LATTICE: A study of Passively design built environment

DISSERTATION
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

By
SHIKHA BHARDWAJ
Enrollment No: 2019003574

Coordinated By:
PROF. ANJALI VERMA & CHARU JAIN

Guided By:
PROF. BHUPESH GARG
(Asst. Professor)

SHARDA SCHOOL OF DESIGN, ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING

SHARDA UNIVERSITY
GREATER NOIDA – 201301
NOVEMBER,2023
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work, which is being presented in the dissertation, entitled

‘PERFORATED SCREEN in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the

Degree of BACHELORS OF ARCHITECTURE submitted in the School of Architecture

& Planning, Sharda University is an authentic record of my own work carried out during

the period from July 2023 to Nov 2023 under the supervision of BHUPESH GARG in

capitals and highlighted in bold

The matter embodied in this thesis report has not been submitted by me for the award of

any other degree.

Place: Sharda University

Dated: NOVEMBER 8

SHIKHA BHARDWAJ
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have received a great deal of support and guidance in the writing of this dissertation.

I would like to thank my dissertation mentor, Ar. Bhupesh Garg, whose knowledge was
valuable in developing research objective and methodology. Your positive encouragement
pushed me to refine my perspective and to introduce my research to a maximum standard. I
would like to thank you for your patient support and for all the resources I have been given
further to my research.

I am highly grateful to Prof. Anjali Verma and Prof. Charu Jain for their constant guidance
and inspiration.

Further on I want to thank my dearest parents and dear friends Nirali, Himanshi and Akansha for
their constant support and companionship while I was writing this dissertation.
 INDEX

Page

CHAPTER 1. SYNOPSIS 1-4

1.1 Abstract 1
1.2 Introduction 2
1.3 Aim 3
1.4 Objectives 3
1.5 Need of the Study 3
1.6 Scope 3
1.7 Hypothesis 3
1.8 Questionnaire 3
1.9 Parameters 3
1.10 Methodology 4

CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE 5-30

2.1 Historic and Cultural significance

2.1.1 Historical Background 5-7
2.1.2 Origin of Jali 8-10
2.1.3 Evolution of Jaali 10-11
2.1.4 Cultural Aspects 11-12
2.1.5 Selection of forms in jaali 12-14
2.1.6 Different Jaali in different Regions 15
2.2 Material and Patterns

2.2.1 Different types of Material 16-17

2.2.2 Different Patterns of jaali 18-19
2.2.3 Process of making Jaali 20-21

2.3 Climatic aspects of Jaali

2.3.1 Climatological Significance of Jaali 22-23
2.3.2 Jaali in different Regions 24-25
2.3.3 Thermal Comfort 26-27
2.3.4 Thermal Comfort in different regions 28-29
2.3.5 Silhouting (Play of Light) 29-30

CHAPTER 3. CASE STUDIES 31-49

3.1 Jaipur Hawa Mahal 32-35

3.1.1 Parameters 36-37
 3.1.2 Justification 37
3.2 Tomb of Salim Chisti 38-41
3.2.1 Parameters 42
3.2.2 Justification 42
4 Analysis chart for Hawa mahal/ Fatehpur Sikri
4.1 Conclusion 43-45

4.2 72 Screens Jaipur by Sanjay Puri Architects. 46-47

4.2.1 Parameters 48

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION 49

References 52
1. SYNOPSIS
1.1 ABSTRACT
Traditional design has become popular for its straightforward answers to severe climatic and
environmental issues. As we accept new materials and methods, the quest of thermal and
optical comfort has gotten increasingly difficult. Traditionally, jaalis have been used in
buildings to give thermal comfort, seclusion, shade, and to control daylighting and air
penetration. Despite the growing interest in incorporating these vernacular tactics into modern
structures, few studies have examined the relationship between different screen geometries,
perforation percentages, shape, and materials, as well as their effects on indoor environmental
quality from both aesthetic and thermal perspectives. Case studies from India's hot dry
temperature and warm humid environment are used to conduct a comparative evaluation of the
Jaali's performance. This research discusses the combined influence of daylighting and air
penetration on the thermal performance of a structure in terms of perforation % and size. This
study provides a complete grasp of the Jaali characteristics, which are an important aspect in a
building's thermal comfort, and serves as a starting point for further research into pattern
designs in terms of daylighting and air penetration. The findings motivate architects and
engineers to create a framework for maximizing the use of Jaali perforations in line with the
building design.

Keywords:
• Jaali Screen;• Geometric Patterns;• Islamic Architecture;• Ornamentation; •
Typology;

1
1.2 INTRODUCTION

• Although jaali (from the Sanskrit words "Jala" and "Jalaka") has been mentioned in ancient
Indian architectural writings, the Mughals are responsible for its growth and development,
giving it its amazing grandeur and stature. Jaali is an example of Indian stone art from the
16th and 17th centuries. It is a fundamental component in Mughal design.
• On the borders of platforms, causeways, and terraces of Mughal structures, redsandstone
and white marble jaalis were invariably employed.
• Jaalis are also exquisitely used to cover window and door holes for effect and purdah (veil).
They allow in unrestricted air while reducing sunlight's intensity and glare.
• Jaalis are utilized as effective ventilators in lavatories, on drains, and in private interior
spaces. The Mughals transformed it from a simple architectural element into a piece ofart.

Fig- 1 Jaali in Jaipur Fort Fig- 2

Source-https://www.alamy.com/stock-
photo/india-rajasthan-amber-fort-
Traditional jaali screens arejali.html?sortBy=relevant
window coverings seen in Middle Eastern and South Asian
architecture. In the past, screen coverings have been effective at giving building occupants
shade and seclusion in hot, dry conditions. Jaali screens or other screens have started to be used
as ornamental façade components in modern building designs due to interest in traditional
architectural aspects.
This study assesses the aesthetic, climatic, historical, and vernacular features of the jaalis that
the Mughals brought to India. This dissertation will also include a few real-world case studies
to demonstrate how openings (Jaalis) have improved a building's light and ventilation as well
as its cultural, artistic, and historic significance. Jaalis are known for their exquisite
craftsmanship and the use of various materials, including stone, wood, and more recently, metal
or concrete. They are a significant part of architectural heritage in many regions and continue
to be used in contemporary architecture, blending tradition with modern design principles.
Jaalis are valued for their ability to provide shade and ventilation while maintaining privacy.
Their intricate patterns allow air and light to filter through, creating a play of light and shadow
in interior spaces. This is particularly important in regions with hot climates, where jaalis help
cool and illuminate buildings naturally.
These intricately crafted screens have a rich history dating back centuries and are known for
their aesthetic beauty and practical utility.

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1.3 Aim:
The aim of this study is to understand importance of Jaali (in Indian context)
comprehensive understanding of jaalis and their relevance in both traditional and modern
architecture.

1.4 OBJECTIVES :
1. To study the Origin of Jaali.
2. To understand Historical and Cultural significance of Jaali.
3. To analyze the different climatic factors that affect the design and making of Jaali.
4. To identify different pattern and material that affect the design of Jaali.
5. To demonstrate the application of Jaali.

1.5 NEED OF THE STUDY:

People today are forgetting traditional architecture, they tend to go incline more towards
the new techniques, this dissertation is a research on how a traditional and simple jali can
make a huge difference in a building and how majorly it enhances the beauty of the built
form.

1.6 SCOPE:
This dissertation will focus on exploring the historical origins, cultural contexts ,
applications and typologies of Jaali. Research includes study of different regions jaali
according to Climate.

1.7 HYPOTHESIS:
Focus on exploring how Jaali pattern can be seamlessly incorporated into contemporary
architectural designs while considering aspects like visualappeal, preservation of cultural
heritage . Demonstrate typologies and application of Jaali according to spaces and
climate.

1.8 QUESTIONNAIRE:
1. What is Jaali and its importance?
2. Why jaali is effective as an Passive Design Technique?
3. Analyse whether Jaali is effective?

1.9 PARAMETERS:
1. Perforation Size
2. Difference in Temperature
3. Wind speed
4. Orientation
5. Material
6. Pattern
7. Lighting levels.

3
1.10 METHODOLOGY
1

4
2. LITERATURE STUDY:

2.1 HISTORIC AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE:

Jaalis have a rich and multifaceted historic and cultural significance, serving both functional
and aesthetic purposes in architecture while embodying the skills and traditions of the regions
in which they are prevalent. They are a testament to the enduring influence of traditional
craftsmanship and cultural symbolism in the built environment.
• Jaali, also known as "jali" or "jaal," refers to a perforated screen or latticed window
typically made of stone, wood, or metal. These intricate designs have significant historic
and cultural importance in various regions, including South Asia and the Middle East. Here
are some aspects of their significance:
• Architectural Function: Jaalis were primarily used in architecture to serve functional
purposes. They allowed for ventilation and natural light to enter buildings while providing
privacy and protection from the elements. They are commonly found in the design of
windows, screens, and walls.
• Aesthetic Beauty: Jaalis are known for their intricate and artistic patterns. The designs can
range from geometric shapes and floral motifs to abstract patterns. These screens add a
decorative element to buildings and spaces, enhancing their aesthetic appeal.
• Cultural Symbolism: Jaalis often incorporate cultural and religious symbolism. In Islamic
architecture, for example, you can find geometric patterns and calligraphy in the designs,
reflecting the Islamic artistic tradition. In Hindu architecture, jaalis are often used in
temples and palaces, featuring motifs related to Hindu mythology and culture.

