = 0 and mp ¹ 0 (b) md ¹ 0 and mp = 0
23. The magnetic moment of a diamagnetic atom is
(a) equal to zero (c) mp = 0 and mf ¹ 0 (d) md ¹ 0 and mf ¹ 0
(b) much greater than one

1. A bar magnet 8 cms long is placed in the magnetic merdian (a) 1 × 10–5 N m (b) 1.5 × 10–5 N m
with the N-pole pointing towards geographical north. Two –5
(c) 2 × 10 N m (d) 2.5 × 10–5 N m
netural points separated by a distance of 6 cms are obtained 6. When 2 ampere current is passed through a tangent
on the equatorial axis of the magnet. If horizontal component
galvanometer, it gives a deflection of 30º. For 60º deflection,
of earth’s field = 3.2 × 10–5 T, then pole strength of magnet
the current must be
is
(a) 5 ab-amp × c (b) 10 ab-amp × cm (a) 1 amp. (b) 2 3 amp.
(c) 2.5 ab-amp × cm (d) 20 ab-amp × cm
2. Two tangent galvanometers having coils of the same radius (c) 4 amp. (d) 6 amp.
are connected in series. A current flowing in them produces 7. A curve between magnetic moment and temperature of
deflections of 60º and 45º respectively. The ratio of the number magnet is
of turns in the coils is
3 +1 3 +1 3 (a) M (b) M
(a) 4/3 (b) (c) (d)
1 3 -1 1
3. Two identical magnetic dipoles of magnetic moments
1.0 A-m2 each, placed at a separation of 2 m with their axis
perpendicular to each other. The resultant magnetic field at
point midway between the dipole is T T
O O
(a) 5 × 10–7 T (b) 5 × 10–7 T
(c) 10 T–7 (d) 2 × 10–7 T
4. Two isolated point poles of strength 30 A-m and 60 A-m are (c) M (d) M
placed at a distance of 0.3m. The force of repulsion is
(a) 2 × 10–3 N (b) 2 × 10–4 N
(c) 2 × 10 N 5 (d) 2 × 10–5 N
5. The magnetic moment of a magnet is 0.1 amp × m2. It is
suspended in a magnetic field of intensity 3 × 10–4 weber/m2. T T
The couple acting upon it when deflected by 30º from the O O
magnetic field is
 EBD_7751
558 PHYSICS

8. The variation of magnetic susceptibility (x) with temperature 12. A thin bar magnet of length 2 l and breadth 2 b pole strength
for a diamagnetic substance is best represented by m and magnetic moment M is divided into four equal parts
with length and breadth of each part being half of original
(a) (b) magnet. Then the pole strength of each part is
(a) m (b) m/2 (c) 2 m (d) m/4
13. In the above question, magnetic moment of each part is
O T O T (a) M/4 (b) M (c) M/2 (d) 2 M
14. Two points A and B are situated at a distance x and 2x
respectively from the nearer pole of a magnet 2 cm long. The
ratio of magnetic field at A and B is
(c) (d) (a) 4 : 1 exactly (b) 4 : 1 approximately
(c) 8 : 1 approximately (d) 1 : 1 approximately
15. If a magnet is suspended at angle 30º to the magnetic meridian,
the dip needle makes an angle of 45º with the horizontal.
The real dip is
T O T
O (a) tan -1 ( 3 / 2 ) (b) tan -1 ( 3 )
9. At a temperatur of 30°C, the susceptibility of a ferromagnetic
(c) tan -1 ( 3 / 2) (d) tan -1 (2 / 3 )
material is found to be c . Its susceptibility at 333°C is
(a) c (b) 0.5 c (c) 2 c (d) 11.1 c 16. Two bar magnets of the same mass, same length and breadth
but having magnetic moments M and 2M are joined together
10. Of the following fig., the lines of magnetic induction due to
pole for pole and suspended by a string. The time period of
a magnet SN, are given by
assembly in a magnetic field of strength H is 3 seconds. If
now the polarity of one of the magnets is reversed and
N N
combination is again made to oscillate in the same field, the
time of oscillation is
(a) 3 sec (b) 3 3 sec
(c) 3 sec (d) 6 sec
17. A compass needle placed at a distance r from a short magnet
S S in Tan A position shows a deflection of 60º. If the distance is
(1) (2) increased to r (3)1/3, then deflection of compass needle is

