Magnetic Field

1. Current carrying wire produces magnetic field around it.

MKT 210 2. Transformer: A time changing magnetic field induces a
voltage in a coil of wire if it passes through that coil.
Tahrik Sistemleri
3. Motor: A current carrying wire in the presence of a
Manyetik Devreler magnetic field has a force induced on it.
4. Generator: A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic
field has a voltage induced in it.
Ders – 4

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Basic Concept Basic Concept

• Electrical machines and electromechanical devices are made up coupled Now consider a conductor l placed between the two poles of a magnet with an
electrical and magnetic circuits. Therefore we need to learn what magnet angle. Let conductor carry current i given below. Conductor experiences a
circuit means force given by
• Magnetic circuit means a path for magnetic flux B F = li x B
N S
i
• Sources of magnetic flux:
Direction of Force
F=B.i.l.sinθ
• electrical currents
• permanent magnets Magnetic flux through a given surface is the flux of B through that surface:

Φ = ∫ B.dS
Consider a conductor l placed between the two poles of a magnet. Let
conductor carry current i given below. Conductor experiences a force given by s
If B is constant in magnitude and everywhere perpendicular to the surface;
B
N S F = B.i .l
Φ = B.A
i
Direction Wb Wb m2
of Force =T
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 Basic Concept Magnetic Circuits

Relationship between electric current and magnetic field is given by Ampere’s

Law. Here, H is magnetic field intensity (A/m) due to current i.

∫ H.dl = i
It says that the integral of the tangential component of H around a closed path
is equal to the current enclosed by the path.

∫ H.dl = Ni = ℑ
Where F is MMF and it’s unit is Aturns or A.

Magnetic flux, magnetic flux density, magnetomotive force and permeability

are the basic quantities used in evaluation of magnetic circuit performance.
The flux and MMF are related to each other by;
ℑ
Φ=
ℜ
Where R is the reluctance of the magnetic circuit
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Magnetic Equivalent Circuits Magnetic Equivalent Circuits

Consider a toroid with leakage flux neglected m2
Reluctance:
φ = BA
m
Using Ampere’s Law: Magnetomotive force: l Wb
r r ℜ= Tesla=Wb/m2
F = N.i = H .l
∫ H .dl = Ni
A.turn/Wb
µr µo A
m2
A
H .l = Ni Magnetic Flux: ℑ = Ni
H/m
H .2πr = Ni φ = BdA∫ Ni F
A.turns turns

φ = B.A = µHA = µ A =
Magnetic and Electric Circuit Analogy: l ℜ Series and Parallel Connection of reluctances:
Ф
l 1 R1 R2 R3 R4
ℜ= = 1
F ℜ µ r µo A P ℜeqv =
1 1 1
ℜeqv = R1 + R2 + R3 + +
Reluctance Permeance R1 R2 R2
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 Magnetic and Electrical Circuit Comparison Magnetization Curve and Saturation

Comparison of electrical and magnetic quantities • At low magnetic field intensity

values, flux density increases almost
linearly
• At high magnetic field intensity
values, flux density change is non-
linear due to saturation

Saturation
region

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Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials

B = µH BH Curve Ni ℑ
H= = ⇒ Hαℑ
• Permeability is constant in free space. But not in ferromagnetic lc lc
materials
φ = BA ⇒ φαB
• Apply current from OA to up to max permissible current.
• Saturation curve or magnetization curve is obtained. • Therefore relationship between B & H has same shape as between
Ø&F

Advantages of Ferromagnetic Materials

• Many times more flux than the air with given mmf but to obtain flux
proportional to mmf, the core must be operated in unsaturated
region.
• Real applications require to produce max flux
Therefore
• Operate near the knee point.
• Read energy losses in ferromagnetic core.
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 Magnetic Circuits without Airgap Magnetic Circuits with Airgap
Consider a magnetic circuit with a coil only Consider a magnetic circuit with a small airgap lg
Ф lc F

i
+
Ni Rc V N lg
_

Magnetic system Magnetic circuit Reluctances:

φ
lc − l g lg Bc = c
Reluctances: ℜc = ℜg = Ac
µc Ac µg Ag
l φg
ℜc = c φ Ni N.i = Hc .lc + H g .l g Bg =
µc Ac Bc = c φ= Ag
Ac ℜc Fringing Effect:
φ Ni
N.i = Hc .lc + H g .l g With no fringing
Ag=Ac Bc = Bg = φ=
Ac ℜc + ℜ g
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Magnetic Circuit without Airgap Magnetic Circuit with Airgap

With Magnetic With Magnetic
material material and
airgap
0.25T
15A

Without Magnetic
material

15A airgap
• As seen, airgap reduces the flux and flux 0.04T
0.006T density due to reluctance arising from the
airgap