2.1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Jaali as perforated screens for permitting light and ventilation in buildings have been used
extensively in India. History has seen tremendous change in the way lattice screens have been
conceived across the globe. The study examines and explores the design of Jaalis over time
and its varying attributes according to the geography, religion and a multitude of factors to its
modern interpretations and adaptations by contemporary architects through literature reviews
and case studies, in the design of sustainable buildings, in India. One of the principal
outcomes of the research is to help architects in designing better buildings with the
traditional element of jaali
1. Ancient Origins: The use of perforated screens in architecture has ancient origins. In India,
for instance, the use of stone lattice screens can be traced back to the Mauryan and Gupta
periods (circa 3rd century BCE to 6th century CE). These early examples were often made
from stone and employed simple geometric patterns.
2. Islamic Influence: The more intricate and ornate use of jaalis in architectural design became
prominent with the spread of Islamic architecture in South Asia, particularly during the Mughal
period (16th to 18th centuries). The Mughals introduced and popularized jaalis as an essential
element of their architectural style.
3. Mughal Jaalis: Mughal architecture is renowned for its use of jaalis, with the Taj Mahal
being a famous example. The intricate marble screens at the Taj Mahal, known as jali-lattices,
are masterpieces of craftsmanship and design. They serve both aesthetic and functional
purposes.
4.Contemporary Use: Jaali designs continue to be relevant in modern architecture and interior
design. They are adapted to contemporary needs while maintaining a connection with tradition.
Contemporary architects and designers often incorporate jaali patterns into their work, using
a variety of materials, including wood, metal, and even glass.

5
 Fig- 3(a) Fig-3 (b)

Jaali found in the present context

(a) Perforated blocks
(b) Brick jaali, Kerala
Source- www.flicker.com
Intricate, perforated screens or lattice work are frequently utilized in architectural architecture
and ornamental art throughout many civilizations, notably in South Asia and the Middle East,
and are referred to as "jaali" (also written "Jali" or "Jalli"). Jaali art is distinguished by its
intricate patterns of perforations or gaps that create ornamental and frequently geometric or
floral shapes while allowing light and air to pass through.

The key features and significance of jaali architecture are as follows:

Artistic Beauty: Jaali screens are celebrated for their intricate patterns and geometric designs.
The interplay of light and shadow created by the perforated motifs adds a touch of ethereal
beauty to the architecture.

Natural Ventilation: One of the primary functions of jaalis is to facilitate natural ventilation.
The intricate patterns allow air to flow freely through the building, providinga cooling effect,
particularly in hot climates. This passive cooling system has been employed for centuries
before modern mechanical ventilation systems were available.

Privacy and Sunlight Filtering: Jaalis strike a fine balance between providing privacy and
maintaining openness. They create a sense of seclusion and privacy while allowing afiltered
view of the outside world.

Cultural Significance: Jaali architecture holds cultural and religious significance, especially
in Islamic and Indo-Islamic contexts. It is often incorporated into mosques and mausoleums,
where it not only showcases the architectural brilliance but also carries spiritual symbolism.

6
Regional Variations: Different regions have developed their unique styles of jaali
architecture, reflecting the local cultural influences and craftsmanship. Notable examples
include the Mughal jalis of India, the latticed windows in Moroccan architecture, and the
filigree stonework in Middle Eastern structures.

Fig -4 Decorative terracotta clay jaali

Source: https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail/decorative-terracotta-clay-jaali-23256234873.html

Contemporary Adaptations: While jaali architecture remains an integral part of historical

monuments, modern architects have been inspired by its design principles and have
incorporated jaali-like features into contemporary structures. Innovative materials and digital
fabrication techniques have expanded the possibilities of jaali design in contemporary
architecture.

Fig-5 Delhi architect uses jaali and physics to cut heat by 70%

Source: https://www.designyatra.com/delhi-architect-uses-jaali-physics-to-build-hostel-cuts-heat-radiation-by-70/

7
2.1.2 ORIGIN OF JAALI

General introduction to jaali around the world. The word "jaali" refers to a net or fine web.
It is a decorative perforated screen that may be seen in Islamic, Indo-Islamic, and Indian
architecture. It functions as an eggcrate, a tiny size combination of a horizontal and vertical
shade mechanism. Although it appears to be two dimensional, the thickness and the connected
balusters create several little devices that are comparable to a substantial overhang or a vertical
fin.
Ancient constructions were built to withstand the elements and provide thermal comfort
indoors without the need of mechanical equipment. The Jaali is such a passive technique. The
Mediterranean region, where the windows were separated into smaller sections, contains the
earliest examples of this. With latticework, the span of the lintels was decreased and security
was provided. (Shah 2009)
Mashrabiyas are a jaalis variant found in Egypt, Oman, and other places. The Arabic word's
meaning is "drinking establishment." It was used to chill drinking water that was stored in clay
pots in the earliest stages. Winds would blow over the porous surface after passing through the
shaded lattice screen, evaporatively cooling the water inside. Later, mattresses were added
inside mahsrabiyas so the tenant could unwind and maintain their sense of seclusion. However,
they were normally made of wood, as opposed to the jaali.
Without using nails or glue, the artisans would carefully join the pieces so that the wood could
vnaturally expand and contract in response to the extreme temperatures. Kmn m

Fig- 6 Jaali at Ladh khan

Source- https://ijseas.com/volume2/v2i2/ijseas20160211.pdf

In palaces and private homes throughout Nepal, wooden jaali windows may be found with
ornate religious carvings of mythological figures on the sill, lintel, and jambs.The jaali was
installed in a masonry wall with many frames acting as an architrave.
The jaali has many more uses than a typical window opening, including lattice, honeycomb
walling, punctured stone and timber screens and walls. India's minds have created the jaali
from the dawn of recorded art to filter the glare and harsh sunshine into pleasant, breeze-filled
spaces. This technology is really an Indian invention because India has utilized it the most of
any other nation. 30 However, the usage of the jaali by current' modernist' architects leads one
to believe that its appropriateness, rather than its novelty, drives utilization
8
The jaali's function as a climatic control factor is crucial for creating a comfortable and cost-
effective living environment, but its location should be determined by the dwelling's space
attributes rather than its appearance or history. However, an excessive usage of these elements
results in wasted geometry and erroneous architectural intentions.

From Ancient Times

Inspiration from the Mughal architecture – Jali with geometric design
• Jaali screens advanced in sophistication and ornamentation under the Mughal Empire in
India (16th–18th century).
• Intricate marble jaali screens with floral and geometric designs are a feature of The Taj
Mahal, one of the most recognizable examples of Mughal architecture.
Jali architecture showcasing traditional Mashrabiya woodwork
• Jaali screens have been an integral part of Indian architecture for centuries. They are
prominently featured in ancient Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain temples, as well as Mughal and
Rajput palaces and forts.
• In ancient Indian temples, jaali screens were often used to adorn windows, balconies, and
entrances, allowing for the play of light and shadow.

Fig -7 Jali duringMughal Period Fig-8 Traditional Mashrabiya wooden

Source : https://sites.psu.edu/perforatedscreendesigner/history-of-jalis-in-indian-architecture/
In the Present Time
Jali as a Divider
• Jali in modern times is used as a divider too. It can be installed as partition in any of the
common areas at home to distinguish between the zones.
• Jaali is used in interior design to separate rooms into different areas, make
artisticroom dividers, or improve the attractiveness of existing spaces.
• It is used for wall panels, railings, and stairs in residential and commercial buildings to
provide a sense of class
Jali as a Building Walls
• Jali could make a wonderful design as building walls .Jaali screens are integrated into
modern buildings as decorative features, privacy screens, and shading devices.
• They are often used for exterior façades, windows, balconies, and gates to create a visually
appealing and functional design. Contemporary jaali screens are used to provide privacy in
homes, offices, and public spaces while allowing light and air to flow through.
• In modern architecture, jaali is often used as an alternative to traditional curtains or blinds.
9
 Fig -9 Jali in interioras divider Fig -10 Jali as facade
Source- https://ijseas.com/volume2/v2i2/ijseas20160211.pdf Source- https://gosmartbricks.com/jali-an-important-
element-in-indian-architecture/
Despite the regrettable widespread abandonment of traditional, medieval architecture, the
tradition of jaali continues to be an important architectural feature from an environmental
standpoint. For proponents of sustainable design, the usage of jaali and its cooling ability makes
it an environmentally friendly choice. Of course, changes have been made in the present to
satisfy contemporary sensibilities.

