Material Pdsfsriority Questions

Priority Questions
2 marks
1. What is mean by impurities?

Impurities are unwanted substances or foreign materials present in a substance, altering
its properties.
2. Define the term solid solutions
A solid solution is a homogeneous crystalline structure where two or more substances are
mixed at the atomic level, with one substance (solute) dispersed uniformly within another
(solvent). The solute atoms replace or fit into the lattice of the solvent without disrupting
its overall structure. Solid solutions are common in alloys, where metals are mixed to
enhance properties like strength or corrosion resistance.
3. Classification of plain carbon steel.
Low Carbon Steel (0.05% - 0.25% carbon)

Medium Carbon Steel (0.25% - 0.60% carbon)
High Carbon Steel (0.60% - 1.5% carbon)
4. Write a typical peritectoid reaction
A typical peritectoid reaction occurs in the solid state when two different solid phases
combine to form a third solid phase upon cooling. The general form of a peritectoid reaction
is:
α (solid) + β (solid) → γ (solid)
An example of a peritectoid reaction is in some copper-tin alloys, where:
α (solid) + δ (solid) → ε (solid)
This type of reaction typically occurs at a specific temperature and composition during the
cooling of alloys.
5. What is meant by "Heat Treatment"? And its purpose?

Heat treatment is the process of heating and cooling metals to alter their properties like
hardness, strength, or ductility. It is used to improve performance, relieve stress, and
enhance durability. Common techniques include annealing, quenching, and tempering.
6. What you mean by normalizing?

Normalizing is a heat treatment process in which a metal, typically steel, is heated to a
temperature above its critical point and then cooled in air. This process refines the grain
structure, relieves internal stresses, and improves toughness and strength. It is often used
to make the material more uniform and enhance its mechanical properties.
7. Give the short notes about surface hardening.
Surface hardening is a process that increases the hardness of a metal's surface while
keeping the core softer and ductile. Techniques like case hardening, induction hardening,
and flame hardening enhance wear resistance and fatigue strength. This treatment is
commonly applied to components like gears and shafts to improve their durability.
8. What are the advantages of Nitrating?
Nitriding enhances the surface hardness of metals, improving wear resistance and fatigue
strength. It also provides better corrosion resistance while minimizing distortion due to
lower processing temperatures. Additionally, components treated by nitriding typically
have a longer operational life, making it a valuable surface hardening method.
9. Brief on the influence of alloying elements : Co, Ni, Mo and V.
Cobalt (Co): Increases high-temperature strength and hardness. It improves wear

resistance and enhances the stability of the microstructure, making it valuable in high-speed
steel and superalloys.
Nickel (Ni): Enhances toughness and ductility, particularly in low temperatures. It also
improves corrosion resistance and strength, making it crucial in stainless steels and structural
alloys.
Molybdenum (Mo): Increases hardenability and strength, especially at elevated

temperatures. It improves resistance to pitting and corrosion, and it is commonly used in tool
steels and high-strength low-alloy steels.
Vanadium (V): Refines grain structure, increases strength, and enhances wear resistance.
It contributes to improved toughness and hardenability, often found in high-strength steels
and tool steels.
10. State any four objectives of adding alloying elements on steel.
Improve strength and hardness.

Enhance corrosion resistance.
Increase toughness.
Improve hardenability.
11. Classify crystal imperfections
Point Defects:
 Vacancies
 Interstitials
 Substitutional defects
Line Defects (Dislocations):
 Edge Dislocations
 Screw Dislocations
Surface Defects:
 Grain Boundaries
 External Surfaces
Volume Defects:
 Pores
 Cracks
12. Write the constituent of austenite and its crystal structure

Austenite, or gamma phase (γ-Fe), is a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure of iron that
can dissolve up to about 2.1% carbon. It consists primarily of iron and carbon, along with
other alloying elements depending on the steel. The FCC structure has a coordination
number of 12, making it essential in various heat treatment processes.
13. Define “gibbs phase rule”
The Gibbs Phase Rule is a fundamental principle in thermodynamics that relates the number of
phases in a system to the number of components and the degrees of freedom (independent
variables) available. It is expressed mathematically as:
F=C−P+2F = C - P + 2 F=C−P+2
Where:
 FFF = degrees of freedom (the number of independent variables that can be changed
without affecting others)
 CCC = number of components (chemically independent constituents)
 PPP = number of phases (distinct physical forms of matter, such as solid, liquid, and gas)
14. What you mean by normalizing?

Normalizing is a heat treatment process for ferrous metals, particularly steel, that
involves heating to a temperature above the critical point and then air-cooling. This
process refines the grain structure, relieves internal stresses, and enhances toughness and
ductility. It is commonly used to improve the performance of structural components and
forgings.
15. What is meant by hardenability?

Hardenability is the ability of steel to be hardened through quenching, indicating how
deep hardness can be achieved in the material. It is typically measured using the Jominy
test, which assesses hardness variation from a quenched sample. Alloying elements
influence hardenability, making it essential for designing steel components with desired
mechanical properties.
16. What are the factors affecting hardening?
 Alloying Elements
 Quenching Medium
 Cooling Rate
 Temperature of Austenitization
 Time at Temperature
 Prior Microstructure
13/15 Marks
1. Explain the different types of solid solution.
2. Draw Iron-Iron carbide phase diagram, name the various field, line and reactions
3. Discuss the classification, properties and application of steel. How will you classify
steel?
4. What are the different types of cast irons? Explain with neat sketch of the
microstructure of any four types of cast irons
5. Explain the following invariant reactions with reference to a phase diagram (a)
Eutectic reaction (b) Eutectoid reaction
6. Explain the types of water cooling curves.
7. Compare and contrast the process: Full Annealing, stress relief annealing,
recrystallization Annealing, Spheroidal Annealing.
8. Explain hardening and tempering of steel.
9. Explain the martempering and austempering.
10. Explain the vacuum hardening and nitrating.
11. Write down the composition and any one application of the following alloys. (a)
Duralumin (b) Brass.
12. Write short notes on: (i) Maraging steel (ii) Stainless steel (iii) Springs steel (iv) TRIP
steel.
13. With a neat sketch, label the reactions of Fe-Fe3C diagram.
14. Explain hardening and tempering process?
15. Write short notes on: 1. Carburizing (4) 2.Nitriding (4) 3.Cyaniding (4)
4.Carbonitriding (4)

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Priority Questions

1. What is mean by impurities?

Low Carbon Steel (0.05% - 0.25% carbon)

4. Write a typical peritectoid reaction

α (solid) + β (solid) → γ (solid)

An example of a peritectoid reaction is in some copper-tin alloys, where:

α (solid) + δ (solid) → ε (solid)

5. What is meant by "Heat Treatment"? And its purpose?

6. What you mean by normalizing?

9. Brief on the influence of alloying elements : Co, Ni, Mo and V.

Cobalt (Co): Increases high-temperature strength and hardness. It improves wear

Molybdenum (Mo): Increases hardenability and strength, especially at elevated

10. State any four objectives of adding alloying elements on steel.

Improve strength and hardness.

11. Classify crystal imperfections

12. Write the constituent of austenite and its crystal structure

13. Define “gibbs phase rule”

14. What you mean by normalizing?

15. What is meant by hardenability?

16. What are the factors affecting hardening?

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