II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24

Where = absolute permittivity of free

space. = 8.854x10-12 C2N-1m-2 (farad /m)
CH-1: ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS ……………………….. (2)
8. Coulomb’s law in vector form. Explain
1. Name the device used to detect the
the terms. [A -2015]
charge on a body. [A-2022]
A:
A: Gold leaf electroscope.
2. Define SI unit of charge. [A -2015]
A: Coulomb: One coulomb is that charge
which when placed at a distance of 1 metre
from an equal and similar charge in air or
vacuum repels it with a force of 9109 N.
3. Write the SI unit of charge. [A -2014][S-
2016]
A: The SI unit of charge is Coulomb
4. How many electrons constitute 1 nC and
Let denote the force on due to ,
1 c charge?(or) how many electrons are
Then ……………. (1)
removed from a body to get a charge of 1
nC? [P-16] Where is the unit vector of from to
A: (1) Electrons and Let denote the force on due to ,
(2) Electrons. then ……….. (2)
5. Mention any two/three basic properties
Where is the unit vector of from to
of electric charge.[mqp][A-2018][A-2019]
Since
A: (1) Charge is the intrinsic property of
matter (2) Charge is additive (3) Charge is .
conserved (4) Charge is quantized This is Coulomb’s law in vector form.
6. Mention one method of charging a 9. How does the electrostatic force between
body.[S-2022] two point charges change, when a
A: conduction/friction dielectric medium is introduced between
7. Sate and explain Coulomb’s law in them?[A-2017][S-2022]
electrostatics. [A -2014] [P-2016] [P- A: The force between the point charges
2015] [S -2015][S-2017][A-2019][A-2020] decreases when dielectric medium is
A: Statement: “It states that, the force of introduced between them.
attraction or repulsion between two point 10. Write the SI unit of electric field.
charges is directly proportional to the A: newton per coulomb [ NC-1]
product of the charges and inversely 11. What is an electric dipole? [A -2016]
proportional to the square of the distance A: An electric dipole is a pair of equal and
between them and acts along line joining opposite point charges +q and –q separated
them .” by a small distance 2a.
Explanation: 12. Define dipole moment. Write its SI
unit.[P-2017] [A-2022]
A: Dipole moment is the product of one of
the charge ‘q’ and distance of separation
between the charges ‘ along the axis of
If q1 and q2 be the two point charges dipole.
separated by a distance r. The force of S I unit is coolomb metre [C-m]
attraction or repulsion is given by 13. Derive the expression for electric
filed along the axial line of an electric
dipole[A -2016][S-2017] [S-2023]
…………………..… (1) A:
Where k is proportionality constant. Consider an electric dipole of dipole
In SI system moment

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II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
The magnitudes of the electric fields at P
due to the charge +q and –q are given by
and

Let P be a point at a distance from the

The directions of and are as shown
centre of the dipole on the side of the
in figure. The components normal to the
charge .
dipole axis cancels and the components
The electric field due to –q is
along the dipole axis add up. The total
electric field is opposite to .
Where is the unit vector along the dipole
axis (-q to q)
Also the electric filed due to q is

The total electric field due the dipole is

In the figure

For large distance then can be

neglected

For large distance then can be

neglected Since is electric dipole moment
………………. (2)

15. Draw the electric lines of force due

Since is electric dipole moment
to a point charge q. if (i) q<0 (ii) q>0.[S-
16]
14. Derive the expression for electric
filed along the equitorial line of an
electric dipole.[Pp-2014][P-2015][A-
2014][P-2016][S-2019] [S-2020]
A: Consider an electric dipole of dipole
moment
Let the P be a point on the equatorial
line of the dipole at a distance from the
centre of the dipole.
16. What are electric field lines? Write
two/three/four properties of electric
field lines.[S -2014] [S -2015][A -
2016][A-2017][S-2018][S-2019][S-
2020][A-2022][A-2023] [S-2023]
Electric field lines are the imaginary path
traced by the unit positive charge in an
electric filed.
1) Electric lines of force start from positive
charge and end at negative charge. If there
is a single charge , it start and end at
infinity

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II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
2) Electric lines of force are always normal to A: Statement: “The total and outward
the surface of the charged conductor. electric flux over a closed surface is equal to
3) Two lines of force never intersect, i.e. field times of the total charge enclosed by
lines have unique direction
4) In uniform electric filed, electric field lines the surface”.i.e.
are parallel to each other and eqi ditance
from each other.
17. State and explain Gauss law in
electrostatic.[MQP][S-2017]
Statement: “The total and outward electric
flux over a closed surface is equal to
times of the total charge enclosed by the
surface”.
i.e.
Proof:
Consider an infinitely long thin
Consider a closed spherical surface of
straight wire having a uniform charge
radius enclosed a point charge at its
density . Consider a right circular closed
center; the magnitude of the electric field
cylinder as Gaussian surface with radius
at any point on its surface is given by
and length and infinitely long thin straight
wire along its axis.
The surface area of the curved part of the
cylinder is .
The Flux through the Gaussian surface =
flux through the curved surface of the
cylinder.
i.e. ……………… (1)
The total charge enclosed by the Gaussian
surface is
By Gauss’s law, ……………… (2)
From equation (1) and (2)
The flux through an area element is

or
Here

In vector form
The total flux through the sphere is
19. State Gauss law in electrostatics.
Derive an expression for electric field
due to a uniformly charged thin
spherical shell at a point outside and
But , the surface area of the
inside the spherical shell. [A -2014][S -
sphere.
2014][S-2018][A-2019]
A: Statement: “The total and outward
electric flux over a closed surface is equal to
times of the total charge enclosed by the
18. State Gauss law in electrostatics.
Derive an expression for electric field at surface”.
a point due to infinitely long uniformly i.e.
charged straight conductor using Gauss
law. [S -2015] [S-2016][S-2022] [A-2023]

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II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
what is the force experienced by the test
charge? [MQP]
3. Three charges ,
and are placed at three
corners A, B and C of a square ABCD of
side 0.004 m. calculate the magnitude of
the force electric intensity at the corner D.
[MQP]
4. Charges of , , and
are placed at the corners A,B,C and
Consider a spherical shell of radius R D respectively of a square ABCD of side 20
with centre . Let be the uniform surface cm. Calculate the magnitude and direction
charge density. The electric field at any of resultant electric field at the centre of
point P depends on the distance of the the square ABCD. [MQP]
point from and always radial. 5. Two point charges and are placed
Consider the point P lies outside the at the vertices A and B of right angled
shell at a distance from . triangle ABC respectively. The angle B is
The flux through the Gaussian spherical right angle. AB is , AC is
surface of radius r with centre O is and BC is . Find the
. magnitude and direction of the resultant
( and are parallel ) electric field at the corner C. [MQP]
But, , the surface area of sphere 6. The electrostatic force on a metal sphere of
……………… (1) charge due to another identical
By Gauss’s law, ……………… (2) metal speres of charge in air is0.2
N. Find the distance between the two
From equation (1) and (2) sphere and also the force force between the
same two spheres when they are brought
into contact and then released in their
initial positions [MQP]
In vector form . 7. Three point charges 3 nC, 4 nC, and 5 nC
Where is the radial unit vector are placed at the vertices A< B and C
Electric field inside the shell: respectively of an equilateral triangle ABC
Inside the charged spherical shell the net of side 0.2 m. Find only the magnitude of
charge is zero i.e. . Therefor the the force on the largest charge. [MQP]
electric filed inside the shell is zero 8. A spherical conductor of radius 12 cm has
i.e. . a charge 0f distributed
------------------------------------------------------------ uniformly on its surface. Calculate the
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS elctric field a)inside the sphere b) just
1. The electrostatic force on a metal sphere of outside the sphere and c) at a point 18 cm
charge 0.4 mC due to another identical from the surface of the sphere. [MQP]
metal sphere of charge - 0.8 mC in air is 9. Two point charges 4mC and 9mC are
0.2 N. Find the distance between the two placed at P and R respectively of a right
spheres and the force between the same angled triangle PQR. PQ=3cm, QR=2cm
two spheres when they are brought into and . Calcul;ate the magnitude of
contact and then replaced in their initial the resultant electric field at Q. [P-2016]
positions. [MQP] 10. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side
2. Two point charges and are 0.1 . point charges 0f +3nc and -3nC are
located 20 cm apart in air. A) whatis the places at corners A and B respectively.
electric field at the mid point of the line Calculate the resultant electric field at C.
joining the two charges? B) if a negative [A-2017]
test charge 1.9 nC is placed at the point