2.1.3 EVOLUTION OF JAALI

The absence of window apertures in Harappan building is observed while tracing jaalis in
Indian architecture. The stone apertures at Ajanta Chaitya resembled modern Byzantine
openings in that they had a lattice-like structure.
(Shah 2009) The Lach Khan Temple, a structure that had a significant impact on the future
construction of Hindu temples, has the oldest instances. (2002) Stierlin The stone panels' highly
degraded arrangement of straightforward square holes and relief sculptures illuminates the
cramped, dark interiors. During the Mughal era, jaali gained enormous popularity and was used
for a variety of purposes, including outside walls, windows, railings, and ventilators. As a result
of European art's influence, they developed to include flowers and plants, as seen at
Shahjahanabad's Red Fort.
"The Mughal response to European art was not slavish imitation but creative reinvention."
Rajput design had an effect on Punjabi woodworking. Delicate pinjara work was used to carve
little human figurines, vegetation, and animated characters. While Muslim carvers from
Chiniot carved beautiful jaali work in the Rajput manner, Hindu carvers from Pahari did the
same .The logo of India's top university, IIM-A, is another one of Jaali's most notable examples.
Ahmedabad's Sidi Saiyyid mosque's back Wall. Jaali is an illustration of how regional art
traditions affected provincial architecture. A feminine quality may be seen in the fine sculpting.
The view travels across the intertwined branches that cover the whole surfaceand provide it
structural support before resting on the palm.
Mud, stone, wood, brick, metal, and more recently cement have all been used to make jali.
Although complicated patterns like stars or honeycomb, blossoming arabesques, and floral
shapes are enhanced by the dance of shadows in the environment. Using current air-
conditioning techniques, the 16th-century poetry in stone known as jali.

10
 honeycomb, blossoming arabesques, and floral shapes are enhanced
by the dance of shadows in the environment. Using current air-
conditioning techniques, the 16th-century poetry in stone known as
jali .

Fig- 11 beauty of jaali architecture. Source: https://artisanandfox.com/blogs/blog/designnotes-jali

Ancient Roots: The use of perforated screens and decorative lattice work in architecture can
be traced back to ancient civilizations in various regions. For instance, the Egyptians, Greeks,
and Persians incorporated elements resembling latticed screens into their architectural designs.
The concept of using screens for both functional and aesthetic purposes has ancient origins.
Islamic Architecture: The most significant and distinctive development of jaali is associated
with Islamic architecture, particularly in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. Islamic
architecture embraced and expanded upon the concept of decorative screens. Islamic art and
architecture are known for their intricate geometric and floral patterns, which are integral to
the jaali tradition. These patterns are often rich in symbolism and reflect Islamic culture and
aesthetics.
Mughal Influence: The Mughal Empire, which ruled over much of the Indian subcontinent
from the early 16th to the mid-19th century, played a pivotal role in the evolution and
popularization of jaali. Mughal emperors like Akbar, Shah Jahan, and Jahangir promoted and
refined the use of jaalis in their architectural projects. The Mughals integrated jaali screens into
various structures, including palaces, forts, and mausoleums. The Taj Mahal, one of the most
famous examples of Mughal architecture, features exquisite jaali work in white marble.

2.1.4 CULTURAL ASPECTS

Men and women must be kept apart in the eastern countries; this practice can be attributed to
Islam's influence. Purdah, which formed an element of women's etiquette in India, was a
reflection of social status and riches. The Hawa Mahal is an example of this method in
architecture. (Khar 2011) The Hawa Mahal, often known as "the palace of winds," is a symbol
of Jaipur. Its façade, which faces the main thoroughfare of the ancient city, is covered with
intricate honeycomb patterns.For the ladies in the traditional social structure, it served as a veil.
From behind the screens, away from the gaze of strangers, royal women could see processions
andcity life.Instead of developing the old vernacular, which served its function well socially
and climatically, the new architecture style that emerged after independence,

11
in an effort to break away from British influences, mindlessly copied western design. Due
to close Proximity to dwellings, concerns about security caused by occupation patterns,
challenges in pest management, as well as costs and time required, the usage of jaalis
has been restricted at the urban level.(Jones & Srivastav, 2009) The growing middle class has
led to the status symbolization of air conditioners. They have taken the place of age-old
methods like jaalis. But there has to be less reliance on air conditioners in a nation where there
is a lack of electricity.

Fig-12 Showing how Jaali act as a Purdah for women in ancient times.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem

2.1.5 SELECTION OF FORMS IN JAALI.

The formation study of Islamic jaali patterns gives an overview of the geometry of Islamic
architecture. IGPs, or Islamic Geometric Patterns, are based on precise calculations of
proportion and order as well as spiritual value. Jaali patterns' core forms and shapes have a
relationship to spiritual and religious significance (Fig. 01). Any design may be made usingthe
fundamental 4-point, 5-point, and 6-point patterns, whether it is on a square or circular base.

Symbol of Mecca
Symbolizes Symbolizes Symbolizes the Symbolizes as a central point
wholeness, unity, consciousness, elementsearth, air, heaven
perfection radiating outward
knower, the actof fire, wind
knowing, theknown

12
 Fig- 13 Types of jaali

Source: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/teracotta-clay-jali-26466829133.html

The selection of jaali designs depends on various factors, including the architectural context,
cultural preferences, and the specific requirements of a project. When choosing a particular
jaali design, you should consider the following aspects:

Architectural Style: The architectural style of the building or space plays a crucial role in
selecting the appropriate jaali design. The jaali should complement the overall aesthetics and
design language. For example, Islamic architecture often features intricate geometric patterns,
while Hindu architecture may incorporate deity motifs and floral designs.

Functional Requirements: Consider the functional aspects of the jaali. Is it primarily for
ventilation and light diffusion? Is it intended for privacy? The design should meet the
functional needs of the space. In hot and arid climates, jaalis with larger openings may be
preferred for better airflow, while in areas where privacy is essential, designs with smaller
openings may be more suitable.

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Cultural Significance: Depending on the cultural context, you may want to incorporate
designs that hold cultural or religious significance. Jaalis often include motifs and symbols that
are meaningful in the local culture. Be mindful of the cultural relevance of the design.

Materials: The choice of materials, such as stone, wood, metal, or glass, will impact the design
possibilities. Different materials can support varying levels of intricacy and detail. Ensure that
the selected material aligns with the design and durability requirements.

Fig- 14 Jaali in Historic Building

Budget and Maintenance: Consider the budget for the project and the long-term maintenance
requirements. Some jaali designs may be more labor-intensive and costly to create, and the
selected design should be manageable within the allocated budget.

Climate: If the project is in a region with extreme climate conditions, such as intense heat or
heavy rainfall, consider the durability and adaptability of the jaali design to these conditions.

Personal Preferences: The client's personal preferences and the vision of the architect or
designer should also be taken into account. Jaali designs can be customized to suit individual
tastes and preferences.
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2.1.6 DIFFERENT JAALI IN DIFFERENT REGIONS
Jaali designs can vary significantly across different regions, reflecting the local architectural traditions,
cultural influences, and available materials. Here are some examples of different jaali styles in various
regions:
Mughal Jaali (India): Mughal architecture in India is famous for its intricate and ornate jaali
designs. These designs often feature floral and geometric patterns, including the use of the famous
Mughal arched motifs. The Taj Mahal in Agra is a prime example of Mughal architecture with stunning
white marble jaalis.

Rajasthani Jaali (Rajasthan, India): Rajasthan has its own distinctive style of jaali work.
Rajasthani jaalis are known for their extensive use of locally available sandstone, which is intricately
carved to create geometric and floral patterns. These jaalis are commonly seen in havelis (traditional
mansions) and temples across the state.

Indo-Islamic Jaali (South Asia): In regions influenced by Indo-Islamic architecture, such as parts
of India and Pakistan, you'll find jaalis that combine Islamic geometric motifs with local design
elements. These designs may incorporate both Islamic calligraphy and Hindu or Buddhist motifs,
reflecting the cultural diversity of the region.

Middle Eastern Jaali (Middle East): Jaalis in the Middle East, particularly in Islamic architecture,
are characterized by their use of geometric patterns, intricate calligraphy, and the incorporation of
arabesque designs. These jaalis can be found in palaces, mosques, and historical structures throughout
the region.

Moroccan Jaali (Morocco): Moroccan architecture often features jaali-like screens, which are
known for their Moorish and Islamic influences. These screens typically incorporate geometric
patterns, intricate tile work, and detailed stucco or plaster carving. Moroccan jaalis can be seen
in structures like palaces and riads (traditional Moroccan houses).

Persian Jaali (Iran): Persian architecture incorporates jaali-like screens made of materials
such as wood, marble, or ceramic tiles. These screens may include elaborate floral patterns,
arabesque designs, and Persian calligraphy. The use of muqarnas (honeycomb-like structures)
is also a distinctive feature of Persian jaali work.

Southeast Asian Jaali (Indonesia): In Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia, you'll find
jaali-like screens in traditional Javanese and Balinese architecture. These screens are often
made of intricately carved wood and are used in temples, palaces, and pavilions.

Chinese Jaali (China): Chinese architecture incorporates wooden screens and lattice work,
known as "jigong" or "quadrangle" designs. These screens are used in traditional Chinese
courtyard houses, allowing for ventilation and privacy while creating a sense of openness.

