Periodic Table and Reactivity

Periodic Table
and Reactivity
Presented by Kesler Science
Vers. 07/2020 © Kesler Science, LLC
Reflect on the Essential
Questions before you dive in… Periodic Table and Reactivity
1. If you were quizzed today,
which questions would you know
the answers to already? Essential Questions:
Everything
1. How do valence
electrons determine an
atom’s chemical
properties, including
2. Which questions would you reactivity?
need to learn more about to
answer confidently? 2. How are elements
classified on the
nothing (i think)
periodic table?
© Kesler Science, LLC

Periodic Table and Reactivity
Atom
• The basic unit of a chemical element
(ex: gold, oxygen, mercury)
• Consists of 3 basic parts

(protons, neutrons, electrons)
• The atomic mass is the sum of the

protons and neutrons (p + n)

Electrons
• Negatively charged subatomic particle
• Located outside the nucleus in the

electron cloud

Valence Electrons
• An electron in the outermost shell of an
atom that can participate in forming
chemical bonds with other atoms
• The number of valence electrons

determines the element’s reactivity
How many valence electrons does
copper have?
1

The Periodic Table
• The periodic table
arranges all of the
known elements in
order of increasing
atomic number
(# of protons)
• Order generally
coincides with
increasing
atomic mass, too
Quick Action: INB
Drag the correct
term to label the
different parts of the
14 Atomic
Drag Number
answer here
Si
periodic table.
Drag Symbol
answer here
Drag answer
Atomic here
Mass
28.086
Silicon Drag answer

Element here
Name

Periodic Table and Reactivity 1. The atomic number
(which is also the number
What can we tell about this element of protons)
(atom) from the periodic table? 14
2. The symbol
14 Si
Si
28.0086
3. The atomic mass
28.0086
4. The element’s (atom’s)

name
Silicon
Silicon

Periodic Table
Classification
Metals (blue) properties:
• Solid at room temperature
(except mercury)
• Shiny luster
• Ductile (bend into a wire)
• Malleable (hammered)
• Good conductor (heat and
electricity)
• High density
• High melting point
• Reactivity – those metals
at the bottom left corner
are most reactive
Periodic Table
Classification
Nonmetals (red) properties:
• No luster (dull appearance)
• Poor conductor of heat
and electricity
• Brittle (breaks easily)
• Not ductile
• Not malleable
• Low density
• Low melting point
• Less reactive than metals
(reactivity increases left to
right)
Periodic Table Periodic Table and Reactivity
Classification
Metalloids (green)
• Elements on both sides of

the zigzag line (staircase)
have properties of both
metals and nonmetals

Think About It
Think about the descriptions below. Classify each item as a metal,
nonmetal or metalloid.
A. Shiny new Yeti cup A. Metal
B. Carbon in your pencil lead B. Metalloid
C. Yellow glob of sulfur C. Nonmetal
D. Nitrogen in the air D. Nonmetal
E. Silicon used in microprocessors E. Nonmetal
in cell phones
F. Helium in a balloon F. Nonmetal
G. An aluminum can G. Metal

Periods on the
Periodic Table
1
• The periods on the PT are 2
the rows numbered from 3
1-7 4
• Atomic number increases

5
from left to right
• Those in the same period 6
have the same number of 7
energy levels or shells

• Chemical properties are
not all similar

Groups on the
Periodic Table 1 18
2 13 14 15 16 17
• The groups or families on

the PT are the columns
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
numbered from 1-18
• Same number of valence
electrons
• Chemical properties are
very similar
• Group 1 is the most
reactive and group 18 is
the most inert (stable)

Quick Action: INB
Use the shape drawing 1
Periodic Table of the Elements 18
tools to mark up your 1

1
H 2 13 14 15 16 17
2
He
periodic table as described 3 4 1 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10
below: (Insert>Shapes) 2 Li Be H symbol

B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
• Circle one group on the periodic 3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar
table in green 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
• Circle one period on the periodic
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
table in red 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
• Draw a down arrow next to periods 6

55
Cs
56
Ba
72
Hf
73
Ta
74
W
75
Re
76
Os
77
Ir
78
Pt
79
Au Hg
80
Tl
81 82
Pb
83
Bi
84
Po
85
At
86
Rn
1-7 and add the words “increasing
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
energy levels and reactivity” 7 Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
• Reactivity increases as you move

from right to left across the metals 57
La
58
Ce
59
Pr
60
Nd
61
Pm
62
Sm
63
Eu
64
Gd Tb
65
Dy
66 67
Ho
68
Er
69
Tm
70
Yb
71
Lu
and from left to right across the
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
nonmetals. Draw two arrows and Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
label “increasing reactivity” Information based on the December 2018 update from IUPAC, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Trends on the Periodic Periodic Table and Reactivity
Table
• Moving down the period
(rows 1-7) the number
of energy levels or shells
increases by 1
o Elements in period 3 have
3 orbitals
o Elements in period 7 have
7 orbitals
• Moving down the period
increases the reactivity
o Cs is more reactive than K
o Li is less reactive than Na
Trends on the Periodic Periodic Table and Reactivity
Table
Same # of valance electrons
• Groups (columns 1-18): Periodic Table of the Elements going down the column
elements have the same 1