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II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
11. Two point charges and The force acting on the UPC at is equal to
are located at A and B separated the electric field at that point and is given
by 0.2 m in vacuum. by
a) What is the electric field at the
midpoint O of the line joining charges? Where is the unit vector along
b) If a negative charges of magnitude 2nC Work done on unit positive charge to move
are placed at O what is the the force from to through a small distance
experienced by the test charge.[A-2020] against the field is
12. Two small sphere having charges of
and are placed 10 cm The total amount of work done to move a
apart in air. What is the electrostatic force UPC from infinity to the given point
between them? Find the new force when P against the field is given by
the distance between them is doubled.
Given [A-2022]
------------------------------------------------------------
CH-2: ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND
CAPACITANCE
1. Define electric potential.[MQP]
A: Electrostatic potential at a point in an
electric field is defined as the amount of
work done in bringing a unit positive charge
from infinity to the given point against the
direction of the field.
2. Define one volt.[MQP]
A: Electric potential at a point is said to be `
1 volt, if one joule of work is done in moving By definition, the electric potential at due
one coulomb of charge from infinity to that to the charge .
point against the electric field (or)

4. Derive the expression for potential

3. Define electric potential due to a point
energy of a system two charges in the
charge and arrive an expression for
absence of the external electric filed. [A -
electric potential at a point due to a
2014][S-2016]
point charge.[A-2018][mqp]

Consider a system of two charges q1 and q2

with position vectors and from the origin O. No
work is done to place the charge q1 from infinity to
A: Electrostatic potential at a point in the point . Since there is no field initially, so work
an electric field is defined as the amount of done is zero .i.e. .
work done in bringing a unit positive charge
from infinity to the given point against the The potential due to at a distance is
direction of the field.
Consider a point charge placed at O
The charge q2 be moved from infinity to ,the Work
.Let be a point at a distance from the
charge. Consider a UPC at any point at a done against the field due to q1 is
distance from the point charge .

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II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
the potential difference between A and B
in the direction of
Net work done

However, work done is stored in the form of

potential energy.
Thus the potential energy of the system of two
charges is
5. What is an equipotential
surface?[MQP][A-2018]
A: Equipotential surface is a surface on
which the value of potential is constant at The work done in moving a unit positive
all points on the surface. charge from surface B to A against the
6. Mention two properties of electric field is
equipotential surface [S-2023] This work done equals to potential difference
A: (1) In an equipotential surface the value of
potential is constant at all points on the i.e.
surface. i.e.
(2) In an equipotential surface, electric i.e.
field is always normal to it.
(3) in uniform electric filed, equipotential 10. What is electrostatic shielding?[MQP]
surfaces are parallel to each other. A: The method of protecting a certain region
7. Draw euipotential surface for from the effect of electric field is called
a) A positive charge electro static shielding.
b) An uniform electric field. [S-2022] 11. What are polar and non-polar
molecules? Give example each. [A-2022]
Polar molecules: Molecules in which
centre of positive charge and negative
charge do not coincide are called polar
molecules.
Ex: H2o, NaCl
Non-Polar molecules: Molecules in which
centre of positive charge and negative
charge coincide with each other are called
non-polar molecules.
Ex: CH4, CO2
12. What is a capacitor? [S -2014]
A: capacitor is a device which is used to
store electric charge.
8. What is the nature of equipotential 13. Derive the expression for
surface due to a point charge?[MQP] capacitance of parallel plate capacitor.
A: concentric Spherical surfaces. [P-2014][A -2015] [P-2016][P-2017]
9. Establish the relation between electric
filed and electric potential. [S-2014] [S -
2015][P-2017][A-2017][S-2017] [A-2020]
[S-2020][S-2022]
A: consider two closed equipotential surfaces
A and B separated by a distance .
Let and be the potential on the
surfaces A and B respectively. Where is

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II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
A: Consider a parallel plate capacitor of the capacitor with air or vacuum (or)
consists of two identical parallel metal
plates of the same shape and size separated
17. Write an expression for energy stored
by air or vaccum.
in a capacitor and explain the terms [A-
Let be the area of either plates and
2017] [A-2020]
is the distance between the plates. Let is
A: Consider a parallel plate capacitor of
the charge on each plate then the surface
capacitance ‘C having charge +Q and –Q on
density of charges is the plates with potential difference ‘V
From Gauss’s theorem, the electric field between the plates.
between the charged plates is given by The electrical energy stored in the
capacitors is given by
For uniform electric field, the electric field is or
numerically equal to the potential gradient 18. Obtain an expression for equivalent
or ………………. (2) capacitance of two capacitors in
series.[S-2018][S-2019]
From (1) and (2)
Therefore, the capacitance of the parallel
capacitor is

14. A parallel plate capacitor with air

A: Consider two capacitors of capacities
between the plates has a capacitance C,
and respectively connected in series
what will the capacitance if
across a potential difference. Let ‘Q be the
a) The distance between plates is
charge on the plates of the capacitors. Let
doubled?
and be the potential difference across
b) The space between plates is filled with
the capacitors respectively.
a substance of dielectric constant
By definition
5?[A-2020]
V = V1 + V2 ….……………………… (1)
A: Given capacitance = C and for parallel plate
Since (or)
capacitor
(a) The distance between plates is doubled Then and
dl=2d, then Cl = C/2 Equation (1) becomes
(b) With substance of dielectric constant k V ……………………. (2)
= 5 between plates, the capacitance is
If is the effective capacitance of the
combination, then
15. On what factors the capacitance of a ……………………….. (3)
parallel plate capacitor depends on? [A-
2017][A-2018][A-2022] [A-2023] From (2) and (3)
A: The capacitance of a parallel capacitor
depends on the factors
……………………….. (4)
a) the distance (d) between the plates
b) the area of the plate (A) In general, the effective capacitance of a
c) dielectric medium ( r ) series combination of capacitors is
16. Define dielectric constant of a
medium. [P-2015] [S-2020]
i.e.
A: the dielectric constant of dielectric is
defined as the ratio of capacitance of the 19. Obtain an expression for equivalent
capacitor with dielectric to the capacitance capacitance of two capacitors in
Parallel.[MQP]