Spanish Jaali (Spain): In Spanish architecture, particularly in regions with Moorish influences
such as Andalusia, you can find jaali-like screens known as "mashrabiya." These screens are
characterized by intricate wooden lattice work, often featuring geometric patterns and
arabesque designs.

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2.2 MATERIAL AND PATTERN:

2.2.1 DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIAL

Jaali designs can be created using a variety of materials, each offering unique aesthetics,
durability, and structural characteristics. The choice of material for jaali depends on the
architectural context, design intent, and functional requirements. Here are different types of
materials commonly used for jaali:

Stone Jaali: Stone jaalis are often made from materials like marble, sandstone, and limestone.
These are durable and can be intricately carved to create detailed patterns. Marble jaalis are
famous for their use in Mughal architecture, while sandstone is commonly used in Rajasthan,
India.

Wooden Jaali: Wood is a versatile material for jaali work. It is often used for its warm and
natural appearance. Teak, cedar, and rosewood are popular choices. Wooden jaalis are common
in traditional South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Middle Eastern architecture.

Metal Jaali: Metal jaalis are typically made from materials like brass, copper, or wrought iron.
They are known for their strength and decorative qualities. Metal jaalis are commonly found
in Middle Eastern and North African architecture, especially in the form of mashrabiya screens.

Glass Jaali: Glass jaalis can be a modern and decorative choice. They allow for the diffusion
of light while providing a sense of transparency. Frosted or stained glass can be used to create
unique patterns and designs.

Fig 15 stone jaali Fig 16 wood jaali Fig 17 metal jaali

Source: https://qualitymarbleindia.com/product/designer-stone-jali/ Source: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/expended-metal-jali-
3656649191.html

Concrete Jaali: Precast concrete can be molded into jaali patterns, offering durability and
structural integrity. Concrete jaalis are often used in contemporary architecture.

Terracotta Jaali: Terracotta, or baked clay, is used to create jaalis in some regions. Terracotta
jaalis can add a rustic and earthy aesthetic to architectural designs.

Ceramic Jaali: Ceramic tiles can be arranged in a jaali pattern, creating a combination of
texture and color. This is often used in contemporary architecture to create unique visual
effects.
16
 Fig 18 Terracotta jaali
Source : https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail/terracotta-jaali-
2851503632348.html
Plaster Jaali: Plaster jaalis are often used in the form of stucco work. These are lightweight
and can be molded into intricate designs, common in Moroccan architecture.

Bamboo Jaali: In some Southeast Asian and tropical regions, bamboo is used to create jaali-
like screens. Bamboo offers a natural and sustainable choice for creating decorative patterns.

PVC and Synthetic Materials: In modern construction, synthetic materials such as PVC and
composite materials are sometimes used to create jaali-like screens. These materials are low
maintenance and offer design flexibility.

Combinations: Some jaali designs incorporate a combination of materials, such as stone and
metal or wood and glass, to achieve a specific aesthetic or functional purpose.

Fig 19 Bamboo jaali Fig 20 ceramic jaali

Source: https://www.shutterstock.com/image- Source: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/ceramic-
photo/woven-bamboo-strips-pattern-close-wickerwork- jali-22202785091.html
1101567800 17
2.2.2 DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF JAALI( AESTHETIC)

The jaali can be metaphorically be equated to a shady tree branch, sheltering the person bellow
from the sun, creating exquisite patterns of light on the plane...a poetry of nature

Fig 21 Fig 22
The sheltering effect of trees and jaali at Fatehpur Sikri
Source- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jali_at_Fatehpur_Sikri.jpg

A jaali being fixed serves as picture windows, framing scenery within. They can provide better
aesthetics along with maintaining view and climatic comfort, better than glass
Patterns- Islamic jaali patterns frequently use hexagons combined with various forms.
According to the Koran, the six sides of a hexagon reflect the six days of creation, while the
empty space on the seventh side symbolizes the seventh day, or Sabbath, when god erected his
throne. Although it is not immediately apparent, the seventh element is crucial to the
composition and promotes discussion. Another goal is to represent the shariah, which the
prophets revealed and which represents the conclusion of their philosophical cycles, when the
Natiq, who ushers in the seventh cycle of sacred history and reveals the spiritual significance
of all past prophetic disclosures and religions..
The Hexagonal shape is a mark of protection belief and faith of the followers. (Andani 2009).

Fig 23 octagonal pattern jaali Fig 24 floral pattern jaali Fig 25 Star pattern jaali
Source:https://www.indiamart.com/prodd
https://in.pinterest.com/anandpr Source:https://in.pinterest.com/p
etail/designer-flower-mdf-jali-
adnya/geometry-octagon/ in/386324474290652816/
13407680912.html

Fig- 26 (Source – Andani 2009)

18
Principle of pattern formation:

The formation of jaali patterns follows certain principles to create intricate and aesthetically
pleasing designs. These principles are essential for achieving a harmonious and functional
outcome. Here are some key principles of jaali pattern formation:

Symmetry and Balance: Jaali patterns often exhibit a high degree of symmetry and balance.
Symmetrical designs create a sense of order and aesthetic appeal. Common types of symmetry
include bilateral symmetry (mirror image on either side of a central axis) and radial symmetry
(repeating patterns around a central point).

Geometric and Mathematical Precision: Many jaali patterns are based on precise geometric
and mathematical principles. These patterns often involve the use of geometric shapes like
circles, squares, hexagons, and triangles. Mathematical relationships, such as the Golden Ratio,
can be used to create visually pleasing proportions.

Modularity: Jaali patterns are often modular, meaning that smaller units or motifs are repeated
to create a larger design. This modularity allows for the creation of complex and intricate
patterns that are consistent and easy to replicate.

Scaling: Jaali patterns can vary in scale. The same pattern may be used in different sizes to
create a sense of hierarchy and visual interest. Larger elements may be used for more prominent
architectural features, while smaller elements may be used for finer details.

Variation in Openings: The design of jaalis often involves varying the size and spacing of
openings or perforations. This variation can be used to control the amount of light, air, and
visibility, as well as to create interesting visual effects.

19
2.2.3 PROCESS OF MAKING JAALI

A subtractive sculpture approach is used to produce the negative and positive areas. The jaali's
design is created from the leftover stone. With basic tools like a compass and a ruler, one may
create many variations of a theme that are mathematically founded. Making errors during the
complex grate-making process is not possible.

Fig 27 Process of making jaali source- Aga khan trust for culture
Source: https://ceramicartsnetwork.org/daily/article/A-New-Take-on-a-Traditional-Architectural-
Ceramic-Tile-Form
Step 1: Lattice pattern drawn on 1:1 scale
Step 2: framework is made out of Aluminium for Replication
Step 3: Jaalis are then Carved and Chiselled and Finishing touches are given.
Step 4: Screens are fitted into its place.

The process of making jaali involves intricate craftsmanship and attention to detail. The
specific steps may vary depending on the material used, the design complexity, and the tools
available, but here's a general outline of the process:

Design and Planning:

The first step is to create a detailed design for the jaali. This design can be hand-drawn, created
using computer-aided design (CAD) software, or a combination of both.
Consider the architectural context, cultural influences, and functional requirements when
designing the jaali pattern. determine the material to be used, which will influence the design's
intricacy and durability.

Material Selection:
Choose the appropriate material for the jaali, such as stone, wood, metal, glass, or other suitable
materials.The material's properties, including strength, workability, and appearance, will
impact the design and construction process.

Preparation of Materials:
If using natural materials like wood or stone, the raw material is prepared by cutting it into
appropriate sizes and shapes.
Metal materials may need to be shaped, welded, or cast to create the desired components of the
jaali.

Carving and Cutting:

The intricate pattern is carved or cut into the material. This is typically done by skilled artisans
using hand tools or modern machinery, depending on the material and design complexity.

20
The carvers or cutters follow the design closely, paying attention to the specific details of the
pattern.
Assembly:
If the jaali is composed of multiple pieces, these pieces are assembled together. This may
involve joining the elements through techniques like welding, mortise and tenon joints, or
adhesives, depending on the material used.

Finishing and Polishing:

The jaali may undergo finishing processes to smooth out rough edges and enhance the final
appearance.This step is particularly important for materials like stone and metal, which can be
polished to a high sheen.

Installation:
The finished jaali is then installed in the intended architectural space, whether as a window,
screen, wall, or other architectural element. Proper installation is crucial to ensure the jaali is
securely placed and functions as intended.

Maintenance:
Depending on the material, the jaali may require ongoing maintenance to preserve its
appearance and structural integrity.
Regular cleaning and occasional repairs may be necessary to keep the jaali in good condition
.
Customization and Detailing:
In some cases, jaali work may include additional customization or detailing, such as adding
paint, staining, or inlay work to enhance the design's aesthetics.
The process of making jaali requires a high level of craftsmanship and expertise, especially
when working with intricate and detailed designs. The specific steps may vary depending on
the material and regional traditions, but attention to detail, precision, and adherence to the
design are common elements throughout the process.

Fig 28 Traditional Jaali carving method

Source- https://roohforspaces.sg/blogs/news/furniture-carving

Modern Tools and Technology: In contemporary construction,

modern tools and technology, such as laser cutting and computer
-aided design (CAD) software, are often used to enhance precision
and efficiency in creating jaali patterns.