N N 1
(a) 30º (b) 60´ 3 3
2 3
(c) 60´ 3 3 (d) 60´ 3 3
18. Two short magnets have equal pole strengths but one is
S S twice as long as the other. The shorter magnet is placed 20
(3) (4)
cms in tan A position from the compass needle. The longer
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 magnet must be placed on the other side of the magnetometer
11. The B – H curve (i) and (ii) shown in fig. associated with for no deflection at a distance equal to
(a) 20 cms (b) 20 (2)1/3 cms
B
(i) (c) 20 (2)2/3 cms (d) 20 (2)3/3 cms
(ii) 19. A dip needle lies initially in the magnetic meridian when it
shows an angle of dip q at a place. The dip circle is rotated
H through an angle x in the horizontal plane and then it shows
an angle of dip q'.
tan q '
Then is
(a) (i) diamagnetic and (ii) paramagnetic substance tan q
(b) (i) paramagnetic and (ii) ferromagnetic substance
1 1 1
(c) (i) soft iron and (ii) steel respectively (a) (b) (c) (d) cos x
cos x sin x tan x
(d) (i) steel and (ii) soft iron respectively
 Magnetism and Matter 559

20. A dip circle is so set that its needle moves freely in the 29. The net magnetic moment of two identical magnets each of
magnetic meridian. In this position, the angle of dip is 40º. magnetic moment M0, inclined at 60° with each other is
(a) M 0 N
Now the dip circle is rotated so that the plane in which the
needle moves makes an angle of 30º with the magnetic
(b) 2 M0
meridian. In this position, the needle will dip by an angle
(a) 40º (b) 30º (c) 3 M0
60°
(c) more than 40º (d) less than 40º (d) 2M0 S N
21. Work done in turning a magnet of magnetic moment M by 30. A magnetic needle vibrates in a vertical plane parallel to the
an angle of 90º from the mgnetic meridian is n times the magnetic meridian about a horizontal axis passing through
corresponding work done to turn through an angle of 60º, its centre. Its frequency is n. If the plane of oscillation is
where n is turned about a vertical axis by 90°C, the frequency of its
oscillation in vertical plane will be
(a) 1/2 (b) 2 (c) 1/4 (d) 1
(a) n (b) zero
22. Two magnets are held together in a vibration magnetometer (c) less than n (d) more than n
and are allowed to oscillate in the earth’s magnetic field with 31. A thin rectangular magnet suspended freely has a period of
like poles together. 12 oscillations per minute are made but oscillation of 4 s. If it is broken into two halves (each having
for unlike poles together only 4 oscillations per minute are half the original length) and one of the pieces is suspended
executed. The ratio of their magnetic moments is similarly. The period of its oscillation will be
(a) 3 : 1 (b) 1 : 3 (c) 3 : 5 (d) 5 : 4 (a) 4 s (b) 2 s
(c) 0.5 s (d) 0.25 s
23. At a certain place, horizontal component is 3 times the
32. A steel wire of length l has a magnetic moment M. It is bent
vertical component. The angle of dip at this place is in L-shape (Figure). The new magnetic moment is
(a) 0 (b) p/3 (a) M
(c) p/6 (d) None of these
M
24. A freely suspended magnet oscillates with period T in earth’s (b) l
horizontal magnetic field. When a bar magnet is brought 2 2
near it, such that the magnetic field created by bar magnet is M
in same direction as earth’s horizontal magnetic field, the (c) l
2 2
T
period decreases to . The ratio of the field of the magnet (d) 2M
2
F to the earth’s magnetic field (H) is 33. The time period of oscillation of a magnet in a vibration
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 1 : 1 (c) 3 : 1 (d) 9 : 1 magnetometer is 1.5 sec. The time period of oscillation of
25. If relative permeability of iron is 2000. Its absolute another magnet similar in size, shape and mass but having
permeability in S.I. units is 1/4 magnetic moment than that of the 1st magnet oscillating
(a) 8p × 10–4 (b) 8p × 10–3 at the same place will be
(c) 800/p (d) 8p × 109/p (a) 0.75 sec (b) 1.5 sec
26. A steel wire of length l has a magnetic moment M. It is then (c) 3.0 sec (d) 6.0 sec
bent into a semicircular arc. The new magnetic moment is 34. Time periods of vibation of two bar magnets in sum and
M 2M 3M 4M difference positions are 4 sec and 6 sec respectively. The
(a) (b) (c) (d)
p p p p ratio of their magnetic moments M1 / M2 is
27. The magnetic moment of atomic neon is equal to (a) 6 : 4 (b) 30 : 16
1 3 (c) 2 . 6 : 1 (d) 1 . 5 : 1
(a) zero (b) µB (c) µB (d) µB 35. Horizontal component of earth's field at a height of 1 m from
2 2
the surface of earth is H. Its value at a height of 10 m from
28. Torques t1 and t 2 are required for a magnetic needle to
surface of earth is
remain perpendicular to the magnetic fields at two different
places. The magnetic fields at those places are B1 and B2 (a) H/10 (b) H/9
(c) H/100 (d) H
B1
respectively; then ratio is 36. If a toroid uses bismuth for its core, the field in the core
B2
compared to that in empty core will be slightly
t2 t1 (a) greater (b) smaller
(a) (b)
t1 t2 (c) equal (d) None of these
37. The relative permeability of a medium is 0.075. What is its
t1 + t 2 t1 - t 2 magnetic susceptibility?
(c) (d)
t1 - t 2 t1 + t 2 (a) 0.925 (b) – 0.925 (c) 1.075 (d) –1.075
 EBD_7751
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38. Relative permittivity and permeability of a material e r and