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II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
A: along the line joining the two charges where
resultant potential is zero. [A -2015]
5. ABCD is a square of side 2m. Charges
of +5nC, +10nC and -5nC are placed at
corners A, B and C respectively. What is the
work done in transferring a charge of
from D to the point of intersections of the
diagonals? [S -2015][P-2016]
Consider two capacitors of capacities 6. Charges and are placed
and respectively connected in parallel at the corners A, B and C respectively of a
across a potential difference . square ABCD of side x metre. What charge
Let and be the charge on the individual must be placed at the fourth corner so that
capacitors. the total potential at the centre of the
By definition, total charge is given by square is zero. [S-2016] [A-2023]
……………….. (1) 7. When two capacitors are connected in
Since series and connected across 4 kV line. The
Then, and energy stored in the system is 8 J. The
same capacitors are connected in parallel
…………….. (2) across the same line, the energy stored is
If is the effective capacitance of the 36 J, find the individual capacitance of the
combination then we have capacitors. [A -2016]
………………… (3) 8. In a parallel plate capacitor with air
From (2) and (3) between two plates, each plate has an area
……………… (4) of 8x10-3 m2 and the distance between the
In general, the effective capacitance of a plates is 2 mm. calculate the capacitance of
parallel combination of n capacitors is the capacitor. If the capacitor is connected
to a 50 V supply, what is the charge on
i.e. each plate of the capacitor?[Absolute
------------------------------------------------------------ permittivity of free space=8.825x10-12 F/m]
FIVE MARKS NUMERIC PROBLEMS [S -2017]
1. In a parallel plate capacitor with air 9. The plates of a parallel plate capacitor
between two plates, each plate has an area have an area of 100 cm2 each and are
of 6x10-3 m2 and the distance between the separated by 3 mm. The capacitor is
plates is 3 mm. calculate the capacitance of charged by connecting it to a 400 V supply.
the capacitor. If the capacitor is connected (a) Calculate the electrostatic energy stored
to a 10 V supply, what is the charge on in the capacitor. (b) If a dielectric constant
each plate of the capacitor?[Absolute 2.5 is introduced between the plates of the
permittivity of free space=8.825x10-12 F/m] capacitor, then find the electrostatic energy
[A -2014] [S-2020] stored and also change in the energy
2. Two charges 3x10-8 C and -2x10-8 C are stored. [S-2018]
located 15 cm apart. At what points on the 10. A circular parallel plate capacitor
line joining the two charges is the electric radius of each plate is 5 cm and they are
potential is zero? Take the potential at the separated by a distance of 2mm. calculate
infinity to be zero. [S -2014] the capacitance and the energy stored ,
3. A capacitor of capacitance is when it is charged by connecting the
charged by 150 V supply. It is then battery of 200V [ given
disconnected from the supply and [A-2019]
connected to another charged capacitor of 11. ABCD is a square of side 1m. Charges
. Calculate the electrostatic energy of +3nC, -5nC and +3nC are placed at
which is dissipated in the form of heat and corners A, B and C respectively. Calculate
electromagnetic radiation. [P-2015] the work done in transferring a charge of
4. Two point charges +1nC and –4nC are
are 1m apart in air. Find the positions
JAGADISH NARAYAN (NJ)-GPUC, SANTHEMALA, BANNUR-9886205322, 8660434398 9
II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
from D to the point of intersections of 3) What are Ohmic devices? Give one
the diagonals? [S-2019] example. [S-2017]
12. A charge of 8 mC is located at the A: The devices, which obey the ohm’s law,
origin. Calculate the work done in taking a called ohmic devices or linear devices.
small charge of from a point A(3 Ex: conductors, ammeter, galvanometer
cm, 0, 0) to a point B(0,4 cm, 0) via point and resistor
C(3 cm, 4cm, 0).
4) What are Non - Ohmic devices? Give
Given [A-2022]
one example. [MQP]
13. In a parallel plate capacitor the area of
each plat is 6x10-3 m2 and the distance A: The devices, which do not obey the
between the plates is 3 mm. Calculate the ohm’s law, called non - ohmic devices or
capacitance of the capacitor. If the non-linear devices.
capacitor is connected to a 100 V supply, Ex: diode, triode, transistor……... Etc.
what is the charge on each plate of the 5) Define resistance of a conductor. Write
capacitor? its SI unit[MQP]
Given =8.825x10-12 F/m] [S-2022] A: Resistance is defined as the ratio of
potential difference of the ends of the
14. Three capacitors of capacitance
conductor to the current flows through it.
and are connected in parallel
Its SI unit is ohm.
(a) what is the total capacitance of the
6) How does the resistance of the
combination
conductor vary with its length and area
(b) determine the charge on each
of cross section? [P-2016][S-2019]
capacitor if the combination is
A: The resistance of a conductor is directly
connected to 100 V supply. [S-2023]
proportional to the length and inversely
---------------------------------------------------------
proportional to the area of cross section of
CHAPTER 3 the conductor.
CURRENT ELECTRICITY 7) Define electrical resistivity of material of
1) State and explain ohm’s law[A-2017][S- conductor. Write its Si unit[A-2019]
2018][A-2022][S-2022] A: the resistivity of the material of the
A: Statement: Ohm’s law states that, the conductor is equal to the resistance of the
electric current through a conductor is conductor of unit length and unit area of
directly proportional to the potential difference cross section. The SI unit is
between its ends. Provided temperature and 8) Draw the curve to show the variation of
other physical conditions remain constant. resistivity as a function of temperature
Explanation: If is the current flowing in the for copper/nichrome. [S-2020][A-2022]
conductor and is the potential difference
between its end, then
or
Where, R is a constant called
electrical resistance of the conductor.
This is ohm’s law.
2) Give any two/three limitations of Ohm’s
law. [S -2014] [A -2015] [S -2015] [P-2015]
[A-2020] [S-2023] 9) Graphically represent the variation of
1. Ohm’s law holds good only if all resistivity of a semiconductor/silicon
physical conditions remain constant. with absolute temperature. [A-2020][A-
2. Ohm’s law is not applicable for low and 2022]
high temperature.
3. Ohm’s law is not applicable for
semiconductors (diodes, transistors),
thermistor, vacuum tubes, discharge
tubes and electrolytes
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II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
A: Current density is defined as current
10) Define drift velocity of electron. flow per unit area of cross section.
[S -2014][A-2018]  SI unit is Am-2
A: The average velocity with which free 15) Derive equivalent form of Ohm’s law or
electrons get drifted in a conductor under show that [S-2017]
the effect of electric field opposite to the A: Consider a conductor of resistance ,
direction of the electric field. length and area of cross section The
11) What is drift velocity? Derive an resistance of the conductor is given by
expression for drift velocity of free ………………. (1)
electron in a conductor. [A -2016][S-
Where is the resistivity of the material of the
2016][A-2022]
conductor.
A: The average velocity with which free
Let be the potential difference across the
electrons get drifted in a conductor under the
ends of the conductor and be the current
effect of electric field opposite to the direction
through the conductor. Then
of the electric field is called drift velocity.
Consider a conductor of length . If is From equation (1),
the potential difference across the ends of the ……………..(2)
conductor, then the strength of the electric
We know that and , current
field produced in the conductor is
density.
………………….. (1)
Substitute these in equation (2), we get
The acceleration of the electron is
………………….. (2) In vector form, (or)
Where – is the charge and is the mass of ……………..(3)
the electron
Where is called conductivty of the
The drift velocity of the electron in the
opposite direction of the electric field is given material of the conductor.
by where is the relaxation time. This is the equivalent form of the Ohm’s
law.
………………. (3)
16) Define relaxation time and derive the
Or ( ) expression for conductivity of the material
This is the equation of drift velocity. of the conductor (or) Derive ;
12) Write the expression for drift
where the terms have their usual meaning.
velocity in terms of electric current,
[P-2014] [P-2015] [S -2015][S-2018] [A-2020]
explain the terms used. [A-2019]
[A-2023]
Consider a conductor of length and
A: Relaxation time: The average time
uniform area of cross-section . Let be
between two successive collisions of electron
the number of free elctron per unit volume
with positive ions in the conductor is called
of the conductor.
relaxation time.
The current in the conductor is
The drift velocity of the electron in the
conductor in terms of electric current is

13) Define mobility of electron. Mention

its SI unit. [A-2014][A-2017] [S-2017][S-
2022] Consider a conductor of length and
A: Mobility of an electron is defined as the uniform area of cross section . Let be the
magnitude of drift velocity per unit electric number of free electrons per unit volume of
field the conductor.
 SI unit of mobility is m2/Vs
14) Define current density.[mqp]

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II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
The total amount of charge cross the Then
area in the time interval along the
21) Define emf of a cell. Write its SI
direction of the electric field is given by unit.[MQP]
A: The emf of a cell is defined as the
…….….. (1) potential difference between the positive
By definition, or and negative electrodes of the cell, when no
………….……(2) current is drawn from the cell (open
From (1) and (2), we get circuit). Its SI unit is volt.
22) State Kirchhoff’s laws.[P-2017][S-
………………. (3) 2017][A-2018]
Substitute the value of the drift velocity A: (1) Kirchhoff’s first law [Junction rule]:
in the equation (3), we get At any junction the sum of the
currents entering the junction is equal to
the sum of the currents leaving the
……………. (4) junction. i.e. ∑I=0
By definition, the current density is given by (2) Kirchhoff’s second law [loop rule or
mesh rule]:
or ……….……. (5)
The algebraic sum of the emf’s and the
From (4) and (5), change in potential around any closed loop or
mesh in an electrical network is zero. i.e.