Pattern Templates: For repetitive patterns, templates or stencils

may be used to ensure uniformity and consistency across multiple
jaali elements.

21
2.3 CLIMATIC ASPECTS OF JAALI

2.3.1 CLIMATOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF JALLI. (THERMAL

COMFORT)
In order to create a comfortable and effective workplace, it is crucial to understand the many
aspects that may affect the thermal comfort of a room that uses jaali (or jali) as a design feature.
Jaali is a type of finely carved or perforated screens or latticework that is frequently used in
South Asian and Middle Eastern architecture as a decorative or utilitarian architectural feature.
Considerations for areas with jaali's thermal comfort include the following:

Fig-29 Functions of Jaali.

Considerations for areas with jaali's thermal comfort include the following:
Ventilation: When utilized to promote natural ventilation, jaali screens let air pass through the
holes. By permitting cooler outside air to enter and warm inside air to exit, a properly built jaali
may improve cross-ventilation and aid in controlling indoor temperatures.

Shading: Jaali can offer protection from the sun's rays, lowering solar heat gain. In warmer
areas, specifically, this can aid in preserving a lower interior temperature and enhancing
thermal comfort.

Daylighting: Jaali has the ability to regulate the quantity of sunlight that enters a room.
Although most people prefer natural light, too much of it might make you overheat. Jaali
screens can aid in light diffusion and management, resulting in a cozier home atmosphere.

Material Selection: The material used for jaali can impact its thermal performance. Materials
with higher thermal mass, like stone, may have different thermal properties than lighter
materials like wood. The choice of material can affect heat transfer and thermal comfort.

Fig-30 lattice buildings cool without air conditner.

Source: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220920-how-indias-lattice-buildings-cool-without-air-con

22
Climate Considerations: The local climate will determine how well jaali works to provide
thermal comfort. Jaali can be particularly helpful for fostering natural cooling in hot anddry
areas, but in colder temperatures, it might need to be combined with other heating techniques.

Maintenance: The condition of the jaali, including cleanliness and any damage, can impactits
performance. Regular maintenance is essential to ensure that airflow and shading are not
compromised.

Design and Orientation: The thermal performance of jaali screens might vary depending on
their layout and orientation. Their advantages in terms of ventilation, shade, and daylighting
may be maximized with the right placement and design.

User Preferences: Individual differences in thermal comfort can exist. When creating places
with jaali, take into account the tastes and demands of the inhabitants because different people
may have varied comfort needs.

Fig-32 Effect of daylighting and air penetration

Source : https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220920-how-indias-lattice-buildings-cool-without-air-con

23
2.3.2 JALI VARIES IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF INDIA ACCORDING TO
CLIMATE

1. Hot and Arid Regions (Rajasthan, Gujarat, parts of Maharashtra):

• ’ '
as Rajasthan and portions of Gujarat and Maharashtra, where summertime highs can exceed
40°C (104°F).
• These regions frequently use sandstone or clay for jaali construction because of these
materials' inherent cooling qualities. They aid in reducing the direct heat from the sun while
allowing hot air to escape, cooling down interior spaces.
• j ’ are frequently utilized in palaces and havelis (traditional houses) to
maintain a suitable interior climate during the sweltering summers.

2. Hot and Humid Regions (Kerala, parts of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh):

• ’ are constructed to encourage ventilation and lower indoor temperatures in hot,

humid areas of southern India where temperatures can be high and humidity levels can be
high.
• In these regions, wooden or bamboo j ’ are common, providing for cross-ventilation
and assisting to lessen the pain brought on by extreme humidity and heat.
• In this location, j ’ frequently have wider holes to provide greater ventilation.

Fig- 33 Delicate yellow sand stone Fig-34

Square Terracotta Jali,
carved Jali, Jal Mahal palace,
Andhra Pradesh
Rajasthan
Source :https://in.pinterest.com/pin/368802656987232318/ Source: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/terracotta-
jali-brick-23596100491.html

24
3) Tropical Regions (West Bengal, Odisha, parts of Karnataka):

• ’
where it is hot and muggy for the majority of the year.
• ’ constructed of terracotta or wood are frequently seen. They serve as sunshades as
well as ventilation, lowering solar heat gain and preserving cooler interiors.
• j ’
and creativity.

4) Temperate Regions (Himalayan Region, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand):

• In the cooler and temperate regions of northern India, especially in the Himalayan foothills,
j ’
• j ’
cottages and homes while allowing limited ventilation during the summer months.
• j ’
may not have as much emphasis on ventilation as in hotter regions.

Fig- 35 Fig- 36
Jali carved, someshwar shiva temple, GRC Jali in Roorkee residence.
karnataka
Source: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-jali- Source: https://www.exportersindia.com/product-detail/frp-grc-jali-
carved-someshwar-shiva-temple-haveri-karnataka- 4045341.htm
india-asia-111378083.html

25
2.3.3 Thermal Comfort
In Indian architecture, jaalis (perforated screens) may offer substantial thermal comfort, but
how much of that depends on how they are made, what materials are used, and where they are
placed in relation to the environment. The following are some ways that jaalis improve thermal
comfort:

• Shading and Solar Heat Control: Direct sunlight can be obstructed by jaalis but diffused
light can still reach interior rooms. On hot, bright days, this shading effect reduces solar
heat intake. Jaalis can keep interior temperatures lower by blocking the sun's rays from
entering a room, enhancing thermal comfort, particularly in hot and dry locations.

• Natural Ventilation: Jaalis have airflow-facilitating apertures built into their design. They
offer some degree of seclusion while allowing air to flow through. Natural ventilation is
crucial for comfort in areas with hot and humid weather, like many parts of India. Jaalis aid
in cross-ventilation, which allows for the exchange of heated, stagnant air for cooler,
incoming air.

• Radiant Cooling: Stone and terracotta, two materials frequently seen in jaalis, are naturally
cooling. As a result of these materials' ability to collect heat during the day and slowly
release it at night, the structure will seem cooler. Thermal comfort may be improved by this
radiative cooling, particularly in hotter climates.
•

Fig 37 Figures showing the daylight entering through the jaali screens.

26
• Privacy and Ventilation Balance: Jaalis successfully balance airflow and privacy. They
preserve seclusion while allowing inhabitants to take advantage of the natural lighting and
circulation. In dense metropolitan locations where maintaining privacy while ensuring
appropriate ventilation can be difficult, this balance is especially crucial.

• Aesthetic and Psychological Comfort: Beyond their functional aspects, jaalis often
feature intricate designs and patterns. These aesthetic elements can create a visually
pleasing and psychologically comforting atmosphere within a space, contributing to overall
comfort.

• Adaptability to Seasonal Changes: Jaalis can be used strategically to adapt to seasonal

temperature variations. In the summer, they can be fully open to maximize ventilation and
shading, while in the winter, they can be partially closed to retain warmth.

Fig 38 Figures showing the daylight entering through the jaali screens.
Source: https://www.exportersindia.com/product-detail/frp-grc-jali-4045341.htm

27
2.3.4 HOW JAALIS CONTRIBUTE TO THERMAL COMFORT IN VARIOUS
REGIONS:

Hot and Arid Regions (Rajasthan, Gujarat, parts of Maharashtra):

• Jaalis are especially beneficial in hot, dry areas where summertime temperatures can
skyrocket
• They offer shade and lessen the amount of sunlight that enters buildings directly, assisting
in maintaining lower interior temperatures.
• Natural ventilation is made possible by jaalis, which is essential in hot climates. They aid
in air circulation, heat removal, and home comfort maintenance.
• When used in jaalis, materials like sandstone or clay can improve their cooling
effectseven further.

Hot and Humid Regions (Kerala, parts of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh)
• Jaalis provide a balance between seclusion and ventilation in hot, muggy areas.
• Direct sunlight is blocked yet air may still move freely, lowering humidity and raising
comfort levels.
• Jaalis made of wood or bamboo are frequently used because they improve ventilation and
aid in regulating moisture levels in buildings.

Tropical Regions (West Bengal, Odisha, parts of Karnataka):

• Jaalis have a major role in the thermal comfort of tropical areas with warm, muggy
weather.
• They serve as sunshades, limiting the absorption of too much solar heat and preserving
the cooler temperature inside.
• A sensation of coolness and aesthetic comfort is provided by jaalis with elaboratepatterns.
• Jaalis's ventilation contributes to the reduction of interior heat and humidity.

Temperate Regions (Himalayan Region, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand):

• Jaalis are used to keep interior temperatures acceptable while reducing heat loss in chilly
and temperate climates.
• They may be strategically used to provide insulation against chilly nights while allowing
sunlight and warmth to penetrate throughout the day.
• In these areas, wooden jaalis are typical because they offer insulation and aesthetic appeal.