P
m r , respectively. Which of the following values of these D
quantities are allowed for a diamagnetic material?
(a) e r = 0.5, m r = 1.5 (b) e r = 1.5, m r = 0.5
O
(c) e r = 0.5, m r = 0.5 (d) e r = 1.5, m r = 1.5 S N N S
39. The moment of a magnet (15 cm × 2 cm × 1 cm) is 1.2 A-m2.
What is its intensity of magnetisation? d
(a) 4 × 104 A m–1 (b) 2 × 104 A m–1
(c) 104 A m–1 (d) None of these The force on the charge Q is
40. The work done in turning a magnet of magnetic moment M (a) directed perpendicular to the plane of paper
by an angle of 90° from the meridian, is n times the (b) zero
corresponding work done to turn it through an angle of
60°. The value of n is given by (c) directed along OP

(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.25 (d) directed along PO

41. At a certain place, the angle of dip is 30º and the horizontal 46. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment 0.4J T–1 is placed in
component of earth’s magnetic field is 0.50 oerested. The a uniform magnetic field of 0.16 T. The magnet is in stable
equilibrium when the potential energy is
earth’s total magnetic field (in oerested) is
(a) – 0.064 J (b) zero
1 1
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) (d) (c) – 0.082 J (d) 0.064 J
3 2
42. A coil in the shape of an equilateral triangle of side l is DIRECTIONS (Qs. 47 to 50) : Each question contains
suspended between the pole pieces of a permanent magnet STATEMENT-1 and STATEMENT-2. Choose the correct answer
®
(ONLY ONE option is correct ) from the following-
such that B is in plane of the coil. If due to a current i in
the triangle a torque t acts on it, the side l of the triangle is (a) Statement -1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(b) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is a
1 1
correct explanation for Statement-1
2 æ t ö2 æ t ö2
(a) ç ÷ (b) 2çç ÷
÷ (c) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is not
3 è B.i ø è 3B.i ø
a correct explanation for Statement-1