In vector form, (or) 23) Derive the condition for balance of

Where, is the electrical conductivity. This is the Wheatstone’s bridge using
equivalent form of Ohm’s law. Kirchhoff’s rules.[S -2014] [A -2016] [A -
Thus the electrical conductivity of the material 2014][S-16][P-2017][A-2017][S-2019][A-
2022][S-2022] [A-2023]
is .
A: Wheatstone bridge consists of four
17) How does the resistance of the resistances , and connected in cyclic
conductor vary with area of cross order in the form of quadrilateral ABCD as
section of the conductor? [P- shown in then figure.
2017]
A: The resistance of the conductor varies
inversely with area of cross section of the
conductor.
18) How does the resistance of the
conductor vary with temperature of the
conductor?
A: resistance increases with increase in
temperature and vice versa
19) Define temperature coefficient of
resistance of a conductor.[mqp]
A: The temperature co-efficient of the material
of the conductor is defined as the ratio of A cell of emf ’ is connected between
increase in resistance per degree centigrade opposite corners and while galvanometer
rise in temperature to its resistance at 0oC. of resistance G is connected between and
20) An electric bulb marked 40 W, 200 V .
is used in a circuit of supply voltage of The galvanometer current , then the
100 V. what will be its power? network is said to be electrically balanced.
A: Given Balanced Condition of Wheatstone’s
Power . network:
It implies that . Using Kirchhoff’s law at the node B and D
………………………… (1)

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II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24

…………… (2) …………….. (3)

Using Kirchhoff’s law to the mesh ABDA If the series combination of the cells is
and BCDB replaced by a single cell of equivalent emf
…………………… (3) and internal resistance . Then, it produces
……………… (4 same current in the circuit
For balance of the network i.e. …… ……………..(4)
Equation (1) and equation (2) becomes From (3) and (4), we get
and and
Equation (3) reduces to For cells in series combination, then
(or)
……………………… (5)

Equation (4) reduces to

(or) 26) Derive an expression for equivalent
(6) emf and equivalent internal resistance of
………………………

Dividing equation (5) by (6) two cells in parallel.[MQP][A-2018][A-

2019]

This is the condition for balance in a

Whetstones’ network.
24) What is the condition for the
balanced state for Wheatstone’s
network? [S -2015]
A: when current through the galvanometer
is zero the network is said to be balanced
(or)
25) Derive an expression for equivalent
Consider two calls of emf and and
emf and equivalent internal resistance
internal resistance and respectively are
of two cells in Series. [S-2020] [S-2023]
connected in parallel.
Let and be the current leaving the positive
electrode of the cells. At Currents and
flows in and where current flows out.
Therefore + .
Let and be the potentials at and
Consider two calls of emf and and respectively. The potential difference across
internal resistance and respectively are the terminals of the first cell is
connected in series as shown in the figure. …….. (1)
Let , and be the Since second cell is connected across and
potentials at points A, B and C respectively , similar to the first cell, then the potential
and I be the current. The potential difference difference across the terminals of the second
between the terminals A and B of the first cell cell is
is …….. (2)
…………….. (1) Hence we get, and
The potential difference between the terminals
B and C of the second cell is
…………………..
(2)
Hence, the potential difference between the
terminals A and C of the series combination of
two cells is Or –

Or –

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 II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24

– ………. (3) connected in parallel so as to send the

current in the same direction through
If the parallel combination is replaced by a
external resistance 10. Find the potential
single cell of equivalent emf and internal
difference across the 10 resistor. [A -
resistance then, …………. (4)
2015][S-2022]
From (3) and (4) we get,
5) Two identical cells either in series or in
…………….(5) parallel combination, gives the same
and …… ……. (6) current of 0.5 A through external resistance
of 4 . Find emf and internal resistance of
Equation (5) and (6) can also be written as
each cell. [S -2015]
and 6) A wire having length 2.0 m, diameter 1.0
For cells in parallel combination m and resistivity 1.963x10-8 m is
and connected in series with a battery of emf 3
V and internal resistance 1 Ω. Calculate
the resistance of the wire and current in
27) What is a potentiometer? Mention its the circuit.[S-2016]
uses. [MQP] 7) 100 mg mass of nichrome metal is drawn
A: Potentiometer is an instrument used (a) to into a wire of area of cross-section
calculate potential difference (b) to compare 0.05 mm2 , calculate the resistance of this
emf’s of two cells and (c) to measure internal wire. Given density of nichrome
resistance of the cell. and resistivity of the material as
------------------------------------------------------------ .[A-2018]
FIVE MARKS NUMERICAL PROBLEMS 8) In the following circuit find the current I. [A-
1) Four arms of the Wheatstone’s bridge have 2022]
the following resistances AB=100 , BC=10
, CD=5 and DA=60 . A galvanometer of
15 is connected between BD. Calculate
the current through the galvanometer when
the potential difference of 10 V is applied
across AC. [MP-2014] [P-2016]
2) In the given circuit, calculate the current
through the galvanometer(Ig)[S-
2020][MQP]

9) The number density of free electron in a

copper conductor is estimated as
8.5x1028/m3. How long does an electron
take to drift from one end to the other end
of a copper wire of length 3.0 m? The area
of cross-section of the wire is 2.0x10-6 m2
and it carry a current of 3.0 A. [MQP]
10) Calculate current density and average
3) A battery of internal resistance 3 is drift speed of conduction electrons in a
connected to 20 and potential difference copper wire of cross-sectional area
across the the resistor is 10 V. if another 1.0x10-7 m2 carrying a current of 1.5A.
resistor of 30 is connected in series with Given: free electron density of copper,
the first resistor and battery is again n=8.5x1028 m3, e= 1.6x10-19 C. [S-2023]
connected to the combination, calculate the
emf and terminal potential difference across ------------------------------------------------------------
the combination. [A -2014]
4) Two cells of emf 2V and 4V and internal
resistance 1 and 2 respectively are

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 II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
CH-4: MOVING CHARGES AND A: circular path
MAGNETISM 7. State and explain Biot Savart’s law. [Pre-
1. What is Lorentz force?[mqp] 2016][P-2017]
A: The force experienced by a moving
charged particle in a region containing both
electric and magnetic field is called Lorentz
force.
2. Mention the expression for force
[Lorentz force] experienced by a charged
particle moving in uniform magnetic
field. Explain terms. When the force does
become maximum and minimum? [MQP]
[Pre-2014] [July-2014][A-2019] [S-2020]
A: According to Biot-Savart law, the magnitude
F of the magnetic field at P due to current
Where q is the charge, v is the velocity element is
and B is the magnetic field and is the 1) Directly proportional to the strength of the
current ( )
angle between and .
2) Directly proportional to the elemental
(a) The force becomes maximum when
length ( )
charge moves perpendicular to magnetic
3) Directly proportional to the Sin of the
field [
angle between current element and line
(b) The force becomes minimum when
joining the point P with the current
charges moves parallel to the direction
element and
of uniform magnetic field [
4) Inversely proportional to the square of the
3. Write an expression for force on a
distance ( )
current carrying conductor in an
uniform magnetic field.[MQP][S-2018] i.e.
A: or .................. (1)
Where is the magnetic field, is the
Where is proportionality constant and
current and is the length of the conductor
permeability of free space
and is the angle between and .
8. Derive an expression for magnetic field
4. When does the force experienced by a
at any point on the axis of circular coil
straight current carrying conductor placed
carrying current [circular loop] using
in a uniform magnetic field become (a)
Bio-Savart’s law [Pre-2014] [Mar-
maximum and (b) minimum? [S-2020]
2014][A-2015][A-2017][A-2018][A-2019]
A: Case (i): If , . The force is zero
[S-2023]
where the conductor is parallel or anti parallel to the
Consider a circular coil of radius ‘
magnetic field.
carrying a current ‘ ’. Let be a point on the
Case (ii): If . i.e. the force is maximum axis of the coil at a distance from the center
when the current carrying conductor is placed ‘ of the coil. Let be a small element of
perpendicular to the magnetic field length

5. What is the magnitude of the magnetic

force on a charged particle moving anti
parallel to a uniform magnetic field? [A-
2022
A: Zero.
6. What is the nature of the path traced
by a charged particle moving
perpendicular to uniform magnetic
field.[MQP]

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II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
By Laplace’s law, the magnetic field at the Expression for Magnetic field due to a
point due to the current element is straight infinite current carrying wire:

Since and are perpendicular, ,

The field ‘ at P can be resolved into

horizontal and vertical components as
along and
along . Where is the angle made by
with the axis of the coil.
Similarly the magnetic field due to the Consider a long wire of infinite length.
current element of length diametrically Let be the radius of the wire and be the
opposite to at the point ‘ is steady current flows through the wire. Let P
The field ‘ at P can be resolved into is a point outside the wire at a distance
horizontal and vertical components as form the wire. Consider a circle with radius
along and as an Amperian loop ( ).
along . The magnetic field at P is along the
The vertical components along and tangent to the circle. Hence is parallel to the
cancels each other and horizontal line element . According to Ampere’s law
components add up.
Hence the net field at due two elements
along
The resultant magnetic field at P due to one
But, , the boundary of the loop is a
circular coil is
circle of radius .

