DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN
HYDROLOGY AND
HYDRAULIC
Presented by: Philip James F. Rosal
One of the most important design aspects of
any land development project is managing
the flow of water across, and sometimes
under,
the site. To do this, engineers use the
sciences of hydrology and hydraulics. But
what’s the difference?
 HYDROLOGY
is defined as the science that is concerned with all the
aspects of water available on Earth. It deals with the
study of the occurrence of water, its distribution, its
properties, and circulation of water on Earth and
other Planets including water resources, water cycle,
and watershed sustainability.
 HYDRAULIC
is a mechanical function that operates
through
the force of liquid pressure. In
hydraulics-based
systems, mechanical movement is produced
by
contained, pumped liquid, typically
through
hydraulic cylinders moving pistons
 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
1. Precipitation- is any type of water that forms in the Earth’s atmosphere and then
drops onto the surface of the Earth.
2. Condensation- The process by which the water change to liquid.
3. Evaporation- Water that comes from thee river,seas,etc. transfer into a gas or
water vapor.
4. Runoff- Flow of water that is not absorbed into the soil. The overflow from
the surface to the bodies of water like river.
5. Transpiration- Is thee process by which plants and animals including human
gives off water vapor through pores and evaporate it.
6. Interception- When rain falls on the earth’s surface, some of it strikes
vegetation, buildings, and other objects.This rain is said to be
intercepted.
7. Infiltration- Rain falls into the ground infiltrates from the surface up to the root
zone.
8. Percolation- From root zone, water will move d own till reach to the aquifer.
9. Ground water- is beneath most places on the land surface.This water is contain
in the voids within the underlying geologic materials and the
water-bearing formation are called aquifers.
WATERSHED:
is an area of land that channels rainfall,
snowmelt, and runoff into a common
body of water.

METEOROLOGY:
is a branch of meteorology and hydrology that
the transfer of water and energy between the studies
land
surface and the lower atmosphere for academic
research, commercial gain or operational forecasting
purposes.

HUMIDITY:
is the amount of water vapor in the
air.
THANK
YOU
HYDROLOGICAL
CYCLE AND
HUMAN IMPACTS
Mariel Banuno
IMPORTANCE OF HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE IN HUMANS
HUMAN IMPACTS IN
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
DIRECT IMPACT
HYDROELECTRICITY
 MAGAT DAM IN IFUGAO

ANGAT DAM IN BULACAN

DEFORESTATION
IRRIGATION
INDIRECT IMPACT
CLIMATE CHANGE
WATER CYCLE

Reporter: Lucius Gabriel Tirol

 WATER CYCLE
complex system
characterized by the
continuous movement of
water through various
phases and reservoirs,
including the atmosphere,
land surface, and subsurface.
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
combined process of evaporation
from land and water surfaces and
transpiration from plants.
ROLE IN THE CYCLE
is crucial for returning water vapor to
the atmosphere. It occurs when solar
energy heats water bodies and soil,
causing it to evaporate, while plants
absorb water through their roots and
release it into the atmosphere.
PRECIPITATION

encompasses all forms of

water (rain, snow, sleet,
hail) that fall from the
atmosphere to the Earth’s
surface.
ROLE IN THE CYCLE

It is a primary input of
water into the hydrologic
cycle, replenishing
surface water and
groundwater.
INFILTRATION

process by which water

on the ground surface
enters the soil.
 ROLE IN
THE CYCLE
It is essential for
recharging
groundwater and
providing moisture for
plants.
 RUN-OFF
the movement of water
over the land surface
towards rivers, lakes, and
oceans.
ROLE IN THE CYCLE

a key pathway for transporting

water from terrestrial to aquatic
environments, influencing water
quality and availability.
GROUNDWATER
is the water
stored
beneath the
Earth’s surface
in aquifers.
ROLE IN THE CYCLE
It serves as a significant
reservoir for freshwater
and can influence
surface water bodies
through base flow.
Rain

Watershed
SABIO, KYLENE
KATE

Percolation

Aquifer
 01 02
Watershed Importance of
Components Watersheds
Rain
Tributaries

03 04
Management
Human Impact and
Conservation
What is a Divide

Watershed?
Estuary
01
Watershed
Components
Land, Water Bodies, Soil,
Vegetation, and Wildlife
Components

Land Water Bodies Soil

area where water rivers, lakes, streams, and types of soil that
collects and drains into a ponds that are part of the influence water
common outlet. watershed. absorption affecting how
water moves through the
watershed.