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 Magnetic Circuit with Airgap Inductance
• Four pole electric motor with one coil excited. A coil is represented by a circuit element
• Flux lines, flux directions and flux density are all shown below

• Flux linkage λ = Nφ
L
• Inductance
λ
L=
i

λ Nφ N.B.A N.µH.A
L= = = =
i i i i

N.µH.A N 2 N2
L= = =
Hl l ℜ
N µA

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Hysteresis Eddy Current Loss

• initially unmagnetized
• i and H increased slowly
• i and H removed : Br residual flux density
• H reversed to –Hc (coercivity): flux density
vanishes
• during first period B-H curve will follow the
path oacdefga’ - the loop does not close • time varying magnetic field induces eddy currents in conducting material
• after few periods the loop almost closes -
hysteresis loop • a power loss proportional to Ri2 will be caused Pe = KeBmax2 .f 2
• B-H relation is nonlinear and multi- valued
• the B lags behind H – hysteresis • eddy current loss can be reduced by
• increasing the resistivity of the core material
• Locus of the tip of the hysteresis loop is
• using laminated cores
called the magnetization curve

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 Core Loss Sinusoidal Excitation

• hysteresis and eddy current loss are lumped together to define core losses

Pc = Pe + Ph

• slow variations
– eddy current loss negligible
– static loop
• rapid variations
– eddy currents tend to maintain the flux
– hysteresis loop becomes broader
– dynamic loop
• the loss appears as heat in the core

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Excitation Current – Nonlinear Material Permanent Magnet Materials

• sinusoidal flux
• AlNiCo-alloys • ferrite-alloys • rare-earth alloys
• Non sinusoidal exciting current wave form from Φ-i
curve – high residual flux density – lower residual flux density – high residual flux density
• in phase with flux – rather low coersive force – very high coersitivity force – very high coersitivity force
• symmetrical with respect to voltage
• fundamental component lags the voltage by 90°
• no power loss
• exciting coil can be represented by a
• pure inductance (fundamental components)

• sinusoidal flux
• Non sinusoidal exciting current wave form from multi-valued
Φ-i curve
• Non sinusoidal – non symmetrical with respect to voltage
• exciting current can be split into two components
– ic in phase with voltage e, accounting`for the core loss
– im in phase with flux Φ
• exciting coil can be represented by a`resistance (core loss)
and a inductance (magnetization of the`core) (fundamental
components)
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 Magnetization of PMs Magnets in Magnetic Circuits

Assuming core permeability is infinite, the

total MMF acting on the circuit is zero.
Area
Am ℑ = 0 = H g g + H mlm
lm Area g l 
Ag H g = − m  H m
g
µ
∞ Since the flux is continuous through the
• a large mmf - on its removal the flux density will remain at the residual magnetic circuit,
value Br Magnetic A 
• a reversed magnetic field intensity - operating point b material Φ = Ag Bg = Am Bm Bg =  m Bm
 Ag 
• field removed and reapplied - minor loop - recoil line b-c - recoil  
permeability (1-5)Uo
Bg
magnetic field density in the gap
• if field intensity exceeds - a new operating point d - operation will move
Bm
magnetic field density in the magnet
along d-e

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Magnets in Magnetic Circuits Magnetic Circuits – Example1

Example: Example:
Find the airgap flux density if the magnet is an Alnico (Bm=0.3T). 15cm 30cm 10cm
g = 2mm
Magnetic circuit for the core example
lm=10mm 15cm
l2 Φ
Am = Ag = 4cm2
i=1
Ф
l  30cm
H g = − m  H m N=200 l1 R1
g F=Ni
Bg l  B R2
= − m  m 15cm
µo  g  µm
 Am  lm 
Bg = −µo    H Core depth=10cm
 Ag  g  m
  l1 l2
ℜ1 = ℜ2 =
 4  10  Since the flux is continuous through the µr µo A1 µr µo A2
Bg = −4π10−7    Bm magnetic circuit,
 4  2 
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 Magnetic Circuits – Example1 Magnetic Circuits – Example2
Reluctances Example:
l1 0.45m
ℜ1 = = = 14300Aturn/ Wb If i1 = 0.5 A ve i2 = 0.75 A,
µr µo A1 2500 (4π10−7 ) 0.01m2
what would be the flux
l2 1.3m produced by the current?
ℜ2 = = = 27600Aturn/ Wb Assume µr=1000 and
µr µo A2 2500 (4π10−7 ) 0.015m2
constant.