From the figure, and

 i.e.
10. What is the nature of force between
two conductors carrying current in
same direction? [Mar-2014] [July-2014]
A: Repulsive Force.
11. Mention the expression for torque
experienced by a current loop in a
The circumference of the
magnetic field. [Pre-2015]
loop
A: The force on current loop is zero.
The torque acting on the current loop is
. Where m is magnetic diple
moment and B is magnetic field.
9. State ampere’s circuital law. Using it, 12. What is a solenoid? Mention an
derive the expression for magnetic field expression for magnetic field due to a
at a point due to a long current carrying solenoid.[MQP][S-2019]
conductor. [S-2015][S-2014] [A-2015][A- A: A solenoid is a long insulating wire wounded
2018][S-2019] [S-2020] [S-2023] closely and uniformly in the form helix (or)
A: It states that the line integral of the helical coil.
magnetic field around any closed path in The magnetic field produced by the
vacuum is equal to time the current ( ) solenoid is
enclosed by the closed path” Where is the absolute permeability of
i.e. free space, n is the number of turns per

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 II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
unit length and I is the current in the The magnetic field at any point on the
solenoid. conductor due to current through the
13. What is a toroid? Mention an conductor is Perpendicular to
expression for magnetic field at a point
the plane and inward.
inside a toroid. [Mar-2016]
The force on the conductor due to the
A: A toroid is a hollow circular ring on which a
conductor is given by
large number of turns of an insulated wire
……………….. (2)
are closely wounded used to produce
uniform magnetic field. The magnetic field Here
produced by the toroid is The direction of the force is perpendicular to
. and is directed towards the conductor .
Where n is number of turns per unit From (1) and (2) they are equal in magnitude
length and I is the current but opposite in direction. i.e.
14. Derive an expression for force Thus, the current carrying in the same
between two infinitely long current direction attracts each other.
carrying wires and hence define one The force per unit length of the conductor is
ampere. [Pre-2015] [July-2015] [Pre- given by
2016] [Mar-2016] [July-2016][S-2017][S-
2018] [A-2020][S-2022] [A-2023]
A: Ampere showed that the parallel conductors
Consider two long straight parallel conductor carrying current in the same direction attract
and of length carrying current. & each other and in opposite direction repel
respectively separated by a distance ‘ ’ each other by a force equal to per
unit length of the conductors.
DEFINITION OF ONE AMPERE (A):
The force between infinitely long parallel
current carrying conductors is given by,

If = and then
=
"One ampere is that current which on
flowing through two parallel infinitely long
conductors of negligible area of cross section
placed in free space at a distance of one
metre apart each other would produce a force
of length on each other.
The magnetic field at any point on the 15. Write thy expression for force per unit
conductor due to the current through the length between two straight parallel
current carrying conductors of infinite
conductor is
length. Hence define SI unit of current
The direction of the field is perpendicular
“ampere’. [A-2019]
to the plane of the paper and outward as
A. The force per unit length between two
given by right hand clasp rule.
straight parallel current carrying
Since the conductor ‘ in the magnetic field
conductors of infinite length is
produced by the force on the conductor
.
due to the is given by
Where are the current in the
Here conductors and d is the distance between
the parallel conductors and is the
…………. (1)
absolute permeability of the conductors.
The direction of the force is perpendicular to
and is directed towards .

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II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
16. What is the nature of force between Let is the current producing full-scale
two conductors carrying current in deflection in the galvanometer of resistance
same direction? [Mar-2014] [July-2014] and is the potential difference to be
A: Attractive Force. measured.
If the currents are in opposite direction By ohm’s law
the nature of force between the
conductors is repulsive force.
17. Define magnetic moment. Write its SI
unit.[MQP]
A: The magnetic moment of the current 21. With neat diagram explain how to
carrying loop is defined as the product of convert a galvanometer into ammeter.
the current and area of the loop”. [mar-2015] [July-2016][S-2019] [S-2020]
i.e. [A-2023]
Its SI unit id Am2. A: A Galvanometer is converted by connecting
18. How do you convert a galvanometer in low resistances namely shunt parallel with the
to ammeter? Write an expression for galvanometer.
shunt.[P-2017]
A: A galvanometer is converted into
ammeter by connecting a low resistance
called shunt in parallel with the
galvanometer.
Expression for shunt resistance is
.
Where S is shunt, G is galvanometer
resistance, is current for full scale Let ‘ ’ be the current required producing full-
deflection and is main current. scale deflection in the galvanometer of
19. A galvanometer having a coil of resistance ‘ and is the main current to be
resistance 12 gives full scale measured. The remaining current
deflection for a current of 4 mA. How should pass through the shunt resistance .
can it be converted into a voltmeter of Since and are parallel then
range 0 to 24 V? [July-2016] Potential difference across shunt = potential
A: A galvanometer is converted into difference across galvanometer.
voltmeter by connecting a high resistance
‘ in series with the galvanometer.
and
------------------------------------------------------------
20. Explain how to convert a NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
galvanometer into a voltmeter. [Pre- 1. A current of 5A flows through a circular
2015][A-2017][S-2017][S-2022] [S-2023] coil of 500 turns and of radius 5 cm.
A: A galvanometer is converted by calculate the magnetic field (i) at the centre
connecting a high resistance ‘ in series of the coil and (ii) at a point 12cm away
with the galvanometer”. from the centre of the coil along its axis.
[µo=4nx10-7 Hm-1] [mqp]
2. A circular copper coil of mean radius 8.284
m has a 20 turns. If a current of of 2A
passed through the coil, find the
magnitude of the magnetic field at its
centre. Also find the magnetic dipole
moment of the current coil.
Given . [A-2022]
3. A 100 turns closely wound circular coil of
radius 10 cm carries a current of 3.2 A

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 II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
a) What is the magnetic field at the centre a) magnetic field lines starts from north pole
of the coil? and ends at negative pole outside and
b) What is the magnetic moment of this starts from south pole and ends at north
coil? [S-2022] pole inside
4. A square coil of side 10 cm consists of 20 b) The magnetic field lines are continuous
turns and carries a current of 12 A. The closed loops
coil is suspended vertically and the c) The tangent drawn to the field line at a
normal to the plane of the coil makes an given point represents the direction of the
angle of 30º with the direction of a net magnetic field at that point
uniform horizontal magnetic field of d) Two magnetic lines do not intersect with
magnitude 0.80 T. each other
(A) What is the magnetic dipole moment of 3) Write an expression for magnetic field
the coil and on the axis of current carrying
(B) What is the magnitude of torque solenoid. [S-2017][A-2022][mqp]
experienced by the coil? [mqp]
5. A proton moving with a speed of 5.25x106
ms-1 through a uniform magnetic field of
1.2 T and experiences a force of 4.8x10-13
N. Find the angle made by velocity vector
of the proton with the direction of the
field. What is the force experienced by the
proton when it moves perpendicular to
the field direction. [mqp]
6. A horizontal overhead power line carries a
current of 90 A in east to west direction. Consider a solenoid of length having
What is the magnitude and direction of turns per unit length. Let be the radius
the magnetic field due to the current 1.5 of the solenoid. Let P be a point on the axial
m below the line? [mqp] line of the solenoid at a distance from the
7. A pointer Galvanometer has a resistance of centre of the solenoid.
50 Ω and requires a current of 5 mA for The magnetic field at any point on the
full scale deflection. How do you convert it axis of the solenoid is
into (a) an ammeter of range 0-5 A and (b)
Note: This expression is same as the
Voltmeter of range 0-50 V? [mqp]
magnetic field at a point on the axial line of
---------------------------------------------------------------
a bar magnet.
4) State and explain Gauss law in
h-5: MAGNETISM AND MATTER magnetism. [Jul-2016][S-2019]
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Statement: “Gauss law in magnetism
1) Draw the magnetic field lines pattern of sates that the net magnetic flux through
a bar magnet. [A-2014] any closed surface is zero”.
A: Explanation:

Consider a closed surface S. let be a

small area element. The magnetic flux
2) Write any three properties of magnetic through is defined as . Where
field lines [Pre-2015] [July-2015] B is the field at .
The net flux over the surface S is