Vegetation Wildlife
Plant life present in the contributes to the
watershed, including balance of ecosystems,
trees, and aquatic plants, and maintain food webs.
playing a key role in the
water cycle.
 02
Importance
Precipitation

of a
Soil watershed
Importance
Water Supply and Quality
Watershed collect and store water for drinking, irrigation,
and other uses. They naturally filter pollutants, improving
water quality before it reaches lakes and rivers.

Flood Control and Ecosystem Health

Watersheds help manage water flow, reducing the risk of
flooding during heavy rains. They support diverse plants and
animals, providing essential habitats that contribute to
biodiversity.
 03
Human Spring

Impact on
Watershed Confluence
Human Activities

Urbanization and
Deforestation Climate Change
Pollution
Human activities
Development of cities Clearing forests for
contribute to
increases impervious agriculture, logging,
surfaces like roads and climate change,
or urban
buildings, which which affects
development
reduces natural water precipitation
removes vegetation
absorption and patterns,
that stabilizes soil
introduce pollutants temperature, and
into watersheds. and regulates water
water availability.
flow.
04 Tributary

Watershed
Management
and
Conservation Percolation
Management and Conservation

Wetland Restoration Reforestation

Rehabilitate wetlands to enhance their Plant native trees and vegetation in
capacity to filter pollutants and store deforested or degraded areas to restore
water. natural ecosystems.

Pollution Prevention
Program Community Involvement
Minimize the release of harmful Engage local communities in conservation
substances into water bodies, soil, and initiatives, such as clean-up events and
air to protect ecosystems and public educational programs.
health.
 CONCLUSION
Snow

Watersheds are interconnected systems

that support both environmental health and
Spring human needs.

watersheds are interconnected

Groundwater

systems that support both

environmental health and human
needs.
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING!!
Fundamentals of
Weather and
Meteorology
Introduction to meteorology
and the role of atmospheric
waters.
Meteorology- is the scientific
study of the atmosphere, is a
fundamental aspect of our daily
lives, directly affecting the
weather we experience.
As a beginner in meteorology, grasping the basics of
atmospheric phenomena is crucial for understanding how
weather formations occur and evolve. Whether it’s identifying
cloud types, interpreting weather maps, or deciphering
climate variables, meteorology allows for a greater
appreciation and understanding of Earth’s dynamic weather
systems.
The weather patterns that you observe, from clear blue skies
to stormy nights, are all governed by meteorological
principles. By learning about different weather systems and
how they interact, you can start to predict weather conditions
and comprehend the various meteorological tools used in
forecasting. Furthermore, a foundational knowledge of
meteorology can help you assess the wider impacts of
weather on the environment, society, and even economies.
 Atmospheric
Composition and
Structure
Your understanding of meteorology begins with grasping the
layers of the atmosphere, which include the troposphere,
stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.
Each layer has its unique characteristics and role in weather
formation. The troposphere, where weather happens,
contains about 75% of the atmosphere’s mass and extends
around 6 to 12 miles above the Earth’s surface. As you
ascend through these layers, air pressure and composition
vary greatly, influencing conditions like temperature and
wind.
Weather Elements
and Their
Interactions
In meteorology, elements such as temperature, humidity, air
masses, wind, and atmospheric pressure are vital in
understanding weather patterns and predicting storms and
fronts.

A front is the boundary between two air masses that can

trigger significant changes in the weather, including the
development of thunderstorms or the clearing of skies.
• Temperature: A measure of the heat energy in the
atmosphere, affected by incoming solar radiation,
reflection, and absorption by the Earth’s surface.
• Humidity: Represents the amount of water vapor in the
air, influencing precipitation and cloud formation.
• Air Masses: Large bodies of air with uniform
temperature and humidity that interact to create fronts,
leading to various weather phenomena.
• Wind: Air in motion relative to the Earth’s surface,
resulting from air pressure differences.
• Atmospheric Pressure: Weight of the air overhead, it’s
lower at high altitudes and higher at sea level.
Understanding Air
Masses and Fronts
Air masses are large bodies of air with uniform temperature
and humidity characteristics, they create fronts, which are
boundaries that separate different air masses.
• Cold fronts occur when a colder air mass pushes into a
warmer one, possibly causing thunderstorms or clear
skies after its passage.
• Warm fronts are defined by a warm air mass overtaking
a cold one, often bringing gradual weather changes like
steady rain or cloudiness.
 • Stationary fronts happen when air masses are not
strong enough to replace each other, leading to
prolonged periods of varied weather.
• Occluded fronts form when a cold front overtakes a
warm front, which can lead to complex weather
patterns.