2 æ t ö 1 t (d) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is false

(c) ç ÷ (d)
3 è B.i ø 3 B.i 47. Statement-1 : The ferromagnetic substance do not obey
Curie’s law.
43. Iron is ferromagnetic
Statement-2 : At Curie point a ferromagnetic substance start
(a) above 770°C (b) below 770°C
behaving as a paramagnetic substance.
(c) at all temperature (d) above 1100°C
44. A vibration magnetometer placed in magnetic meridian has 48. Statement-1 : Magnetism is relativistic.
a small bar magnet. The magnet executes oscillations with a Statement-2 : When we move along with the charge so that
time period of 2 sec in earth's horizontal magnetic field of 24 there is no motion relative to us, we find no magnetic field
microtesla. When a horizontal field of 18 microtesla is associated with the charge.
produced opposite to the earth's field by placing a current 49. Statement-1 : A paramagnetic sample display greater
carrying wire, the new time period of magnet will be magnetisation (for the same magnetic field) when cooled.
(a) 1 s (b) 2 s (c) 3 s (d) 4s Statement-2 : The magnetisation does not depend on
45. Two identical bar magnets are fixed with their centres at a temperature.
distance d apart. A stationary charge Q is placed at P in 50. Statement-1 : Electromagnetic are made of soft iron.
between the gap of the two magnets at a distance D from
the centre O as shown in the figure. Statement-2 : Coercivity of soft iron is small.
 Magnetism and Matter 561

Exemplar Questions NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions

1. A toroid of n turns, mean radius R and cross-sectional radius 6. A bar magnet of length ‘l’ and magnetic dipole moment ‘M’
a carries current I. It is placed on a horizontal table taken as is bent in the form of an arc as shown in figure. The new
xy-plane. Its magnetic moment m magnetic dipole moment will be [2013]
(a) is non-zero and points in the z-direction by symmetry
(b) points along the axis of the toroid (m = mf)
1
(c) is zero, otherwise there would be a field falling as at
r3
large distances outside the toroid
(d) is pointing radially outwards
2. The magnetic field of the earth can be modelled by that of a 3 2
point dipole placed at the centre of the earth. The dipole axis (a) M (b) M
p p
makes an angle of 11.3° with the axis of the earth. At Mumbai,
M
declination is nearly zero. Then, (c) (d) M
2
(a) the declination varies between 11.3° W to 11.3° E 7. A bar magnet of magnetic moment M is placed at right angles
(b) the least declination is 0° to a magnetic induction B. If a force F is experienced by
(c) the plane defined by dipole axis and the earth axis passes each pole of the magnet, the length of the magnet will be
through Greenwich [NEET Kar. 2013]
(d) declination averaged over the earth must be always (a) F/MB (b) MB/F
negative (c) BF/M (d) MF/B
3. In a permanent magnet at room temperature. 8. Following figures show the arrangement of bar magnets in
different configurations. Each magnet has magnet ic dipole
(a) magnetic moment of each molecule is zero r
moment m . Which configuration has highest net magnetic
(b) the individual molecules have non-zero magnetic
dipole moment ? [2014]
moment which are all perfectly aligned
(c) domains are partially aligned N
(d) domains are all perfectly aligned
4. Consider the two idealised systems (i) a parallel plate N S
capacitor with large plates and small separation and (ii) a A. B. S N
long solenoid of length L >> R, radius of cross-section. In S S N
(i) E is ideally treated as a constant between plates and zero
outside. In (ii) magnetic field is constant inside the solenoid
and zero outside. These idealised assumptions, however, N
N
contradict fundamental laws as below
(a) case (i) contradicts Gauss’ law for electrostatic fields C. 30º D.
S 60º
(b) case (ii) contradicts Gauss’ law for magnetic fields N
S N
(c) case (i) agrees with Ñò E.dl = 0. (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
(d) case (ii) contradicts Ñò H.dl = I en 9. The magnetic susceptibility is negative for : [2016]
(a) diamagnetic material only
5. A paramagnetic sample shows a net magnetisation of 8 Am–1
(b) paramagnetic material only
when placed in an external magnetic field of 0.6 T at a
(c) ferromagnetic material only
temperature of 4 K. When the same sample is placed in an
(d) paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials
external magnetic field of 0.2 T at a temperature of 16 K, the
10. If q1 and q2 be the apparent angles of dip observed in two
magnetisation will be vertical planes at right angles to each other, then the true
32 2 angle of dip q is given by :- [2017]
(a) Am -1 (b) Am -1
3 3 (a) tan2q = tan2q1 + tan2q2
(b) cot2q = cot2q1 – cot2q2
(c) 6Am-1 (d) 2.4Am -1 (c) tan2q = tan2q1 – tan2q2
(d) cot2q = cot2q1 + cot2q2
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Hints & Solutions