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 II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24

i.e. magnetic field lines entering a surface

are equal to the field lines leaving the
surface.
5) Write the expression for magnetic
potential energy of a magnetic dipole
kept in a uniform magnetic field and
explain the terms.[A-2018]
A: The expression for potential energy stored
in a magnetic dipole placed in an uniform
magnetic field is .
Where M = magnetic moment of magnetic
dipole, B = uniform magnetic filed and is
the angle between M and B.
6) Define magnetisation of the sample. 10) Distinguish between diamagnetic and
[Mar-2016] ferromagnetic materials. [July-2015][A-
A: The magnetic moment per unit volume of 2019][S-2019]
a substance is called the magnetisation of the A: DIA MAGNETIC FERRO MAGNETIC
substance MATERIALS MATERIALS
7) Define magnetic susceptibility ?[S- Materials are weakly Materials are strongly
2019] magnetised in the magnetised in the
A: The magnetic susceptibility is defined as direction opposite to direction of
the ratio of magnetization (M) to the intensity the direction of magnetizing field
of applied magnetic field (H) magnetising field
Susceptibility is Susceptibility is
It is observed experimentally that the
independent of inversely proportional
magnetisation (M) of the material is directly
temperature to the absolute
proportional to the magnetic intensity (H) of
temperature
the applied magnetic field.
Permeability is positive Permeability is high
i.e. or
and low
They are weakly They are strongly
8) Define the terms repelled by a magnet attracted by a magnet
(i) Magnetisation Susceptibility is low Susceptibility is
(ii) Magnetic intensity and and negative positive and very high
(iii) Magnetic permeability [S-2023] 11) Distinguish between paramagnetic
A: Magnetisation: and ferro magnetic materials [Jul-2016]
The magnetic moment per unit volume PARA MAGNETIC FERRO MAGNETIC
of a substance is called the magnetisation of MATERIALS MATERIALS
the substance Materials are weakly Materials are strongly
Magnetic intensity: magnetised in the magnetised in the
Magnetic intensity is defined as the ratio of direction of direction of magnetizing
magnetising field ( ) to permeability of free magnetizing field field
space ( ). They are weakly They are strongly
Magnetic permeability: attracted by a attracted by a magnet
Magnetic permeability of a substance magnet
is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the Permeability is Permeability is very
magnetic induction (B) to the intensity of positive and low high
magnetising field (H). Susceptibility is low Susceptibility is
and positive positive and very large
9) Draw the field lines due to an external
12) Write any three difference between
magnetic lines near a diamagnetic
diamagnetic and paramagnetic
material and paramagnetic material.

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 II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
materials[Pre-2014][S-2018][A-2015][S- example for it. [July-2014][A-2017][A-
2017] [A-2023] 2022]
DIA MAGNETIC PARA MAGNETIC A: The materials which are strongly
MATERIALS MATERIALS magnetised in the direction of the applied
Materials are weakly Materials are weakly magnetic field are called as ferromagnetic
magnetised in the magnetised in the materials”.
opposite direction of direction of Ex: Iron, Steel, Nickel, Cobalt and alloys like
magnetizing field magnetizing field Alnico [Al+Ni+Co]
They are weakly They are weakly Properties of ferromagnetic materials:
repelled by a magnet attracted by a 1) Ferromagnetic materials get strongly
magnet magnetised when they placed in an
Permeability is positive Permeability is external magnetic field.
and low positive and low 2) In a non-uniform magnetic field they move
Susceptibility is low Susceptibility is low from strong region to weak region.
and negative and positive 3) Relative Permeability is very high
Susceptibility is Susceptibility is 4) Susceptibility is very high and positive
temperature inversely 5) With increase in temperature the
independent proportional to the ferromagnetism decreases
absolute 16) What is magnetic susceptibility? For
temperature which material is it low and positive?
13) Mention three properties of diamagnetic [Mar-2014]
materials. [A-2020] A: The magnetic susceptibility is defined as
Properties of diamagnetic materials: the ratio of magnetization (M) to the
intensity of applied magnetic field (H).
(1) Diamagnetic materials have a tendency to It is positive and low for paramagnetic
move from stronger region to weaker materials.
region when placed in a non uniform It is negative and low for diamagnetic
magnetic field. materials.
(2) Diamagnetic materials are weakly It is positive and high for ferromagnetic
magnetized when placed in a uniform materials
magnetic field 17) What types of materials used in making
(3) Diamagnetic materials weakly repelled by permanent magnets? [Pre-2014][ mqp]
a strong magnet A: Hard ferro magnetic materials.
(4) Relative Permeability is less than i.e. ======================================
CHAPTER-6
(5) susceptibility is low and negative ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION[EMI]
(6) Susceptibility is independent of
temperature 1) What is electromagnetic induction?[MQP]
14) Write any two/three properties of A: The phenomenon in which an emf and
paramagnetic materials. [MQP] hence an electric current is induced in a coil
Properties of paramagnetic materials: due to change in magnetic flux linked with it
(1) Paramagnetic substances are get weakly is called electromagnetic induction (EMI)
magnetised when placed in an external 2) Explain briefly coil and bar magnet
magnetic field. experiment to demonstrate
(2) In the non-uniform field, they move from electromagnetic induction [Mar-2016] [S-
weaker region to stronger region. 2018] [S-2020]
(3) Relative Permeability is slightly greater A: Coil and magnet experiment:
than 1. i.e.
(4) Susceptibility is low and positive.
(5) Susceptibility varies inversely as its
absolute temperature.
15) Write any three/four/five properties of
ferromagnetic materials and give one

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 II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
Similarly, if the
North Pole of the
magnet is drawn
from the coil, the
induced current
in the coil flows
in clockwise
direction. The
end face acts as
Consider a coil connected to a South Pole.
galvanometer G. When North Pole of the Thus, an
magnet introduced suddenly into a coil, the attractive force
pointer of the galvanometer momentarily develops which
deflects. The galvanometer shows opposite opposes the
deflection when the bar magnet is moved motion of the magnet and corresponding
away. This shows that a momentary current decrease in flux.
and hence an instantaneous emf is induced Using Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law, we can
in a coil. write
The same effect is produced if the bar
magnet is stationary and the coil is moved.
However no deflection is observed, neither Negative sign shows that emf opposes the
the coil nor the bar magnet is moved. It change in magnetic flux. In SI unit
shows that, the relative motion between the .
bar magnet and the coil is responsible for This is Lenz law.
the inducing electric current in the coil.
3) State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic 5) Mention significance of Lenz law. [mar-
induction [Pre-2014] [July-2014] [Mar- 2015] [Jul-2016][A-2017] [A-2020][A-2022]
2016][MQP][A-2017][A-2018] A: conservation of energy.
A: I Law: Whenever the magnetic flux 6) What is motional emf? [S-2017][S-2022]
linked with coil changes, an emf induces in A: The emf induced in a straight conductor
the coil and this emf exists as long as when it is moved perpendicular to a uniform
the magnetic flux is changing. magnetic field is called motional emf.
II Law: The magnitude of the induced emf 7) Derive an expression for electromagnetic
in a circuit is equal to the time rate of emf (motional emf) induced in a rod
change of magnetic flux. moving perpendicular to the uniform
i.e magnetic field. [July-2014] [mar-2015]
[Pre-2016] [Jul-2016][MQP][Pre-2017][A-
4) State and explain Lenz’s law. [Mar-
2017] [A-2023]
2014][MQP][S-2018]
A:
A: Statement: Whenever an emf induces,
the polarity of the induced emf tends to
produce a current, which opposes the
change in magnetic flux that produces it
(cause).
Explanation:
When the north pole of a bar magnet
is moved towards the coil, an emf and a
hence a current induce in the coil. The
induced current flows in anti-clock wise
direction. The end face of the coil acts as a
north pole. Thus, a repulsive force develops The emf induced in a straight
which opposes the motion of the magnet and conductor when it is moved
corresponding increase in flux.