These fronts are the driving force behind many weather

changes, including the development of systems like
hurricanes, tornadoes, and thunderstorms.
SIBULAN, KRIZA JADE HOME ABOUT CONTENT OTHERS

LAYERS OF

EARTH’S
ATMOSPHERE
KNOW MORE
WARDIERE, INC. HOME ABOUT CONTENT OTHERS

COMPOSITION OF
THE ATMOSPHERE
The atmosphere is a spheroidal envelope of
gas and vapor surrounding the Earth, retained
by gravity. Its composition and physical
properties vary with altitude, consisting of five
major layers.
WARDIERE, INC. HOME ABOUT CONTENT OTHERS

THE TROPOSPHERE
Lowest part of the atmosphere, extends up to 5 miles (8 km)
at the poles and 10 miles (16 km) at the equator. This is where
weather phenomena (clouds, rain, snow) occur.
• Temperature: Decreases with altitude.
Stability Factors:
• Surface heating: Daytime heating causes instability.
• Humidity: Moist air is less dense, contributing to instability.
• Topography: Influences localized stability.
• Inversions: Cold air trapped under warm air creates stable
conditions.
 WARDIERE, INC. HOME ABOUT CONTENT OTHERS

THE STRATOSPHERE
Extends from the tropopause to 50 km. Contains the
ozone layer that absorbs UV radiation.
• Temperature: Increases with altitude.
Stability Factors:
• Temperature profile: Increasing temperature with
height creates a stable atmosphere.
• Jet streams: Affect lower stratosphere stability
and weather patterns.
 MESO
Extends from 50 km to 85 km,
where most meteorites burn
up.
• Temperature: Decreases
with altitude, reaching -90°
C at the mesopause.

SPHER
Stability Factors:
⚬ Cooling with altitude:
Promotes instability.
⚬ Gravity waves: Transfer
energy and create
localized instability.
 THE THERMOSPHERE
Extends from 85 km to 500 km, where temperature increases due to
absorption of UV and X-ray radiation.
• Temperature: Can reach up to 2,500°C.
Stability Factors:
• Solar activity: Influences stability during periods of high solar radiation.
• Low density: Creates a generally stable environment with minimal
vertical motion.
THE EXOSPHERE
The outermost layer, extending from 500 km
to 10,000 km, where particles rarely collide
and some escape into space.
1. Stability Factors:
• Low density: Creates a stable
environment with little vertical motion.
• Escape velocity: Allows particles to drift
into space.
FACTORS INFLUENCING
STABILITY ACROSS
ALL LAYERS
• Temperature gradients: Stability is influenced by
how temperature changes with altitude.
• Radiation: Absorption of solar energy (UV,
X-rays) affects stability.
• Water vapor: Increases instability, especially in
the troposphere.
• Ozone concentration: Creates stability in the
stratosphere.
• Solar cycles: Affect stability in the thermosphere
and exosphere.
Introduction to Cloud Physics:
NUCLEATION, GROWTH AND
DISTRIBUTION
Objectives
To explain the process of nucleation in cloud formation, focusing on
the role of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and the difference between
homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation.

To describe the mechanisms of cloud growth, including condensation,

collision and coalescence, and the role of ice crystals in the Bergeron
process.