EXERCISE - 1 18. (b) Diamagnetic substances do not have any unpaired
electron. and they magnetised in direction opposite to
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a)
that of magnetic field. Hence when they are brought to
5. (d) North or South pole of Bar magnet, they are repelled
by poles.
1
6. (d) As F µ 4 and r becomes twice, therefore, F becomes 19. (c) We know that when a bar magnet is placed in the
r
magnetic field at an angle q, then torque acting on the
1 1 bar magnet
4
= times
2 16
(t) = MB sin q = M ´ B
1 Note : This torque t has a tendency to make the axis of
\ ´ 8 = 0 .5 N .
16 the magnet parallel to the direction of the magnetic
field.
7. (a) When cut along the axis, area of cross-section
becomes half. Therefore, pole strength is halved and 20. (a) Magnetic moment linked with one turn = iA
M = m (2 l), is also halved. Magnetic moment linked with N turn
8. (d) As magnetic moment = pole strength x length and = iNA amp-m2.
length is halved without affecting pole strength,
Here A = Area of current loop.
therefore, magnetic moment becomes half.
9. (d) A superconductor exhibits perfect diamagnetism. 21. (b) A diamagnetic material in a magnetic field moves, from
stronger to the weaker parts of the field.
tan q1 2
10. (a) =
tan q 2 1 1
22. (b) According to Curie’s law, cm µ
11. (a) Iron is ferromagnetic. T
12. (b) Ferromagnetic substance has magnetic domains 23. (a) The magnetic moment of a diamagnetic atom is equal
whereas paramagnetic substances have magnetic to zero.
dipoles which get attracted to a magnetic field.
Diamagnetic substances do not have magnetic dipole 24. (a) A ® diamagnetic B ® paramagnetic
but in the presence of external magnetic field due to C ® Ferromagnetic D ® Non-magnetic
their orbital motion these substance are repelled. 25. (a) The magnetic dipole moment of diamagnetic material is
zero as each of its pair of electrons have opposite spins,
13. (c) T µ I ; I a M Þ Ta M i.e., md = 0.
T1 M1 Paramagnetic substances have dipole moment > 0, i.e.
= mp ¹ 0, because of excess of electrons in its molecules
T2 M 2 Þ T2 = 2T1 = 2T
spinning in the same direction.
K1 + K 2
Ferro-magnetic substances are very strong magnets
K
14. (c) T1 = 2p = 2p and they also have permanent magnetic moment, i.e.
(M + 2M) H 3MH
mf ¹ 0.

T2 = 2p
K
= 2p
K EXERCISE - 2
(2M - M) H MH
6
Obviously T2 > T1 1. (a) Here, 2l = 8 cm , l = 4 cm , d = = 3 cm .
2
At neutral point,
B
15. (b) tan q = V = 1, BV = BH m0 M
BH H =B=
4 p (d 2 + l 2 )3 / 2
q = tan -1 (1) = 45°
M M
= 10 - 7 =
16. (c) cm is negative for diamagnetic materials. (5 ´ 10 -2 3
) 1250
17. (b) The iron can produces a magnetic screening for the
equipment as lines of magnetic force can not enter iron \ M = 1250 H = 1250 ´ 3.2 ´ 10 -5 Am 2
enclosure.
 Magnetism and Matter 563