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 II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field
is called motional emf. The total flux linkage with the solenoid is
Consider a rectangular conductor
in which the conductor is free to
move. The rod is moved towards the left The self-inductance of the solenoid is
with a constant velocity . The rectangular given by
coil is placed in a uniform magnetic field
which is perpendicular to plane of the paper
If inside of the solenoid of a coil is filled
and into it.
with a material of relative permeability ,
If the length and , then
then
the magnetic flux enclosed by the loop
will be
Thus, the self-inductance of the solenoid
[
depends on the geometry and on the
]
permeability of the medium
Since is changing with time, the rate of
13) Mention any two factors on which the
change of flux will induce an emf.
self inductance of a coil depends. [S-
The magnitude of the induced emf is given
2018][S-2022]
by
A: Self inductance of the coil depends on the
(1) Geometry of the coil
. (2) number of turns of the coil and
Where is the speed of the (3) Permeability of the core material
conductor . 14) How does the self inductance of a coil
This is the expression for motional emf. depends on number of turns in the
8) What is SI unit of Inductance?[MQP] coil.[S-2019]
A: henry(H) The self inductance of a coil is directly
9) Define one henry.[MQP] proportional to the square of number of
A: Inductance of a coil is said to one henry if turns in the coil.
emf induced in the coil is one volt when the Self inductance of a coil is
current in the coil changes at the rate of one 15) Mention any two factors on which the
ampere per second mutual inductance of a pair of solenoids
10) Define back emf.[MQP] depends. [mqp]
A: The self-induced emf in a circuit, which A: mutual inductance of the pair of the solenoids
opposes the change in current in the circuit, depends on the
is called back emf (i)Geometry of the solenoids
11) What is meant by self induction and (ii) number of turns of the solenoids and
mutual induction? [July-2015] [Jul-2016] (iii) Permeability of the core material
Self induction: The phenomenon of 16) Derive an expression for energy
production of an emf in a coil due to a stored in a current carrying coil
change of current in the same coil is called (Inductor or solenoid). [July-2015][MQP]
Self induction. A: Consider an inductor of self-inductance .
Mutual induction: The phenomenon in Let be the current flows through the
which an emf induced in one coil inductor. The emf-induced emf (back emf) in
(secondary) due to variation of current in the inductor is given by .
another coil is called mutual induction.
For the current at an instant in a circuit
12) Derive an expression for self inductance
of a solenoid: [mqp] the rate of work done is
Consider a solenoid of length and If the resistance of the inductor is negligibly
area of cross section having turns per small,
unit length. Let be the current through Or
the solenoid, then the magnetic flux Total amount of work done in establishing
produced by the solenoid is
the current is

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 II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
Where is the maximum (or) peak value
of emf
If ‘ ’ is the resistance of the circuit, then by Ohm’s
This work done to establish the current in law the current flowing through the coil is given by
the inductor is stored as the magnetic
potential energy in the inductor.
Hence the magnetic potential energy in the …………………………………… (3)

inductor is Where is called maximum current or

peak value of current
17) Give the expression for energy stored in
a inductor carry current [A-2014] 21) 0.3 V emf induced when a rod moves
A: The magnetic potential energy in the with certain speed in a magnetic field of
strength 0.5 T. if the strength of the field
inductor is
is doubled and same rod moves with same
Where L is self inductance of the coil and I speed. What is the magnitude of the
be the current in the coil. induced emf? [Pre-2015]
18) What is an AC generator? [MQP] A: The motional emf induced in a coil is
A: AC Generator is a machine, which
converts mechanical energy into electric
energy.
19) Give the working principle of AC
generator.[A-2022]
A: A coil is rotating about its axis which is
perpendicular to the magnetic field induce emf
in it.
20) Derive an expression for instantaneous
induced emf in an A.C. generator.[S-
2019] [A-2020][S-2022] [S-2023] 22) Magnetic flux changes from 8x10-3 to
3x10-3 wb in 0.01 second. What is the emf
induced?[P-2017]

Consider a rectangular coil of turns and area A which 23) The magnetic flux linked with a coil
is rotating in a uniform magnetic field ‘ ’ with uniform varies as . Find the
angular velocity then, the instantaneous magnitude of the emf induced at t=2s. [S-
flux at any instant through the coil is 2017]
Where ‘ is the angle between and area vector and

 ………………… (1)
From Faradays law, the induced emf is given by
24) Current in a coil falls from 2.5 A to 0.0
A in 0.1 second inducing an emf of 200 V.
calculate the value of self inductance. [A-
2015]
A: The magnitude of emf induced in a coil is
Thus the instantaneous value of the emf is
………………… (2)

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 II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
Amplitude: The maximum value of AC is
called amplitude of AC.
Time period: The time taken by AC to
complete one cycle is called is called time
period of AC.
25) Current in a coil falls from 2.5 A to 0.0 A 2) Write the relation connecting rms value
in 0.1 second inducing an emf of 100 V. and Peak value of alternating current?[S-
calculate the value of self inductance. 2017]
[Pre-2016] 3) Emf of AC source is given by the
A: expression V=300sin14 volt. Find its peak
value.[P-14]
A: peak value or maximum value of AC is 300
Volt.
4) How the rms value of ac related to its peak
value?[A-2014]
A:
26) The current in a coil of self inductance 5
5) If rms value of ac is 220 volt what is its
mH changes from 2.5 A to 2.0 A in 0.01
peak value? [P-2015]
second. Calculate the emf induced in s
coil. [Mar-2016] A: or
A: 6) Mention the value of power factors in (a)
pure resistor (b) inductor and (3)
capacitor.[MQP][S-2017]
7) If the peak value of a.c is 4.24 A, what is
its root man square value?

27) The current in a coil of self

inductance 25 mH changes from 0 mA
in 1 ms induces an emf of 10 V. Find
the self inductance of the coil. [A-2022] 8) Show that the current lags behind
the voltage in an ac circuit containing only
28) A conductor of length 3 m moving in a pure inductor. (or) Show that the voltage
uniform magnetic field of strength 100 leads the current by when AC voltage
T. it covers a distance of 70 m in 5 applied to pure inductor[P-2014][P-2015]
second. Its plane of motion makes an [A-2015][A-2022][S2022]
angle of 30o with the direction of A:
magnetic field. Calculate the emf
induced in it. [S-2019]
29) The current in a coil of self
inductance 5 mH changes from zero to
5mA in 0.1 second. Calculate the emf
induced in a coil. [S-2020]
===================================
Consider an inductor of self-inductance “ ”
CHAPTER 7
Connected in series with sinusoidal Ac source.
ALTERNATING CURRENT
At any instant ac voltage is represented
1) What is meant by alternating current?
----------------- (1)
Define its amplitude and time period.[MQP]
At any instant, the induced emf is given by
A: Alternating current is a current which
changes magnitude and reverses its direction ε Where instantaneous current
at regular intervals of time.

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II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
Since the resistance of the circuit is zero ……………….…(2)
drops to zero. The net voltage in the circuit is
The instantaneous current and phase
given by . By Kirchhoff’s, loop law
relationship between the current and applied
ac voltage can be obtained by phasor diagram.
Let …………………….
(3) be the current in the circuit, which is same
through the each element at any time.
Where is the phase difference between the
applied voltage and current in the circuit.

By integrating on both side,

Since

Let , , and represents the

------------ (2)
voltage across the resistor, inductor, capacitor
Where is the peak value of ac current and the source respectively. Then we have
and is called inductive reactance denoted , and .
by . We know that is in phase with current ,
By comparing (1) & (2), the current lags the leads the current by and lags the
voltage by or voltage leads the current by current by Then the equation (2) can be
. written as
9) What is impedance? Obtain an Since and are acting the same line and in
expression for the impedance of the series opposite direction, then the resultant of these
LCR circuit using phasor diagram.[MQP][A- two is
2018][S-2019] From the phasor diagram

Substituting the values of , and , then

The
combined effect of resistance, inductance and Where is the
capacitance is called impedance expression for impedance of the LCR circuit
It is defined as the ratio of effective voltage to “The combined effect of resistance,
the effective current ( ) inductance and capacitance is called
Consider a pure resistance a pure impedance or It is defined as the ratio
inductance and a pure capacitance are of effective voltage to the effective current
connected in series with a AC source. AC ( )”.
voltage is represented by The current in the LCR circuit is
…………………………. (1)
Let be the charge on the capacitor and be
the current at time 10) Derive the expression for resonant
From Kirchhoff’s law, frequency of series circuit containing