Composite Climate Regions (Delhi, parts of Uttar Pradesh):

• Jaalis are adaptable in offering thermal comfort year-round in areas with a variety of
temperatures, such as Delhi and some areas of Uttar Pradesh.
• They are made to meet demands in both the summer and the winter. They provide shade
and ventilation in the summer, and they may be partially closed to trap heat in the winter.
• Jaalis can adjust to changes in seasonal temperature thanks to the use of suitable materials

28
 Fig- 39 Jaali form
Source: https://www.exportersindia.com/product-detail/frp-grc-jali-4045341.htm

2.3.5 SILHOUTING (PLAY OF LIGHT)

The usage of jaalis (perforated screens) in architecture and the way light and shadow interact
with them are interesting. Light is utilized to create intricate patterns and silhouettes via the
jaalis' perforations, creating visually striking and dynamic effects. The following is a study on
how to use light to create silhouettes and enhance the beauty of jaalis:

Light and Shadow: The intricate patterns in the jaali allow light to pass through in specific
ways, casting intricate patterns of shadow on the surfaces inside and outside the building. These
shadows can change throughout the day as the angle and intensity of the light source (often the
sun) vary.

Contrast: The contrast between the illuminated areas and the shadowed areas of the jaali
pattern enhances the visual appeal. The play of light accentuates the details of the design and
makes it visually striking.

Privacy and Illumination: Jaalis often serve a dual purpose. They allow natural light to filter
into the interior spaces while simultaneously providing privacy by obscuring the view from the
outside. The play of light manages this delicate balance, offering illumination without
compromising privacy.

Pattern Enhancement: The play of light can bring out the beauty and complexity of the jaali
pattern, making it a focal point in the architectural design. The way light interacts with the
design can create captivating visual effects that add to the overall aesthetics of the space.

Cultural Significance: In some cases, the play of light through jaali screens can enhance the
cultural and symbolic aspects of the design. For example, certain patterns may create patterns
of light and shadow that hold specific cultural or religious significance.

Adaptation to Climate: In regions with extreme climates, the play of light can also serve a
functional role. For instance, in hot and arid climates, jaalis may be designed to control the
intensity of sunlight and heat, ensuring that interior spaces remain comfortable.
29
 Fig 40 Mughal Jaali .
Figure showing daylighting and air penetration through jaali
Source: https://azizaiqbal.com/jaaliesque

Architectural Expression: The play of light through jaali patterns is an important aspect of
architectural expression. It allows architects and designers to create unique visual experiences
and establish a distinctive identity for a building or space.

In conclusion, the interaction of light and shadow on jaalis is a flexible and dynamic
architectural element. JaalisS ou makes spaces more functional and aesthetically pleasing by
incorporating depth, texture, and rich aesthetics the play of light is a fundamental element of
the design and function of these architectural screens. It enhances the visual appeal, serves
practical purposes like illumination and privacy, and contributes to the overall aesthetics and
cultural significance of the architectural feature.

30
3. CASE STUDY

Climatic classification showing the case studies chosen

31
3.1 JAIPUR HAWA MAHAL

The Hawa Mahal is often referred to as the "Palace of Winds," and Jali architecture had apart
in its creation. Some of the credit for Hawa MahaG's other moniker, "Palace of Winds," owes
to its integration of Jali architecture. The jaali work on the windows of the Hawa Mahal is
comparable to a beehive's honeycomb.
It was built at a time of defense during a war when seclusion was crucial, especially for women
in purdah who could look outside. It contains 953 little jharokhas or covered windows.
Location: The Hawa Mahal is situated in the heart of Jaipur, the capital city of the Indian state
of Rajasthan.
Architect: The Hawa Mahal was designed by Lal Chand Usta in 1799 during the reign of
Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh. The architecture is a fine example of Rajput and Mughal fusion
styles.

Jaali Features:
Honeycomb Design: The Hawa Mahal is renowned for its distinctive honeycomb or beehive-
like design. The exterior of the building is adorned with a multitude of small windows (953 to
be precise) with intricate jaali screens.
Latticed Facade: These jaali screens are an integral part of the palace's facade, which is made
up of red and pink sandstone. The latticed facade allows air to flow freely while maintaining
privacy for the royal women inside.
Ventilation and Cooling: The primary purpose of the jaali screens in the Hawa Mahal was to
provide natural ventilation and cooling for the palace's many chambers. The unique design
captures the cool breeze and channels it through the building, creating a natural air conditioning
system.

Fig- 42 (a) (b)

Figure showing the different patterns in the Hawa Mahal

Source: https://issuu.com/pavitrasanathkumar/docs/traditional_perforated_screens_of_i
32
The Palace of Breeze was built in the 16th century, mainly for the ladies of the palace. The
palace is a rectangular construction with east and west facing sides made of pink sandstone.
In this palace, there are three different types of jaali. There are three different styles of
perforated jaali: glazed, floral-shaped, and rectangular. We chose to look at bothof the two
perforated Jaalis on the West facade.

In July, west is the predominant wind direction for five months. The Jaali will therefore
experience an unremitting influx of wind during the summer.
The queen's apartments in the palace were picked for the study.It has perforated Jaali on
the side that faces west, and it has glazed Jaali on the side that faces east. Associated with this
location but also Two courtyards flank this area on either side as well. The East and West sides
of the Jaali are flanked by a series of columns. The columns that run out of the chamber and
into the courtyard on the east side of the space to form a confined passageway. Because of this,
the area is always open and receives indirect outside air from the courtyard.
Possibly because it was built with Jaali, windows, and continuous air flow throughout the
chambers, it was given the name Hawa Mahal.

Fig- 43 Jaipur Hawa Mahal Source: https://wiralfeed.wordpress.com/india/rajasthan/hawa-mahal/

Fig-44 .Sketch Showing Windows to Wall Ratio

33
• The Hawa Mahal's façade is designed to resemble a honeycomb or beehive and is covered
in many small windows, arches, and spires. A key part of this architectural idea is the
jaali, which offers privacy and ventilation.
• The main purpose of the jaali in the Hawa Mahal is to offer natural ventilation. The jaali's
lattice work, which also provides protection from strong winds and direct sunshine, allows
for the passage of cool breezes.

34
Source: https://issuu.com/pavitrasanathkumar/docs/traditional_perforated_screens_of_i

35
3.1.1 Parameters:

The Hawa Mahal, often known as the "Palace of Winds," is a well-known historical site andis
located in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Its most distinctive feature is the magnificent latticework,
or jaali, that adorns its front. The Hawa Mahal's jaali is constructed to exacting specifications
for both functional and decorative reasons. These factors include:

Location: The Hawa Mahal is located next to the City Palace in the center of Jaipur's Old City.
Due to its position, travelers visiting the city's historical landmarks may readily reach it.

Architectural Style: The Hawa Mahal's façade is designed to resemble a honeycomb or

beehive and is covered in many small windows, arches, and spires. A key part of this
architectural idea is the jaali, which offers privacy and ventilation.

Ventilation: The main purpose of the jaali in the Hawa Mahal is to offer natural ventilation.
The jaali's lattice work, which also provides protection from strong winds and directsunshine,
allows for the passage of cool breezes.

Materials: Traditional building materials like red and pink sandstone were used to construct
the Hawa Mahal and its jaali. The warm tones of these materials complement the arid landscape
of Rajasthan.

Size and Proportions: The jaali's individual windows are relatively small, making sure they
don't endanger the structure of the building while still offering effective ventilation. The overall
proportions of the jaali go very nicely with the other architectural elements of the Hawa Mahal.

Fig 47 Variations in Fenestrations Source: https://thrillingtravel.in/breezing-hawa-mahal-jaipur.html

36
Orientation of Floral Jali: The Hawa Mahal in Jaipur, India, has a flowery jaali (lattice work)
on its front that mostly faces east. The major objective of the Hawa Mahal, which is to enable
royal women to view street processions and everyday life without being seen themselves, is
best fulfilled when the building's windows face the east. This is because of the way its
architectural design is constructed.
The Hawa Mahal is one of the most recognizable and culturally significant monuments in
Jaipur and all of Rajasthan because of the orientation of the flowery jaali and the thoughtful
consideration given to both beauty and usefulness in the design of the structure.

Daylight: The facade of the Hawa Mahal is known for its intricate lattice work (jaali), which
is meant to let natural light to permeate the inner spaces. During the day, the lighting within
Hawa Mahal is typically moderate, with a mellow, diffused light that creates a hospitable and
tranquil atmosphere.

Fig- 48 Front elevation of the jaali showing the absence of the shading device.
Source: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-window-of-heritage-hawa-mahal-jaipur-rajasthan-india-88235205.html

3.1.2 Justification:
The Hawa Mahal, with its intricate jaali work and unique architectural design, holds a special
place in architectural history, cultural heritage, and the historical narrative of Jaipur and
Rajasthan. Its honeycomb-like facade, designed for both practical and aesthetic purposes,
makes it a compelling subject for a case study. This case study serves to shed light on the
architectural brilliance, cultural significance, and historical context of the Hawa Mahal.

The key justifications for the case study include its architectural uniqueness, its role in
showcasing the significance of jaali work in historical architecture, its representation of cultural
heritage, and its historical relevance as a structure built for a specific purpose—providing
privacy while facilitating observation of the outside world.

Moreover, the Hawa Mahal's status as a major tourist attraction, its conservation and
preservation efforts, and its inspiration for modern architecture all add depth to the rationale
for a case study. It offers educational and research opportunities while contributing to
community identity and pride.