To analyze the factors influencing cloud distribution, highlighting

the impact of atmospheric conditions and the formation of different
cloud types at various altitudes.
Cloud Physics
is the study of the physical processes
that lead to the formation, growth and
precipitation of atmospheric clouds.
What is Cloud?
A cloud is a mass of water
drops or ice crystals
suspended in the
atmosphere.
Two Types of Nucleation
(How Clouds Begin)

Nucleation
Nucleation is the process
where tiny water droplets
or ice crystals first start
forming in the air.
Two Types of Nucleation
Work
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Experience
Nucleation Nucleation
Two Types of Nucleation

Homogeneous Nucleation
occurs where no such contaminants
are present, and is much less
commonly seen. This physical
reaction is the basis for a variety of
manufacturing processes and
interesting natural phenomena
Two Types of Nucleation
(How Clouds Grow)

Growth
After nucleation, the tiny
water droplets or ice
crystals need to grow to
form visible clouds.
 Homogeneous Nucleation

occurs where no such contaminants

are present, and is much less
commonly seen. This physical
reaction is the basis for a variety of
manufacturing processes and
interesting natural phenomena
Two
Heterogeneous Nucleation
Types of nucleation happens in
cases where there are
Nucleati pre-existing nuclei
present, such as tiny dust
on particles suspended in a
liquid or gas.
Growth Happens in two ways:
(How Clouds Grow)
Growth
After nucleation, the tiny
water droplets or ice
crystals need to grow to
form visible clouds.
Growth Happens in two
ways:
Work
Collision
Condensation
Experience
and
Coalescenc
e
Nucleation
Condensati
Water vapor keeps
∙

on
condensing onto the
existing droplets, making
them bigger.
Nucleation
Collision and
Tiny droplets bump into each
Coalescence
other and merge, forming
larger droplets. Eventually, they
become heavy enough to fall as
rain.
For ice crystals, growth can also happen

through:
Work

Experience
Bergeron
Deposition
Process
Nucleation

Deposition
∙ Water vapor directly turns into
ice on the surface of ice
crystals.
Nucleation
Work Experience
Bergeron
Ice crystals grow by attracting
Process
water vapor from surrounding
droplets, which shrink as the
ice grows.
Nucleation
 (How Clouds Spread out)

Distribution
Cloud distribution
refers to how clouds
are spread out in the
sky.
 Distribution depends on factors

like:
Work

Experience
Atmospheri Types of
c Condition Clouds
Nucleation

Atmospheric
Wind, temperature, and
∙

Condition
pressure determine where
clouds form and how they
move.
Nucleation
Work of
Types Experience
Clouds
∙ Some clouds are fluffy and
scattered (like cumulus clouds),
while others cover large areas (like
stratus clouds).
Clouds can form at different altitudes, creating various cloud types like:

Low-level Clouds
Stratus Clouds Cumulus Clouds

are low-level clouds are clouds which have flat

characterized by horizontal bases and are often
layering with a uniform base, described as "puffy",
as opposed to convective or
"cotton- like" or "fluffy'" in
cumuliform clouds that are
appearance.
formed by rising thermals.
Stratus Clouds Cumulus Clouds
Clouds can form at different altitudes, creating various cloud types like:

Mid-level Clouds
Altostratus Clouds

Gray or bluish cloud sheets or

layers of striated or fibrous
clouds that totally or partially
covers the sky.
Clouds can form at different altitudes, creating various cloud types like:

High-level CloudsCirrus Clouds

Detached clouds in the form of

white, delicate filaments,
mostly white patches or
narrow bands. They may have
a fibrous (hair-like) and/or silky
sheen appearance
THANK
YOU!
"Solar Angle of Incidence on Earth"
 TEMPERATURE
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION, TIME VARIATION, AND MEASUREMENT
WHAT IS
TEMPERATURE?
is the measurement in degrees of how hot
(or cold) a thing (or a place) is. The
distribution of temperature varies both
horizontally and vertically.
HEAT OR
TEMPERATURE?
• Temperature represents the average kinetic energy of the
atoms in a substance.

it also indicates the relative degree of

heat of a substance.

