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    Rivers

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    rihanna.chicot
    The document discusses rivers and the hydrological cycle. It begins by describing the hydrological cycle as the continuous movement of water on, below, and above the Earth's surface, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and other processes. It then defines a river as a relatively large body of water that flows in a channel and drains excess water from the land. Key river terms are also explained, such as the source, mouth, tributaries, confluence, drainage basin, and watershed. The document goes on to describe the water table and its three zones: non-saturation, intermittent saturation, and permanent saturation.

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    Rivers

    Uploaded by

    rihanna.chicot
    7 views16 pages
    The document discusses rivers and the hydrological cycle. It begins by describing the hydrological cycle as the continuous movement of water on, below, and above the Earth's surface, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and other processes. It then defines a river as a relatively large body of water that flows in a channel and drains excess water from the land. Key river terms are also explained, such as the source, mouth, tributaries, confluence, drainage basin, and watershed. The document goes on to describe the water table and its three zones: non-saturation, intermittent saturation, and permanent saturation.

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    The document discusses rivers and the hydrological cycle. It begins by describing the hydrological cycle as the continuous movement of water on, below, and above the Earth's surface, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and other processes. It then defines a river as a relatively large body of water that flows in a channel and drains excess water from the land. Key river terms are also explained, such as the source, mouth, tributaries, confluence, drainage basin, and watershed. The document goes on to describe the water table and its three zones: non-saturation, intermittent saturation, and permanent saturation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    7 views16 pages

    Rivers

    Uploaded by

    rihanna.chicot
    The document discusses rivers and the hydrological cycle. It begins by describing the hydrological cycle as the continuous movement of water on, below, and above the Earth's surface, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and other processes. It then defines a river as a relatively large body of water that flows in a channel and drains excess water from the land. Key river terms are also explained, such as the source, mouth, tributaries, confluence, drainage basin, and watershed. The document goes on to describe the water table and its three zones: non-saturation, intermittent saturation, and permanent saturation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    RIVERS

    Describe the hydrological cycle.

    What is a river?

    Describe drainage patterns.

    OBJECTIVES
    Describe river processes.

    Explain the formation of river landforms.


    The Earth's
    Water stores

    About 71% of the earth's surface is covered with water and


    approximately 97.3 % of that water is found in our oceans
    and seas. Around 3% is fresh water. Most (2.1%) of this
    freshwater is locked in glaciers and ice caps. 0.6% is located
    underground . Only about 0.01 % of the Earth’s water is
    found in rivers and lakes. 0.001% -is held in the atmosphere
    as clouds and water vapour. Water circulates between the sea,
    atmosphere and land through the water/ hydrological cycle.
    In permeable rocks the upper level of the
    zone of saturation is known as the water
    table. Below the water table the rock is
    saturated with water.
    The position of the water table rises and falls

    The Water Table with the relief of the land.


    Its position also varies seasonally, according
    to the amount of precipitation received. After
    a period of heavy rainfall the water table will
    lie near the surface, but at the end of a long
    dry spell , it will be found at greater depth.
    Water Stores cont'd
    An aquifer is an underground layer of permeable
    rock, sediment, or soil that contains and transmits
    groundwater. Groundwater is the water present
    beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in
    the fractures of rock formations. Aquifers can be
    replenished by precipitation, and the water they
    contain can be extracted using a water well or it
    may flow to the surface from a spring .
    The
    Hydrological
    Cycle

    The water cycle is the continuous movement of water


    on, above, and below the surface of the Earth . It describes
    the process by which water evaporates from the surface of
    the Earth, rises into the atmosphere, cools and condenses
    into clouds, and falls back to the surface as precipitation .
    The water cycle comprises several processes such
    as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, transpiration,
    run-off, infiltration, through-flow, percolation and ground
    water flow.
    The Water
    Table cont'd The position of the water table determines the depth to which wells must be
    sunk in order to get water. In places where the water table comes to the
    surface of the ground, springs, lakes and swamps may develop
    The Water Table
    Going downward from the ground surface, three successive zones exist in the Water Table :
    The Zone of Non-Saturation : This is the area nearest the surface. This is the zone through which water passes as
    it makes its way downwards. The soil or rock there is never saturated. This zone provides the water used by plants
    growing in the soil.
    The Zone of Intermittent Saturation : This zone stretches from the highest level reached by the ground water
    after a period of extended rainfall, to the level where the water table can be found after a drought. It is the zone that
    is sometimes saturated with water but at other times it is not.
    The Zone of Permanent Saturation : This zone begins at the level below which the rock is permanently saturated
    and extends down to the impermeable layer. The Upper limit of this zone is known as the permanent water table.
    The Water Table
    Activity 1. Draw a well labelled diagram depicting the hydrological
    cycle including the processes described.
    2. State 4 reasons why water is important.
    Evaporation: The sun's heat causes water to evaporate from oceans, lakes, rivers, and other
    bodies of water.
    Transpiration : The process by which water evaporates from plants into the atmosphere.

    Processes in Condensation: As water vapor rises into the atmosphere, it cools and forms tiny droplets that
    create clouds .

    the Water Precipitation: When clouds become saturated with moisture, they release rain, snow, sleet, or
    hail .
    Cycle Infiltration: water that falls on land soaks into the soil.
    Interception: The process by which precipitation is caught by vegetation (trees, plants grasses).
    Runoff/ overland flow : Precipitation that does not infiltrate into the soil flows over land and
    collects in rivers, lakes, and oceans .
    through-flow – soil water flows downslope, roughly parallel to the surface.
    percolation – The process by which water flows through the soil to a greater depth below the
    surface.
    Ground water flow – the movement of ground water.
    What is a river ?
    A river is a relatively large body of water which flows in a channel and through which excess water is
    drained away from the land.
    River Terms
    The place where a river begins is called its source. A river’s source may be a spring, a lake, or even a
    glacier. The place where a river ends is called its mouth. A river may end its journey in a sea, an ocean
    or a lake.
    A river which flows into another river is known as a tributary. The place where a tributary joins a larger
    river is called a confluence. A main river and all its tributaries is called a drainage system. All the land
    drained by a river and its tributaries is known as a drainage basin. The high land which separates one
    drainage basin from another is called a watershed or divide.
    River Terms
    RIVER
    TERMINOLOG
    Y

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