37
3.2 TOMBS IN FATEHPUR SIKRI (AGRA)

Undoubtedly one of the finest specimens of Mughal art and architecture is the mausoleum of
Salim Chishti. It is constructed out of white marble and features stunning lattice windows on
every side. The Jaalis have incredibly intricate engravings. Most of these Jaalis are made out
of just one stone. In addition to this tomb, there is another red sandstone building with a similar
Jaali called the tomb of Islam Khan.
A large sloping stone projection (Hindi chajja) supported by beautiful serpentine brackets
shades the building. Each bracket is monolithic, with lacelike floral and geometric designs cut
into the curves' gaps. Jaali 03 refers to marble Jaali, while Jaali 04 refers to sandstone Jaali.
Because it appears in all orientations, this pattern was chosen for investigation. Salim Chisti's
tomb is built on a 1m-high platform with five steps leading to the entry portico

Fig 50 Showing the pattern used in the tombs.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Salim_Chisti-Sikri-Fatehpur_Sikri-
India0004.JPG
The building made of ivory-colored marble is beautifully crafted. The plinth is decorated with
geometric mosaics made of black and yellow marble. A red sandstone building with 36 little
domed kiosks or chattris atop it is Islam Khan's mausoleum.
Comparison with Other Mughal Structures: Comparing the tombs in Fatehpur Sikri with
other Mughal architectural wonders, such as the Taj Mahal or Humayun's Tomb, can provide
insights into the distinctiveness and influences of these structures.

Sustainability and Environment: The case study can address the sustainability and
environmental aspects of these historical sites, including their impact on the local ecosystem
and how they have adapted to changing environmental conditions.

38
Tourist Experience: Understanding the tourist experience at these tombs, including visitor
numbers, amenities, and educational resources, can provide valuable insights for the local
tourism industry.

Fig 51 Jali at tomb of Salim Chisti ,Fatehpur sikri

Source: https://issuu.com/pavitrasanathkumar/docs/traditional_perforated_screens_of_i

The main campus i is walled on all sides, with a large open space in the center, where there
are 2 tombs, Tomb of Salim Chisti and Tomb of Islam Khan. The first building is made of
white marble will be referred as Jaali 3 while the sandstone jaali will be referred as Jaali 4.

JAALI 3 - Marble Jaali (Tomb of Salim Chisti):

Over the course of two days, spot measurements were made in this area (for specific data, see
appendix 2). The wind flow entering the space in the Jaali was monitored in conjunction with
temperature and other factors on all angles. Despite the fact that the wind was definitely
blowing from the north, the Jaali had the least amount of air movement out of all the
orientations. Because the room is open on all sides, there is continual cross ventilation that
makes it easier to cool the room at night. The high thermal mass of the marble used in the
construction accounts for the 3K difference and the level of comfort in the room.

JAALI 4- Sandstone Jaali (Tomb of Islam Khan)

The tomb of Islam Khan is beside the Tomb of Salim Chisti both of these buildings share very similar
features in terms of the Jaali shape and size and orientation, but the second tomb is made of red sand
stone and space behind it being smaller and is less visited by tourists.
More air, sunshine, and direct rays are let in thanks to the Jaali 4 red sandstone's higher perforation
% than the Jaali 3's. The Jaali 4 has a perforation rate of 70% per square meter. The shade component
is also found to be less than the one above Jaali 3; this also adds to the afternoon's influx of direct
sunshine. Jaali 4 was therefore failing to fulfill its fundamental role of shielding space from direct solar
radiation. Field research showed that the Jaali 4 was offering a far lower average temperature
differential of 0.75K than the Jaali 3, which offered 3K.

Fig-52 The open central space housing the two tombs, Agra.
Source: https://www.visittnt.com/agra-tours/akbars-tomb.html

39
The typical architecture has a tank and an open area in the middle (Fig. a). In front of the Salim
Chisti Tomb is where you'll find this tank. Since the wind sweeps over the tank before it enters
the structure, there would be effective evaporative cooling within the tomb. The monument has
numerous Jaali designs that created unique shadow patterns on the ground (see Fig. b). the
consistent repetition of the pattern across all orientations. People were still seated even in the
middle of the day since the room was chilly and they were only there for a short time.

Fig 53 b Fig 53 c

Fig a and b This pattern is chosen for study as it is repeated on all the orientations.
Fig c Space receiving direct sunlight during the late afternoons.

40
Source: https://issuu.com/pavitrasanathkumar/docs/traditional_perforated_screens_of_i

41
3.2.1 Parameters .
Light Orientation
The planned arrangement of structures and architectural components to maximize natural light
is referred to as light orientation. The orientation of the buildings at Fatehpur Sikri was
meticulously arranged to maximize natural light and minimize the need for artificial lighting.
In addition to improving energy efficiency, this produced aesthetically beautiful rooms.

Ventilation and Airflow:

For sustaining pleasant interior conditions, adequate ventilation and airflow are crucial. The
structures of Fatehpur Sikri were built with features that encouraged natural ventilation,
keeping them cool in the hot heat, such as strategically placed windows, wind-catching towers,
and open courtyards.

Thermal Comfort:
Maintaining a comfortable temperature indoors is referred to as thermal comfort. Thermal
comfort was enhanced by the use of materials like red sandstone and architectural designs with
slow heat absorption and radiation at Fatehpur Sikri. As a result, the interiors stayed cooler
throughout the sweltering summer.

Acoustics:
In architectural design, acoustics takes into account sound and its propagation. Architectural
features in buildings like the Jama Masjid were created to enhance theacoustics for religious
rites and gatherings. The domes and arches improved sound projection, so that preaching and
prayers could be heard properly.

Material Selection:
The selection of materials, including marble and red sandstone, was crucial to the design of
Fatehpur Sikri. These materials improved the buildings' visual appeal in addition to offering
endurance. The look, texture, and thermal characteristics of the structures were influenced by
the type of stone chosen.

Cultural Relevance:
The Mughal Empire's cultural and religious traditions had a significant impact on the
positioning and design of the religious and cultural monuments at Fatehpur Sikri. This
illustrates how cultural values and ideas may be expressed via building.

3.2.2 JUSTIFICATION
Architectural Diversity: The tombs in Fatehpur Sikri showcase a rich diversity of
architectural styles and techniques, from Mughal to Hindu, and Persian to Indian. A case study
can explore how these diverse elements were harmoniously integrated into the tombs.
Cultural and Religious Significance: The tombs are not just architectural wonders but also
hold significant cultural and religious importance. A case study can delve into the spiritual and
cultural aspects associated with these tombs.
Historical Context: Fatehpur Sikri's historical context as a Mughal city and the tombs'
relevance to this period of Indian history can be explored in detail.
Tourism and Local Economy: The presence of these historical tombs contributes to tourism
in the region and affects the local economy. The case study can examine the economic impact
of these attractions.

42
4. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF JAIPUR HAWA MAHAL
AND TOMB OF SALIM CHISTI.

Chart -1: Graph showing the daylight factor with respect to perforationpercentage
Source: https://issuu.com/pavitrasanathkumar/docs/traditional_perforated_screens_of_i

Chart -2: Graph showing the air penetration with respect to perforationsize
Source: https://issuu.com/pavitrasanathkumar/docs/traditional_perforated_screens_of_i

45
Table -1: The table showing the factors that decide the perforationpercentage of the
Jaali
Source: https://issuu.com/pavitrasanathkumar/docs/traditional_perforated_screens_of_i

Table -2: Air penetration percentage of Jaali from case studies

Source: https://issuu.com/pavitrasanathkumar/docs/traditional_perforated_screens_of_i

46
 4.1 CONCLUSION

Though this Jaali allows 60% the velocity of the outdoor air,
owing to its small perforation percentage, only a small
amount of air enters the space and it provides solar
shading. Hence it allows basic ventilation in the space,
preventing the feel of the wind on the skin.

This Jaali has comparitively bigger perforations, providing a

larger volume of air, hence it is used in the semi open
space. The angled perforation prevents direct solar
radiaiton and prevents view.

Large perforation percentage provides good nightventilation.

Shading element prevents sunlight for most of the day.

Large perforation percentage and a smaller shading element

allows direct sunlight for most of the day.

The holes on the Jaali 01 had a diameter of 30mm and were designed like flowers. The screen's
thin (10 mm) construction effectively screened out direct sunlight. There are just 11% more
holes on average per square meter. As a result, very little air could enter the area.
It would be preferable to let the rain fall on the building surfaces to offer convection cooling
because the limited rainfall in the semi-arid location leaves little shadow.
• The daily requirements may be met with the current daylight factor of 0.5. The rectangular
apertures on the Jaali 02 are 100mm thick and slanted downward. The palace was shielded
from direct sunlight by its downhill tilt. Due to the panel's 30% per square meter penetration
rate.