1
18
2
H He
number of valence 1
3
2
4 1 atomic number
13
5
14
6
15
7
16
8
17
9 10
H symbol
electrons in each group 2 Li
11
Be
12
B
13
C
14
N
15
O
16
F
17
Ne
18
3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar
• Valence electrons are the 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
electrons in the outer 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
energy level (shell) 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
o Group 1 has one valence 87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
electron 7 Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
o Group 15 has five valence 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
electrons 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Information based on the December 2018 update from IUPAC, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Reactivity of Atoms
• The ability of atoms to combine or
separate with other atoms to create
new substances (chemical reaction)
• Valence electrons are the key to this
process
• Reactivity changes across the periodic
table

Think About It
Look at the elements from period 2 on the Periodic Table.
Explain the differences in their reactivity and how it relates to
the Periodic Table.
Type your answer here

What makes an Periodic Table and Reactivity
atom “happy”
(stable)?
• Having its outer energy
level (shell) filled with
electrons
• Example: (group 18)
highlighted in red
• These atoms do not want
to bond with other atoms
(inert)
• Helium is the exception
because it is “happy”
(stable) with only two
valence electrons
• Hydrogen has only one
Periodic Table and Reactivity valence electron.
What happens Hydrogen (Group 1)
if an atom • H does not follow the
rule of 8; its “happy”
doesn’t have
number is 2
8 valence
electrons? Who might hydrogen bond
with to make itself “happy”
(stable)?
Don’t peek at the next slide!
Carbon

Hydrogen Hydrogen
• Hydrogen easily bonds with itself!
• This way both hydrogen atoms can share

Slide this box over after you have answered
an electron and be “happy” (stable) previous slide.

Periodic Table and Reactivity • Oxygen has 6
Let’s look Oxygen valence electrons
(It’s in Group 16)
at oxygen
• To make 8 and
become stable, it
needs to bond with
either one atom
that has two
valence electrons,
or two atoms that
have one valence
electron
Periodic Table and Reactivity Can you think of a way that
oxygen could become stable?
Let’s look Oxygen
at oxygen Don’t peek at the next slide!
Bond with more oxygen

Periodic Table and Reactivity Hydrogen Hydrogen
• Now oxygen is “happy” (stable)
• It bonded with 2 hydrogen atoms making

Slide this box over after you have answered the question on the
a molecule of H2previous 0 (water)
slide.
• Sometimes called the “Mickey Mouse

Molecule”
Oxygen

Think About It
The Periodic Table provides essential information on all elements.
Pick two elements from the list below and compare their atomic
structure, physical characteristics, and reactivity.
beryllium (Be)
boron (B)
carbon (C)
fluoride (F)
neon (Ne)
helium (He)
chlorine (Cl)
silicon (Si)
Same number of
groups Group 18
Same Last Look
energy
7 shellsof
number
periods
valence electrons Periodic Table and Reactivity
8
groups Vertical columns on the periodic table are called? 2
18
This or That 6 Horizontal rows on the periodic table are called? periods
1
Let’s see if you can crack the code.electrons

negative
You will need to identify which Number of groups or families on the periodic
7 table?
5
18
characteristic is being described in
each statement.
57 Number of periods on the periodic table? 6
(Hint: Slide the word over to reveal

Same number of
a number. You will need the number 3 Elements in the same group are similar in this 7
valence electrons
for the secret code.)
Same number of
0 Elements in the same period are similar in this 2
SECRET CODE: energy shells
26763203
Group
9 1 Which group is most reactive? 0
What are the electrons in the outermost orbit

valence 7electrons called?
3
Give your best answer to...
1. Identify how valence electrons determine an atom’s

chemical properties, including reactivity.
Check for
Understanding 2. Interpret the arrangement of the Periodic Table to explain
how properties are used to classify elements, including
periods and groups.
Which essential questions do you still need help to understand?
Still have
questions?

Periodic Table and Reactivity

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Periodic Table

© Kesler Science, LLC

• Consists of 3 basic parts

• The atomic mass is the sum of the

© Kesler Science, LLC

• Located outside the nucleus in the

© Kesler Science, LLC

• The number of valence electrons

© Kesler Science, LLC

Silicon Drag answer

© Kesler Science, LLC

4. The element’s (atom’s)

© Kesler Science, LLC

• Elements on both sides of

© Kesler Science, LLC

© Kesler Science, LLC

• The periods on the PT are 2

the rows numbered from 3

• Atomic number increases

have the same number of 7

energy levels or shells

© Kesler Science, LLC

• The groups or families on

© Kesler Science, LLC

tools to mark up your 1

below: (Insert>Shapes) 2 Li Be H symbol

• Draw a down arrow next to periods 6

• Reactivity increases as you move

© Kesler Science, LLC

elements have the same 1

o Group 15 has five valence 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

© Kesler Science, LLC

© Kesler Science, LLC

© Kesler Science, LLC

Don’t peek at the next slide!

© Kesler Science, LLC

• This way both hydrogen atoms can share

© Kesler Science, LLC

at oxygen Don’t peek at the next slide!

Bond with more oxygen

© Kesler Science, LLC

• Now oxygen is “happy” (stable)

• It bonded with 2 hydrogen atoms making

• Sometimes called the “Mickey Mouse

© Kesler Science, LLC

Let’s see if you can crack the code.electrons

(Hint: Slide the word over to reveal

What are the electrons in the outermost orbit

1. Identify how valence electrons determine an atom’s

Type your answer here

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