14. (c) Taking distances from the centre of the magnet,

M 1250 ´ 3.2 ´ 10 -5
m= = A m.
2l 8 ´ 10 -2 3 3
B1 æ x 2 ö æ 2 x +1ö
=ç ÷ =ç ÷ = 8 : 1, approximately.
1 B2 çè x1 ÷ø è x +1 ø
= 0.5 Am = 0.5 ´ ab amp ´ 100 cm
10
15. (d) Angle of dip, d = 45°
= 5 ab-amp cm.
2. (d) In series, same current flows through two tangent tan 45 1 2
\ tan d ¢ = tan d = = =
galvanometers. cos q cos 30º 3/2 3
3. (b) As the axes are perpendicular, mid point lies on axial
line of one magnet and on equatorial line of other \ Real dip d ¢ = tan -1 (2 / 3)
magnet.

m 0 2 M 10-7 ´ 2 ´ 1 T22 2M + M
\ B1 = = = 2 ´ 10-7 16. (b) = =3 \ T2 = T1 3 = 3 3 s.
4 p d3 13 T12 2M - M

m M
and B2 = 0 3 = 10-7 tan q 2 d13 r3 1
4p d 17. (a) = 3 = =
tan q1 d 2 [r (3)1/ 3 ]3 3

\ Resultant field = B12 + B 22 = 5 ´ 10 -7 T

1 tan 60 3 1
tan q 2 = tan q1 = = = \ q 2 = 30º
m m m 30 ´ 60 3 3 3 3
4. (a) F = 0 1 2 = 10 -7 ´ = 2 ´ 10 -3 N.
4p r 2
(0.3) 2
18. (b) Here, d1 = 20 cm, M2 = 2 M1, d2 = ?
5. (b) t = MB sin q = 0.1 × 3 × 10–4 sin 30º
or t = 1.5 × 10–5 N–m. M 2 d 32 1/ 3
= = 2 Þ d2 = 2 d1 = 20 (2)1/ 3 cm
i tan q M1 d13
2 2
6. (d) As i = tan q
1 1
V V tan q¢ 1
7. (c) 8. (b) 19. (a) tan q = , tan q¢ = ; =
H H cos x tan q cos x
m0C
9. (b) According to Curie's law, cm =
T 20. (d) d1 =40º , d 2 =30º , d =?
where C is Curie constant, T = temperature

1 cot d = cot 2 d1 + cot 2 d 2

\ cma
T
= cot 2 40º + cot 2 30º
cm1 T2 273 + 333 606
= = = =2
c m2 T1 273 + 30 303 cot d = 1.192 + 3 =2.1
\ d =25º i.e. d < 40º.
(
\ c m2 = c m1 / 2 = 0.5c m = 0.5 c. Q c m1 = c
1 )
21. (b) W1 = – MB (cos 90º – cos 0º) = MB
10. (a) As lines of magnetic induction B are continuous curves,
they run continuously through the bar and outside, as W2 = – MB (cos 60º – cos 0º)
shown in Fig. (1).
æ1 ö 1 1
11. (c) The loop (i) is for soft iron and the loop (ii) is for steel = - MBç - 1÷ = MB = W1
è2 ø 2 2
in Fig.
12. (b) As breadth of each part is half the original breadth, As W1 = n W2 \ n =2
therefore, pole strength becomes half (i.e. m/2).
60 60
13. (a) As length of each part also becomes half, therefore 22. (d) Here, T1 = = 5 s, T2 = = 15 s
12 4
magnetic moment M = pole strength × length

1 1 1 M1 T22 + T12 152 + 5 2 250 5

Þ ´ = th i.e. M/4. = = = =
2 2 4 M 2 T22 - T12 15 2 - 52 200 4
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V V 1 Therefore distance between poles