. 47
4.2 72 SCREENS , JAIPUR :BY SANJAY PURI ARCHITECTS
In the desert city of Jaipur, where temperatures frequently vary from 30°C to 50°C for the most
of the year, is where this corporation's corporate offices are located. It was built on a very small
plot of ground, at 1075 square meters. The construction height restrictions and the margins on
all four sides mandated by the byelaws may be taken into account in orderto obtain a total
floor plate size of about 326 square meters.
Blocking the southern façade was where it all started because limiting heat gain was the
design's primary objective. As a result, the service core and bathroom blocks were shifted tothe
southern side. The whole building's façade is also covered in contemporary variations ofthe
traditional "jaali" — a feature that was prominent in the area's previous architecture and an
essential element of climate-responsive

Fig- 54 Screens Jaipur . Source:https://www.archilovers.com/projects/208480/72-screens.html

Blocking the southern façade was where it all started because limiting heat gain was the
design's primary objective. As a result, the service core and bathroom blocks were shiftedto
the southern side. The whole building's façade is also covered in contemporary variationsof the
traditional "jaali" — a feature that was prominent in the area's previous architecture and an
essential element of climate-responsive design.
Thanks to these screens constructed of glass-reinforced concrete that further reduce heat gain,
the building is very energy-efficient. The screens, which have projections that range from 0.9
to 1.5 meters, are supported by a steel frame. This allows for the planting of vegetation along
the external perimeter of each level, which will act as extra insulation against the heat from the
outside and provide cooler inside working areas.
According to the interior design, a reception area and conference rooms are situated on the
ground floor, above an underground parking lot. The main office areas are separatedthroughout
the top five levels. Trapedoizal planar geometry is present throughout theinterior on the ceiling,
the receptionists' counters, and even in the furniture arrangement of the ground floor lobby.

When the sun shines through, the screens produce a wonderful atmosphere andkaeidoscopic
sciographical patterns in the interior areas! The office building overcomes the limitations of
the small site by creating energy-efficient office spaces that can weather the scorching summers

48
in its location. The building responds to the climate and its surroundings by interpreting
traditional architectural elements in an abstract way that gives it a sculpture-like look.

Fig 55 (a) showing interior Source: https://www.archilovers.com/projects/208480/72-screens.html

Fig 55 (b) showing interior Source: https://www.archilovers.com/projects/208480/72-screens.html

49
4.2.1 Parameters.
A contemporary architectural initiative called "72 Screens". It is a multipurpose building that
combines new design ideas with usefulness. The purpose of this case study is to examine the
project's different parameters.The project's sponsor, Sanjay Puri Architects, is renowned for its
avant-garde approach to design. One of their significant works that reflects their design ethos
is the "72 Screens" project.

Resources
The "72 Screens" project makes use of a range of materials, including concrete, glass, steel,and
reclaimed wood. Each of these materials had a specific function and enhanced the aesthetics as
a whole; their use was intentional.
Concrete provides firmness and thermal mass, while glass allows for transparency and light
penetration. The project is more sustainably constructed since reclaimed wood is utilized in it.

Direction
The building's orientation was deliberately chosen to maximize natural light and takeadvantage
of the gorgeous surroundings. The building's design ensures that sunlight penetrates all interior
spaces profoundly, reducing the requirement for daytime artificial lighting.
The tilt also decreases solar heat gain, enhancing energy efficiency. Additionally, by including
local landmarks, it respects the cultural heritage of the area.

Construction Technique
Sanjay Puri Architects employed cutting-edge construction techniques for the "72 Screens"
project. Modern prefabrication methods were used to speed up construction while maintaining
accuracy.

Construction Technique
Sanjay Puri Architects employed cutting-edge construction techniques for the "72 Screens"
project. Modern prefabrication methods were used to speed up construction while maintaining
accuracy.

Air circulation
The "72 Screens" project uses a combination of mechanical and natural ventilation
technologies. Cross-ventilation is made possible by the thoughtfully constructed screensand
apertures, which lessens the need for air conditioning.
The energy-efficient mechanical ventilation system has sensors to enhance comfort and air
quality.

Importance in Cultural and Context

"72 Screens" honors the context and culture of its surroundings in its design. A sense of cultural
connection is created by the screens' inspiration from traditional patterns used inthe local
architecture.The project's modest environmental effect and minimum construction interruption
also demonstrate its regard for the neighborhood's history and culture.

50
5. CONCLUSION
The research of the Jaali's origins has revealed that the Jaali's variety stems from its position in
the vernacular architecture of hot nations across the world. Each Jaali sample discovered
demonstrates its sensitivity to changes in hot temperatures and the roles it serves. The word
"hot climate" refers to a variety of conditions that range from diy to humid. In rare
circumstances, the Jaali is also utilized in the interior walls to allow for air flow throughout the
home caused by pressure differential between the areas. Some published study demonstrating
that employing the Jaali as solar screens will save 30% of the energy needed for cooling the
room; the goal of this research is to advance the Jaali to capitalize on its other key attributes of
giving ventilation and daylight.
Fieldwork assisted in estimating the number of holes that would give the volume of air within,
as well as shade to accomplish comfort in a certain hot temperature. There is a link between
the difference in the Jaali and the kind of space assessed. This provides a thorough grasp of the
aspects influencing comfort in a certain climatic situation.
As determined by the climate study, the primary function of the screen is to prevent solar
radiation from entering the spaces. The two sub climates demonstrate the specific requirement
of allowing a small amount of air penetration while maintaining good air movement within the
spaces, or allowing maximum air penetration while preventing glare due to bright sky
conditions.

The Four research conclusions are as follows:

(1) The link between the size of the Jaali (perforation %) and the amount of air, shade, and day
illumination it will provide.
(2) The quantity of daylight or the amount of air velocity necessary in the area might affect the
comfort of the space.
(3) The size of the perforation is determined by this criterion, and the percentage of perforation
is directly related to the quantity of daylight that enters the space.
(4) The higher the proportion of perforation, the more natural light will enter the room.

To correctly use Jaalis into design to promote comfort, one must first understand them. The
Jaali is a notable feature of Mughal architecture that helps to keep the interior spaces cool. It
controls airflow and reduces interior temperatures. The research contributes to the development
of an optimal Jaali pattern that architects and building performance engineers may use to
produce building screens that improve interior air quality and minimize energy consumption.
The findings of the article reveal that the percentage of perforation and size of Jaali screens
may be changed to produce well-lit, thermally pleasant indoor environments.

51
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Jaali in Jaipur Forty 2

Figure 2 Jaali in Jaipur Fort 2
Figure 3 Jaali found in the present context 6
Figure 4 Jaali 7
Figure 5 Delhi architect uses jaali and physics to cut heat by 70% 7
Figure 6 Jaali at Ladh khan 8
Figure 7 Jali during Mughal Period 9
Figure 8 Traditional Mashrabiya wooden 9
Figure 9 Jali in interior as divider 10
Figure 10 Jali as façade 10
Figure 11 Beauty of jaali architecture 11
Figure 12 Showing how jaali act as a Purdah for women in ancient times. 12
Figure 13 Types of jaali 13
Figure 14 Jaali in Historic Building 14
Figure 15 stone jaali 16
Figure 16 wood jaali 16
Figure 17 metal jaali 16
Figure 18 Terracotta jaali 17
Figure 19 Bamboo jaali 17
Figure 20 ceramic jaali 17
Figure 21 The sheltering effect of trees and jaali at Fatehpur Sikri 18
Figure 22 The sheltering effect of trees and jaali at Fatehpur Sikri 18
Figure 23 octagonal pattern jaali 18
Figure 24 floral pattern jaali 18
Figure 25 Star pattern jaali 18
Figure 26 Sketch 18
Figure 27 Process of making jaali 20
Figure 28 Traditional Jaali carving method 21
Figure 29 Functions of Jaali 22
Figure 30 lattice buildings cool without air conditner. 22
Figure 31 Effect of daylighting and air penetration 23

52
Figure 32 Effect of daylighting and air penetration 23

Delicate yellow sand stone carved Jali, Jal Mahal palace,

Figure 33 Rajasthan 24
Figure 34 Square Terracotta Jali, Andra Pradesh 24
Figure 35 Jali carved, someshwar shiva temple, karnataka 25
Figure 36 GRC Jali in Roorkee residence. 24
Figure 37 Figures showing the daylight entering through the jaali screens. 26
Figure 38 Figures showing the daylight entering through the jaali screens 27
Figure 39 Jaali 29
Figure 40 Mughal Jaali 30
Figure 41 Jaipur hawa mahal location 32
Figure 42 Figure showing the different patterns in the Hawa Mahal 32
Figure 43 Jaipur Hawa Mahal 33
Figure 44 Sketch Showing Windows to Wall Ratio 33
Figure 45 Wind direction 34
Figure 46 Ventilation 34
Figure 47 Variations in Fenestrations 36
Figure 48 Front elevation of the jaali showing the absence of the shading device 37
Figure 49 Tomb of Salim Chisti Location 38
Figure 50 Showing the pattern used in the tombs. 38
Figure 51 Jali at tomb of Salim Chisti ,Fatehpur sikri 39
Figure 52 The open central space housing the two tombs, Agra. 39
Figure 53 Space receiving direct sunlight during the late afternoons. 40
Figure 54 Screens Jaipur 47
Figure 55 Showing interior 48
Figure 56 Showing interior 48

53
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