Ciclo Hidrológico

HYDROLOGICAL
CYCLE
MARYZOL PIÑON ESQUIVEL
WHAT IS IT?
The hydrological cycle or water cycle is the process of water

circulation between the di erent compartments of the hydrosphere. It
is a biogeochemical cycle in which there is an intervention of
chemical reactions, and water moves from one place to another or
changes its physical state.
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HYDROSPHERE
Hydrosphere to the system of

water deposits and circulations
that exist on the solid surface of
the planet, and which includes
oceans, seas, lakes, rivers,
groundwater, ice and snow.
Water covers approximately two-thirds of the Earth's surface, for a
total of more or less 1,400 trillion liters.
In its gaseous form it is completely renewed about 34 times a year,

while it completely leaves the atmosphere in 10 days. On the other
hand, ocean water takes about 3,700 years to completely renew
itself.
OCEANS OF THE EARTH
Oceans that we know today are:
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian,

Antarctic and Arctic
Marine waters are salty and

represent 97.5% of the planet's
waters. They are distributed in
seas and oceans. Continental
waters, mostly fresh, account for
only 2.5% of the planet's waters.
They are present in rivers, lakes,
glaciers and underground
aquifers.
The water in the hydrosphere comes from the degassing of the
mantle, where it has a signi cant presence, due to the processes of
volcanism. A part of the water can be reincorporated into the mantle
with the oceanic sediments of which it is a part when these
accompany the subducting lithosphere.
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Most of the mass of water is found in liquid form, especially in
the oceans and seas and to a lesser extent in the form of
groundwater or surface water, for example in rivers and streams.
The second compartment, due to its importance, is that of water

accumulated as ice, especially in the Antarctic and Greenland
ice caps, with a small participation of mountain glaciers, especially
in high and middle latitudes, and ice oe.
Finally, a smaller fraction is present in the atmosphere as vapor or,

in a gaseous state, as clouds. This atmospheric fraction is,
however, very important for the exchange between compartments
and for the horizontal circulation of water, so that a permanent
supply is ensured to the regions of the continental surface far from
the main reservoirs.
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How does it start?
The hydrological cycle begins with the evaporation of water from
the ocean surface. As it rises, the humidi ed air cools and the vapor
transforms into water: this is condensation. The droplets come
together and form a cloud. Then, they fall under their own weight: it
is precipitation. If the atmosphere is very cold, water falls as snow or
hail. If it is warmer, raindrops will fall.
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A part of the water that reaches the earth's surface will be used by
living beings; another will drain through the terrain until it reaches a
river, a lake or the ocean. This phenomenon is known as runo .
Another percentage of the water will percolate through the soil,

forming aquifers or layers of groundwater, known as water tables.
This process is in ltration.
Sooner or later, all this water will return to the atmosphere again,
mainly due to evaporation.
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Evaporation: Water evaporates on the ocean surface,
on the earth's surface and also by organisms, in the
phenomenon of transpiration in plants and sweating in
animals. Living beings, especially plants, contribute
10% to the water that enters the atmosphere. In
the same chapter we can locate the sublimation,
quantitatively very unimportant, that occurs on the
frozen surface of glaciers or ice packs.
Condensation: Water in the form of vapor rises and

condenses, forming clouds, made up of water in small
droplets.
Precipitation: It occurs when the water droplets that

form the clouds cool, accelerating condensation and
uniting the water droplets to form larger drops that
end up precipitating to the Earth's surface due to their
greater weight. Precipitation can be solid (snow or
hail) or liquid (rain).
In ltration: It occurs when the water that reaches the soil penetrates
through its pores and becomes underground. The proportion of
water that in ltrates and that which circulates on the surface (runo )
depends on the permeability of the substrate, the slope and the
vegetation cover. Part of the in ltrated water returns to the
atmosphere by evaporation or, even more so, by the transpiration
of plants, which extract it with more or less extensive and deep
roots. Another part is incorporated into aquifers, levels that contain
stagnant or circulating water. Part of the groundwater reaches the
surface where the aquifers, due to topographic circumstances,
intersect (that is, cut) the surface of the land.
Runo : This term refers to the various means by

which liquid water slides downhill across the land
surface. In non-exceptionally dry climates, including
most so-called desert climates, runo is the main
geological agent of erosion and sediment transport.
Underground circulation: It occurs in favor of gravity,

like surface runo , of which it can be considered a
version. It comes in two modalities:
First, that which occurs in the vadose zone Second,
what occurs in aquifers in the form of interstitial water
that lls the pores of a permeable rock,
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Melting: This change of state occurs when the snow
becomes liquid when it thaws.
Solidi cation: By decreasing the temperature inside a cloud below 0

°C, the water vapor or the water itself freezes, precipitating in the form
of snow or hail, the main di erence between the two concepts being
that in the case Snow is a solidi cation of cloud water that generally
occurs at low altitude.
In the case of hail, it is the rapid rise of the water droplets that form a
cloud that gives rise to the formation of ice, which forms the hail and
increases in size with this rise.
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IMPORTANT FACTS
The planet always has the same amount of water that is transformed
and displaced
Only 3% of the total water in the Earth is potable
Facts that alter the water cycle are: global warming, indiscriminate
felling of forests, soil erosion, water extraction and urbanization.
These practices alter the normal hydrological cycle and bring
consequences such as oods and droughts.
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Water distribution
In liquid state. 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by liquid water,

of which 97% is salt water that forms the oceans. Only 3% is fresh
water found in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and aquifers.
In solid state. A fraction of the water on Earth is in a solid state, that

is, accumulated as ice. Glaciers and polar caps, located mainly in
Greenland, on top of mountains, in Antarctica and in the Arctic Sea,
occupy 10% of the planet's surface and represent 69% of available
fresh water.
Homework
• Do a poster to raise awareness of water use
in school and at home.
• Draw a map of the oceans, lakes and rivers

of Mexico. (FOR OCTOBER 24)

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HYDROLOGICAL

The hydrological cycle or water cycle is the process of water

Hydrosphere to the system of

In its gaseous form it is completely renewed about 34 times a year,

Pacific, Atlantic, Indian,

Marine waters are salty and

The second compartment, due to its importance, is that of water

Finally, a smaller fraction is present in the atmosphere as vapor or,

Another percentage of the water will percolate through the soil,

Condensation: Water in the form of vapor rises and

Precipitation: It occurs when the water droplets that

Runo : This term refers to the various means by

Underground circulation: It occurs in favor of gravity,

Solidi cation: By decreasing the temperature inside a cloud below 0

Only 3% of the total water in the Earth is potable

In liquid state. 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by liquid water,

In solid state. A fraction of the water on Earth is in a solid state, that

• Draw a map of the oceans, lakes and rivers

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