• Heat (energy) is the total kinetic energy of all the atoms in a

substance. The more atoms present, the greater the heat.

the energy that makes things or objects hot,

while temperature measures the intensity of
heat.
FACTORS AFFECTING
THE TEMPERATURE
DISTRIBUTION
• The latitude of the place;
• The altitude of the place;
• Distance from the sea, the air-mass circulation;
• The presence of warm and cold ocean currents;
• Local aspects.
GLOBAL
TEMPERATURE
DISTRIBUTION
 HORIZONTAL
TEMPERATURE
DISTRIBUTION
• The distribution of temperature across the latitudes over the
surface of the earth is called its horizontal distribution.
• On maps, the horizontal distribution of temperature is commonly
shown by “Isotherms”, lines connecting points that have equal
temperatures.
THE HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION
OF TEMPERATURE OVER THE
GLOBE CAN BE STUDIED EASILY
FROM THE MAPS OF THE
JANUARY AND JULY MONTHS
SINCE THE SEASONAL EXTREMES
OF HIGH AND LOW TEMPERATURE
ARE MOST OBVIOUS IN BOTH
NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN
HEMISPHERES DURING THESE
MONTHS.
JANUARY
JULY
• Normally, temperature decreases with an

VERTICAL
increase in elevation. It is called the normal lapse
rate.

TEMPERATURE
• The average rate of temperature decrease
upward in the troposphere is about 6 °C per km,
extending to the tropopause.
• This is also termed as vertical temperature DISTRIBUTION
gradient.
• The normal lapse rate is not always the same, but
it differs depending upon height, season, latitude
or other numerous local factors.
THANK YOU!
HUMlDlTY
 Humidity refers to the
concentration of water vapor
present in the air. It influences
how warm or cool the air feels,
as high humidity can make
temperatures feel hotter, while
low humidity can make them feel
cooler.
FORMATION OF HUMIDITY
Humidity is formed when water
evaporates from bodies of water,
soil, and plants into the
atmosphere.
In tropical regions like the
Philippines, the warm
temperatures increase
evaporation, raising humidity
levels.
FORMS OF HUMIDITY IN
THE PHILIPPINE SETTING
HIGH HUMIDITY
Common due to the warm
climate and proximity to large
bodies of water, especially
during the wet season.
LOW HUMlDlTY
Occurs during the cooler dry
season, especially in areas less
exposed to sea winds.
TYPES OF HUMIDITY
Absolute Humidity - The total water
vapor in a given volume of air.
Relative Humidity - The percentage of
moisture in the air compared to the
maximum it can hold at a given
temperature. Specific Humidity - The ratio
of water vapor to the total mass of air.
ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED HUMIDITY
Humidity can be artificially
controlled indoors using
humidifiers, which release
moisture into the air, or
dehumidifiers, which reduce
moisture levels, creating
more comfortable
environments in homes and
buildings.
MEASUREMENT OF
PRECIPITATION
presented by: Cody Luiz Mijares
Precipitation occurs when water falls back
to earth. This can happen in the form of rain,
hail, sleet and snow.

PRECIPITATION
 RAIN GAUGE
Collects and measures the amount of
liquid precipitation over a specific
period. It typically consists of a
cylindrical container that collects
rainwater, and the amount is measured
based on the depth of water collected.

2 TYPES:
• NON-RECORDING
• RECORDING

NON-RECORDING
RAIN GAUGE

RECORDING
 SET-UP FOR RAIN GAUGE

1. 2. 3. 4.