Total Reluctance
ℜTOT = ℜ1 + ℜ2 = 41900 Aturn/ Wb

Total Magnetomotive force

ℑ = Ni = (200turn)(1A) = 200Aturn

Total flux in the core

ℑ 200Aturn
φ= = = 4.8 mWb
ℜ 41900Aturn / Wb
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Magnetic Circuits – Example2 Magnetic Circuits – Example3

The two coils on this core are would so that their magnetomotive forces are For the following magnetic circuit; N=1000 sarım ve i=2 A
additive, so the total magnetomotive force on this core is
l2 l4 l1 = 4 cm h1 = 4 cm
ℑTOT = N1i1 + N 2i2 = 400 x 0.5 + 300 x 0.75 = 425 A.turn l2 = 4 cm h2 = 6 cm
i l3 = 4 cm w1 = 4 cm
N h2
h1 g1
l4 = 3 cm w2 = 4 cm
g2
The total reluctance in the core is l5 = 3 cm g1 = 0.1 cm
w1 g2 = 0.2 cm
l2 w2
l4
l 2.6m µ
ℜTOT = = = 92kAturn/ Wb
µr µo A 1000 (4π10−7 H / m)(0.15m)(0.15m) l1 l3 l5

If the depth of the core is d=4cm and permeability infinite (ideal core material)
(92000 Amper sarim/Wb)
• Find each reluctance
And the flux in the core • Find flux passing through each gap and the source flux
ℑ 425 At • Find flux density in the middle of gap g2.
φ = TOT = = 0.00462Wb
ℜTOT 92000 At.Wb

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 Magnetic Circuits – Example3 Magnetic Circuits – Example3
φ1 φ2
Source flux and the other two flux in each path,
ℑ Ni 1000 x 2
φ= = = = 5.53 mWb
ℜ es ℜ es 361716

Ni Ni
If the permeability infinite (ideal core material), the only reluctance will be φ1 = = 4.02 mWb φ2 = = 1.51 mWb
coming from the airgap ℜ1 ℜ2

g1 0.001
R1 = = = 497359
( )
µ r µ o A1 1x 4π10− 7 (0.04 x0.04) Flux density in the middle of gap g2;

φ 1.51x10 −3
R2 =
g2
=
0.002
= 1326291 B2 = 2 = = 1.256 Wb / m 2
A2 (0.03 x0.04 )
( )
µ r µo A2 1x 4π10− 7 (0.03x0.04)

1
Res = = 361716 Aturn / Wb
1 1
+
R1 R2
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Magnetic Circuits Magnetic Circuits – Example3

l If the depth of the core is d=4cm and permeability finite (µr=1500)

• What does ideal copper mean? R =ρ • Find each reluctance
A
• Find flux passing through each gap and the source flux
1 l • Find flux density in the middle of gap g2.
• What does ideal magnetic core mean? ℜ =
µr µo A
A B C
l2 l4

i
N
• In an electric circuit, we usually want the resistance zero g1 g2

w1 w2
l2 l4
• In a magnetic circuit, we usually want the reluctance zero D E F

l1 l3 l5

Each reluctance of this circuit can be found as follow:

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 Magnetic Circuits – Example3 Magnetic Circuits – Example3

l +h 0.08 Equivalent reluctance is;

R AD = 2 1 = = 26526
( )
µ r µ o A1 1500x 4π10− 7 (0.04 x0.04)
Rtot = [(RBC + RCF + R2 + REF ) // (RBE + R1 )] + (R AB + R AD + RDE )
l +h −g 0.079
RBE = 2 1 1 = = 26194
µ r µ o A1 ( )
1500 x 4π10 −7 (0.04 x0.04 ) Rtot = 462998 Aturn / Wb

l + h − g2 0.088
RCF = 4 2 = = 39905
µ r µ o A1 (
1500 x 4π10− 7 (0.03x0.04) ) Source flux is and the flux density on the right airgap;

l1 l3 ℑ Ni 1000 x 2
+ + w1 φ= = = = 4.32 mWb
0.08
R AB = RDE = 2 2 = = 26526 ℜtot ℜtot 462998
( )
µ r µ o AAB 1500x 4π10− 7 (0.04 x 0.04)
φ 1.636 x10−3
l3 l5
+ + w2 B2 = = = 1.36 Wb / m 2
RBC = REF = 2 2 =
0.075
= 33157
A2 (0.03x0.04 )
µ r µ o ABC (
1500 x 4π10− 7 (0.03x0.04) )
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Magnetic Circuit Calculations

Magnetic circuit calculations are accurate within about 5% of real

answer.
• Due to leakage flux, Permeability of ferromagnetic material
may be 2,000 to 6,000 time but some flux will tend to escape.
• We assume certain mean path length and cross-sectional
area of the core. These assumptions are not 100% true.
• Permeability varies with the flux. Since the reluctance
depends upon the permeability of the material.
• If there is an air gap in the flux path the effective cross-
sectional area will be larger than other wise.
• Saturation is difficult to take into account

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