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    Process

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    Safwan Mahmud
    An Entire detail notes to understand on Preccess

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    Process

    Uploaded by

    Safwan Mahmud
    2 views4 pages
    An Entire detail notes to understand on Preccess

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    An Entire detail notes to understand on Preccess

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    2 views4 pages

    Process

    Uploaded by

    Safwan Mahmud
    An Entire detail notes to understand on Preccess

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    The Haber Process

    EXTENDED

     Ammonia is manufactured using The Haber process which occurs in


    five stages:
     Stage 1: H2 and N2 are obtained from natural gas and the air
    respectively and are pumped into the compressor through pipe
     Stage 2: The gases are compressed to about 200 atmospheres inside
    the compressor
     Stage 3: The pressurised gases are pumped into a tank containing
    layers of catalytic iron beds at a temperature of 450 °C. Some of the
    hydrogen and nitrogen react to form ammonia:

    N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ⇌ 2NH3 (g)

     Stage 4: Unreacted H2 and N2 and the product ammonia pass into a


    cooling tank. The ammonia is liquefied and removed to pressurised
    storage vessels
     Stage 5: The unreacted H2 and N2 gases are recycled back into the
    system and start over again
    The production of ammonia by the Haber process
    The Contact Process
    EXTENDED

     Sulfuric acid is synthesised by the Contact process


     Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in car batteries,
    making fertilisers, soaps and detergents
     The first stage is the production of sulfur dioxide, either by burning
    sulfur to oxidise the sulfur (equation shown below), or roasting sulfide
    ores

    S + O2 → SO2

     The main stage in the Contact process is the oxidation of sulfur


    dioxide to sulfur trioxide using a vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5, catalyst:

    2SO2 + O2 2SO3

     The oxygen used in this stage is obtained from air


     The conditions for this main stage of production are:
    o A temperature of 450 ºC
    o A pressure of 2 atm (200 kPa)
     Once sulfur trioxide is formed, it undergoes more processes to produce
    sulfuric acid

    Exam Tip
    You need to recall the temperature, pressure and catalyst needed for the
    Contact process and the equation for the main stage only.

    Explaining the Conditions in the Contact Process


     Similar to the Haber process, the pressure and temperature used need
    to be considered
     The equation for the main stage of the Contact process is:

    2SO2 + O2 2SO3

    Temperature: 450ºC

     The forward reaction is exothermic, so increasing the temperature


    shifts the position of equilibrium to the left in the direction of
    the reactants
     Therefore the higher the temperature, the lower the yield of sulfur
    trioxide
     The optimum temperature is a compromise between a higher rate of
    reaction at a higher temperature and a lower equilibrium yield at a
    higher temperature

    Pressure: 2 atm

     An increase in pressure shifts the position of equilibrium to the right in


    the direction of a smaller number of gaseous molecules
     However the position of equilibrium lies far to the right (the equilibrium
    mixture contains about 96% sulfur trioxide)
     So the reaction is carried out at just above atmospheric pressure
    because:

    o High pressures can be dangerous and very expensive equipment


    is needed
    o A higher pressure causes the sulfur dioxide to liquefy

    Exam Tip
    Remember: These conditions are a compromise between yield, rate,
    safety and cost.

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