LOCATION DISTANCE MOUNTING SECURE

Choose an open Keep the gauge at Install the gauge Make sure it is
area away from least twice the about 30 cm (12 stable and won’t
trees, buildings, or distance away inches) above the tip over in strong
obstructions that from the height of ground to avoid winds or heavy
could block nearby obstacles splash or debris rain.
precipitation contamination.
GROUND-BASED
WEATHER RADAR
Ground-based weather radar is a
system that uses radio waves to
detect and monitor precipitation, such
as rain, snow, and hail. It works by
emitting radio waves that bounce off
precipitation particles and return to
the radar.
 EARTH-OBSERVING SATELLITES
These satellites provide a wide
range of information, including
weather patterns, environmental
changes, land use, and natural
disasters. They can capture images
and data across various
electromagnetic spectra, allowing
scientists to study atmospheric
conditions, sea temperatures,
vegetation health, and even
pollution levels.
Precepitation
Data
Analysis
Andres, Jhon Jefferson
ESTIMATING
THE MISSING
DATA AND
ADJUSTMENT
OF RECORDS
For frequency analysis of rainfall
data, a sufficiently long record is
required. It may be so happened
that a particular rain-gauge is
not operative for part of the
month or so (since it is broken or
for some other reason), when it
becomes necessary to
supplement the missing record
by one of the following methods:
1. STATION YEAR METHOD
In this method, the records of two or more
stations are combined into one long record
provided station records are independent and the
areas in which the stations are located are
climatologically the same. The missing record at a
station in a particular year may be found by the
ratio of averages or by graphical comparison.
Example: In a certain year the total rainfall of station A is 75 cm and for the neighboring station B, there is no
record. But if the record at A and B are 70 cm and 80 cm, respectively, the missing year’s rainfall at B (say, PB)
can be found by simple proportion as:
 2. NORMAL RATIO METHOD
In this method, simply ratio and
proportion process and get the
average
Example: Rain-gauge station D was inoperative for part of a month during which a storm occurred. The
storm rainfall recorded in the three surrounding stations A, B and C were 8.5, 6.7 and 9.0 cm, respectively.
If the record for the stations are 75, 84, 70 and 90 cm, respectively, Estimate the storm rainfall at station D.
3. DOUBLE MASS ANALYSIS
 Example: The annual rainfall at station X and the average annual rainfall at 18
surrounding stations are given below. Check the consistency of the record at station X
and determine the year in which a change in regime has occurred. State how you are
going to adjust the records for the change in regime. Determine the record for the
period 1952-1970 for the changed regime.
 MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION
It is the rainfall at a single station. For small areas less than 50
km2, point rainfall may be taken as the average depth over
the area. In large areas, there will be a network of rain-gauge
stations. As the rainfall over a large area is not uniform, the
average depth of rainfall over the area is determined by one
of the following three methods:
1. ARITHMETIC MEAN METHOD
It is obtained by simply averaging arithmetically the amounts
of rainfall at the individual rain-gauge stations in the area
2. THIESSEN POLYGON METHOD
This method attempts to allow for non-uniform distribution of
gauges by providing a weighting factor for each gauge
3. ISOHYETAL METHOD
the point rainfalls are plotted on a suitable base map and the
lines of equal rainfall (isohyets) are drawn giving consideration
to orographic effects and storm morphology. This method if
analyzed properly gives the best results.
 DEPTH-AREA-DURATION ANALYSIS

Rainfall rarely occurs uniformly over a large area; variations in

intensity and total depth of fall occur from the center to the
peripheries of storms. The average depths of rainfall are
plotted against the areas up to the encompassing isohyets. If
there are adequate self-recording stations, the incremental
isohyetal maps can be prepared for the selected (or
standard) durations of storms
 Steps in Drawing DAD curves
1. Determine the day of greatest average rainfall, consecutive two days of greatest
average rainfall, and like that, up to consecutive five days. 2. Plot a map of
maximum 1-day rainfall and construct isohyets; similarly prepare isohyetal maps
for each of 2, 3, 4 and 5-day rainfall separately.
3. The isohyetal map, say, for maximum 1-day rainfall, is divided into zones to
represent the principal storm (rainfall) centers.
4. Starting with the storm center in each zone, the area enclosed by each isohyet
is planimetered.
 Steps in Drawing DAD curves
5. The area between the two isohyets multiplied by the average of the two
isohyetal values gives the incremental volume of rainfall.
6. The incremental volume added with the previous accumulated volume gives
the total volume of rainfall.
7. The total volume of rainfall divided by the total area up to the encompassing
isohyet gives the average depth of rainfall over that area.
8. The computations are made for each zone and the zonal values are then
combined for areas enclosed by the common (or extending) isohyets.
9. The highest average depths for various areas are plotted and a smooth curve is
drawn. This is DAD curve for maximum 1-day rainfall.
10. Similarly, DAD curves for other standard durations (of maximum 2, 3, 4 day etc. or 6,
12, 18, 24 hours etc.) of rainfall are prepared
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF RAINFALL
HYETOGRAPH
---A hyetograph is a bar graph showing the intensity of rainfall with respect to
time and is useful in determining the maximum intensities of rainfall during a
particular storm as is required in land drainage and design of culverts.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF RAINFALL
MASS CURVE
---A mass curve of rainfall (or precipitation) is a plot of cumulative depth of
rainfall against time. From the mass curve, the total depth of rainfall and intensity
of rainfall at any instant of time can be found
Thank you
very much!