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 II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
inductor, capacitor and resistor [S-14][P- A: Transformer is a device which is used to
16][MQP][P-2017] [S-2020] [S-2023] vary alternating cornet.
A: The phenomenon in an LCR series  The principle on which it works is Mutual
circuit, the current becomes maximum and induction.
the impedance is minimum at a particular 16) What is wattless current?
frequency is known as electrical resonance. A: The current through an AC circuit in which
The frequency at which in series LCR power consumption is zero is called
circuit the current become maximum and wattless current.
impedance becomes minimum is called
resonant frequency. 17) What is a transformer? Mention
The current in an LCR circuit is given by two/three source of energy loss in a
transformer[P-2015] [A-2016][A-2017][A-
2018][A-2019][S-2019] [A-2020][A-2022]
When, (or) [A-2023]
is minimum i.e. resonance takes place A: Transformers are devices used to increase
 , or decrease the alternating voltages. It works
Thus is the condition for resonance in on the principle of mutual induction.
a series LCR circuit. a) Energy loss due to flux leakage
 b) Energy loss due to resistance of windings
c) Energy loss due to eddy currents.
d) Energy loss due to hysteresis
or ------------------------------------------------------------
or FIVE MARKS [Numerical] QUESTIONS
1) An AC source of 220 V, 50 Hz is connected
or
to a series combination of Ω resistor,
This is the expression resonant frequency. capacitor and 2 mH inductor respectively.
11) Write the natural frequency of Calculate the current through the
oscillations in an LC circuit.[S-2022] combination. [P-2014]
The expression natural frequency is 2) Calculate the resonant frequency and
quality factor of a series LCR circuit
12) Write the condition for resonance of containing a pure inductor of inductance 3
series LCR circuit. [S-2018] H, capacitor of capacitance 27 and
A: The condition for resonance in a series resistor of resistance 7.4 Ω[A-2014]
LCR circuit is . 3) A pure inductor of 25 H is connected to a
i.e. Inductive reactance = capacitive source of 220 volt 50 Hz. Find the inductive
reactance reactance, rms value of current and peak
13) What is the power factor of ac circuit at value of current in the circuit.[S-2014]
resonance? 4) A sinusoidal voltage of peak value 283 V and
A: At resonance Power factor is one. frequency 50 Hz is applied to a series LCR
i.e circuit in which R=3 Ω , L=25.48 mH and
14) What is the power factor of ac circuit C=786 . Find (i) impedance of the circuit
containing (1) pure resistor, (2) pure (ii) the phase difference between the voltage
inductor and (3) pure capacitor?[MQP] and the current and (iii) the power factor.[A-
a) In pure resistor ac circuit power factor 2015][S-2019] [A-2023]
5) A resistor of resistance 100 Ω , a pure
b) In pure capacitor ac circuit, power factor inductor coil of inductance L=0.5 H and
capacitor in series in a circuit containing an
c) In pure inductor ac circuit power factor ac source of 200 V, 50 Hz. In the circuit
current is ahead of voltage by 30o. find the
15) What is transformer? On which principle value of capacitance[S-2015]
it works?[S-2015][S-2022] 6) An alternating emf of 220 V, 50 Hz is applied
to a circuit having resistance 200 Ω
inductance 4H and capacitance 2 in

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 II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
series. Calculate (a) impedance of the circuit CHAPTER-8
(b) maximum current in the circuit. [P-16] ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
7) Calculate the resonant frequency and 1) What are electromagnetic waves? Write
quality factor of series LCR circuit the expression for the velocities of
containing pure inductor inductance 4H, electromagnetic wave in terms of
capacitor of capacitance 27 and resistor permittivity and permeability of free
of resistance 8.4 Ω.[A-2016] space.[S-2016][A-2019]
8) An inductor and a bulb are connected in A: Electromagnetic waves are the waves in
series to an AC source of 220 v, 50 Hz. A which the electric and magnetic fields
current of 11 A flows in the circuit and phase vary sinusoidally at right angle to
angle between the voltage and current is each other as well as to the direction of
radians. Calculate the impedance and the propagation.
inductance of the circuit. [S-2016] In vacuum, the velocity of electromagnetic
9) An alternating emf of 220 V, 50 Hz is applied wave is .
to a circuit having resistance 200 Ω 2) Write an expression for speed of
inductance 100 mH and capacitance 30 in electromagnetic waves in vacuum and
series. Does the current lead or lag the voltage explain the terms.[S-2017][A-2022]
and by what angle?[A-2017] A: In vacuum, the velocity of
10) A series LCR circuit consists a pure
electromagnetic wave is .
inductor of inductance 5.0H, a capacitor of
capacitance and a resistance 40 . Where Absolute permeability of free
a) Find the resonant frequency of the circuit. space
b) Calculate the quality factor of the circuit And Absolute permittivity of free space.
c) What is the impedance at resonant 3) What is the source of electromagnetic
condition? [A-2020] waves? [P-2017]
11) An AC source of 220 V, 50 Hz is applied to A: Accelerated charge is the source of em
a series LCR circuit in which , wave.
and respectively. Find 4) What is displacement current? Write the
(a) the impedance of the circuit (b) current expression for displacement current.[S-
in the circuit. [S-2020] 15][A-2016][A-2017][S-2020][A-2022][S-
12) A sinusoidal voltage of peak voltage 285 v is 2022] [S-2023] [A-2023]
applied to a series LCR circuit in which A: The current due to the time rate of change
resistor of resistance 5 , pure inductor of of electric field (electric flux) is called
inductance 28.5 mH and capacitor of displacement current.
capacitance 800 F are connected. Displacement current equation is
a) Find the resonant frequency. 5) Name the electromagnetic waves used to
b) Calculate the impedance, current and objects through fog? [P-2014]
power dissipated at the resonance. [S- A: Infrared radiations.
2017] 6) Arrange the descending order of the
13) A resistor of resistance 100 , a pure wavelength of electromagnetic
inductor coil of inductance L=0.2 H and radiations, gamma rays. X-ray, visible
capacitor of capacitance 20 are light [P-2014]
connected in series across an A C source of A: visible light, X-ray, gamma rays.
200 V, 50 Hz. Calculate 7) Give the wavelength range of X-
(a) Impedance of the circuit rays.[MQP] [A-2016]
(b) Current through the coil [S-2023] A: The wavelength range of X-rays 0.001 nm
===================================== to 0.1 nm
8) Give the wavelength range of visible
light.[MQP]
The wavelength range of visible light is 400
nm to 750 nm.

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 II YEAR PHYSICS SUCCESS KEY NOTES – 2023-24
9) Give the wavelength range of IR- 3. Used to produce photoelectric effect
rays.[MQP] 4. Used in radiography
The wavelength range of IR rays is 750 nm 18) Give two uses of x-rays.[MQP][A-2018]
to 1mm. 1. X rays are used to locate the Fractured
10) Which part of the electromagnetic bones
radiation is used in RADAR?[MQP] 2. X-rays are used in the treatment of cancer
A: Micro waves and skin diseases.
11) Who predicted the existence of 3. These rays used to locate foreign bodies
electromagnetic wave?[S-2022] such as bullets, coins, pins etc in human
James clerk Maxwell discovered the body.
electromagnetic waves 4. X-rays are used in radiography.
12) Give two uses of microwaves.[S- 19) Mention two uses of radio waves.[MQP]
2014][A-2017] Radio waves are used in
A: Microwaves are used 1) radio and television transmission.
a) in RADAR system 2) communication systems including
b) in Satellite communication
c) to calculate the speed of the balls,
satellite systems
automobiles 3) Radars
d) Microwave ovens 20) Mention two characteristics of
13) Arrange the following electromagnetic waves. [MQP]
electromagnetic waves in ascending order 1) Therefore the nature of the
of their wavelength: Radio waves, Gamma electromagnetic wave is transverse.
rays. Infrared rays X-ray, [A-2020] 2) At a certain distance from the source, two
A: Gamma rays, X-ray, Infrared rays, Radio fields are in phase.
waves 3) Electromagnetic waves carry energy.
14) Give the wavelength range of 4) In vacuum, the velocity of electromagnetic
electromagnetic spectrum. [S-2020] wave is .
A: The wavelength range of electromagnetic
Where the permeability of is free space
wave is 10-12m to 106 m OR 10-14m to 107 m
and is the permittivity of free space
15) Mention two applications of infrared
5) Speed of em waves in vacuum or air is
radiations.[A-2015] [S-2020]
nearly 3x108 m/s
1. IR suitable for long distance photography
====================================
2. Infrared photography is used to determine
CHAPTER-9
enemy movement during war,
RAY OPTICS AND
3. It stimulates blood circulation.
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
4. TV remote also uses infrared rays to
1) A concave mirror has radius of curvature
control different settings.
0.4 m, calculate its focal length.[P-2015]
5. Infrared radiations from sun are used in
the working of solar energy devices.
16) Mention two applications of UV rays[P- 2) Give the relation between focal length
16] [S-2018][S-2019]
and radius of curvature of a spherical
1. UV rays are used as sterilizers. concave mirror.[A-2022]
2. These are used in fluorescent lamps.
A:
3. UV rays are used in identifying real gems
and artificial gems. 3) Obtain the relation between radius of
4. They are used in the treatment of skin curvature and focal length of a concave
diseases, diseases of the bone and rickets. mirror (or) Derive the relation for a
5. They are used in synthesizing vitamin-D concave mirror .[MCQ][S-2019] [A-2020][M-
in our body. 2023]
17) Give two uses of gamma-rays.[MQP]
1. Used in the treatment of cancer.
2. Used in γ-ray microscope.

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