23. (c) tan d = = =
H 3V 3
l
\ d = 30º = p / 6 radian = ( l 2 ) 2 + ( l 2 )2 =
2

ml M
I , So, M' = =
24. (c) T1 = 2p 2 2
HM

I T2 M1 M1
T2 = 2p 33. (c) = = =2
(H + F)M T1 M2 1
M1
4
T12 H+F T2 4 \ T2 = 2T1 = 3 s
= = = Þ H + F = 4H
T22 H 2
T /4 1
M1 T22 + T12 62 + 42 52
Þ 3H = F 34. (c) = = = = ( 2.6 ) :1
M 2 T22 - T12 62 - 42 20
25. (a) m = m0 mr = (4 p´10-7 ) ´ 2000 = 8 p´10 -4 S.I. units
35. (d) The value of H is fairly uniform.
26. (b) Let pole strength = m 36. (b) Field in the core with Bismuth will be smaller because
So, M = ml
bismuth is diamagnetic.
When wire is in form of arc, then the distance between
2l 37. (b) From m r = 1 + c m ;
poles =
p
Magnetic suscaptibility, c m = m r - 1
m 2l 2M
So, M ' = = cm = 0.075 - 1 = - 0.925.
p p
27. (a) Magnetic moment is cancelled and mnet = 0. 38. (b) For a diamagnetic material, the value of µr is less than
28. (c) t = MB sin q (q = 90°) one. For any material, the value of Îr is always greater
than 1.
B1 t1
t = MB Þ = (since magnetic moment is same) 39. (a) Intensity of magnetisation
B2 t2
M 1.2
29. (c) Mnet = M 20 + M02 + 2M 02 cos 60 ° Ιm = = = 4 ´ 104 A m -1
V (15 ´ 2 ´ 1)10-6

= 3M 20 = 3M 0 40. (a) Magnetic moment = M; Initial angle through which

magnet is turned (q1) = 90º and final angle which
1 MB magnet is turned (q2)= 60º. Work done in turning the
30. (c) n=
2p I magnet through
When it is turned by an angle 90° the effective field is 90º(W1) = MB (cos 0º – cos 90º)= MB (1–0) = MB.
vertical = V and B > V Similarly, W2 = MB (cos 0º – cos 60º)
So, new frequency < n.
æ 1 ö MB
= MBç1 - ÷ = .
I è 2ø 2
31. (b) T = 2p
MB \ W1 = 2W2 or n = 2.
2
mælö I B=
H
=
0.50
=
0.50 ´ 2
= 1/ 3
I= ç ÷ Þ I' = 41. (c)
2 è2ø 8 cos q cos 30º 3
42. (b) t = MB sinq, t = iAB sin90º
M A
M' =
2

I T
So, T ' = 2p Þ T' = = 2 sec .
4MB 2
32. (b) Magnetic moment, M = ml
D
M B C
= m , where m is the polestrength. l
l
 Magnetism and Matter 565

t EXERCISE - 3
\ A= = 1/2 (BC) (AD)
iB Exemplar Questions
2
1 1 ælö 3 2 1. (c) Toroid is a hollow circular ring on which a large number
But (BC)(AD) = (l ) l 2 - ç ÷ = l
2 2 è 2ø 4 of turns of a wire are closely wound. Thus, in this case
magnetic field is only confined inside the body of toroid.
3 2 t So no magnetic field outside the toroid and magnetic
Þ (l ) =
4 Bi field only inside the toroid.
1 In case of toroid, the magnetic field is in the form of
æ t ö2 concentric magnetic lines of force and there is no
\ l = 2ç ÷
è 3 B.i ø magnetic field outside the body of toroid. This is
because the loop encloses no current. Thus, the
43. (b) magnetic moment of toroid is zero.
44. (d) Time period of a vibration magnetometer, In other case, if we take r as a large distance outside
1
1 T1 B2 the toroid, then mµ 3 . Which is not possible.
Tµ Þ = r
B T2 B1 2. (a) Magnetic declination is an angle between angle of
magnetic meridian and the geographic meridian.
B1 As the earth’s magnetism, the magnetic field lines of
Þ T2 = T1 the earth resemble that of a hypothetical magnetic
B2
dipole located at the centre of the earth.
The axis of the dipole does not coincide with the axis of
24 ´10-6 rotation of the earth but is presently tilted by 11.3°
=2 = 4s
6 ´ 10-6 (approx) with respect to geographical of axis earth. This
results into two situations as given in the figure.
45. (b) Force on a charged particle is given by F = qvB. Here N N
v = 0 and also resultant B is zero. 11
.3

º
.3
\ Force = 0 S º S

11
W E W E
46. (a) For stable equilibrium N
11.3º N
U = –MB = – (0.4) (0.16) = – 0.064 J
S S
47. (c) The susceptibility of ferromagnetic substan ce
decreases with the rise of temperature in a complicated So, the declination varies between 11.3° W to 11.3° E .
manner. After Curies point in the susceptibility of 3. (d) We know that a permanent magnet is a substance which
ferromagnetic substance varies inversely with its at room temperature retain ferromagnetic property for a
absolute tempearture. Ferromagnetic substance obey’s long period of time. The individual atoms in a
Curie’s law only above its Curie point. ferromagnetic material possess a dipole moment as in a
paramagnetic material. However, they interact with one
48. (b) A magnetic field is produced by the motion of electric
another in such a way that they spontaneously align
charge. Since motion is relative, the magnetic field is themselves in a common direction over a macroscopic
also relative. volume i.e., domain.
49. (d) A paramagnetic sample display greater magnetisation Hence, in a permanent magnet at room temperature,
when cooled, this is because at lower temperature, the domains are all perfectly aligned.
tendency to disrupt the alignment of dipoles (due to 4. (b) The electric field lines, do not form a continuous path
magnetising field) decreases on account of reduced while the magnetic field lines form the closed paths.
random thermal motion.
q
50. (b) Electromagnets are magnets, which can be turnd on
and off by switching the current on and off.
Gauss’s law states that, Ñò E.ds = e
s 0
for electrostatic

As the material in electromagnets is subjected to cyclic field. So, it does not contradict for electrostatic fields as
changes (magnification and demangetisation), the the electric field lines do not form closed continuous
hysteresis loss of the material must be small. The path.
material should attain high value of I and B with low According to Gauss’ law in magnetic field,

Ñò E.ds = 0
value of magnetising field intensity H. As soft iron has
small coercivity, so it is a best choice for this purpose. s
 EBD_7751
566 PHYSICS

It contradicts for magnetic field, because there is a pr 3l

magnetic field inside the solenoid and no field outside l= or r=
3 p
the solenoid carrying current but the magnetic field lines
form the closed path. m ´ 3l 3
so, M' = m × r = = M
5. (b) According to the Curie law, the intensity of p p
magnetisation (I) is directly proportional to the magnetic MB
7. (b) FL = MB (= Torque) Þ L =
field induction and inversely proportional to the F
temperature (t) in kelvin. q
8. (c) Net magnetic dipole moment = 2 Mcos
So, I magnetisation 2
q
B (magnetic field induction) As value of cos is maximum in case (c) hence net
2
µ magnetic dipole moment is maximum for option (c).
t(temperature in kelvin)
9. (a) Magnetic susceptibility c for dia-magnetic materials
I2 B2 t1 only is negative and low |c| = –1; for paramagnetic
Þ = ´ ... (i)
I1 B1 t 2 substances low but positive |c| = 1 and for
As given that :I 1 = 8 Am–1, I2 = ? ferromagnetic substances positive and high |c| = 102.
10. (d) If q1 and q2 are apparent angles of dip
B1 = 0.6 T, t1 = 4K Let a be the angle which one of the plane make with
B2 = 0.2 T, t2 = 16K the magnetic meridian.
by putting the value of B1, B2, t1, t2 I1 in equation (i) v
tan q1 =
0.2 4 I2 H cos a
So, ´ =
0.6 16 8 v
1 i.e., cos a = …(i)
We get, I2 = 8 ´ H tan q1
12
v
2 tan q2 = ,,
I2 = A/m H sin a
3
v
NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions i.e., sin a = H tan q …(ii)
2
6. (a) Magnetic dipole moment
Squaring and adding (i) and (ii), we get
M=m×l M' = m × r
2
From figure æV ö æ 1 1 ö
cos 2 a + sin 2 a = ç ÷ ç + ÷
è H ø è tan q1 tan 2 q2 ø
2
l
V2 é 2
ëcot q1 + cot q2 ùû
2
i.e., 1=
r sin 30º r sin 30º H2

H2
r 30º 30º or = cot 2 q1 + cot 2 q 2
60º V2
i.e., cot 2 q = cot 2 q1 + cot 2 q2