Martin Evans

Sir Martin John Evans FRS FMedSci FLSW (born 1

January 1941) is an English biologist[5] who, with
Sir Martin Evans
FRS FMedSci
Matthew Kaufman, was the first to culture mice
embryonic stem cells and cultivate them in a
laboratory in 1981. He is also known, along with
Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies, for his work in
the development of the knockout mouse and the related
technology of gene targeting, a method of using
embryonic stem cells to create specific gene
modifications in mice.[6][7] In 2007, the three shared
the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in
recognition of their discovery and contribution to the
efforts to develop new treatments for illnesses in
humans.[8][9][10][11][12]

He won a major scholarship to Christ's College,

Cambridge at a time when advances in genetics were
occurring there and became interested in biology and
biochemistry. He then went to University College
Evans in October 2007
London where he learned laboratory skills supervised
by Elizabeth Deuchar. In 1978, he moved to the Born Martin John Evans
Department of Genetics, at the University of 1 January 1941
Cambridge, and in 1980 began his collaboration with Stroud, Gloucestershire,
Matthew Kaufman. They explored the method of using England
blastocysts for the isolation of embryonic stem cells. Education University of Cambridge (BA)
After Kaufman left, Evans continued his work, University College London (PhD)
upgrading his laboratory skills to the newest
Known for Discovering embryonic stem
technologies, isolated the embryonic stem cell of the
cells, and development of the
early mouse embryo and established it in a cell culture.
knockout mouse and gene
He genetically modified and implanted it into adult
targeting.
female mice with the intent of creating genetically
modified offspring, work for which he was awarded Spouse Judith Clare Williams MBE
​
the Nobel Prize in 2007. In 2015, he was elected a ​(m. 1966)​[1]

Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales.[13] Today, Children two sons, one daughter[1]
genetically modified mice are considered vital for Awards William Bate Hardy Prize (1993)
medical research.
Lasker Award (2001)
Knight Bachelor (2004)[1]

Early life and education Nobel Prize in Physiology or

Medicine (2007)
Scientific career
Evans was born in Stroud, Gloucestershire, on 1 Fields Developmental biology
January 1941. [1][6] [9]
His mother was a teacher. His Institutions University College London
father maintained a mechanical workshop and taught
University of Cambridge
Evans to use tools and machines including a lathe.[9]
Cardiff University
Evans was close to his grandfather who was a choir
master at a Baptist Church for over 40 years, and Thesis Studies on the ribonucleic acid
whose main interests were music, poetry, and the of early amphibian embryos (htt
[9]
Baptist Church. His mother's brother was a professor p://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?u
of astronomy at the University of Cambridge.[9] As a in=uk.bl.ethos.659008)
boy Evans was quiet, shy and inquisitive.[11] He liked Doctoral Allan Bradley[2][3]
science, and his parents encouraged his education.[9] students Elizabeth Robertson
He remembers loving old science books and receiving
Martin Evans's voice
an electric experimental set which he wanted for
Christmas.[11] He attributes to a chemistry set, from 0:00 / 0:00

which he learned basic chemistry, for the development from the BBC programme Desert Island Discs, 17
[11] February 2008[4]
of one of his "greatest amateur passions". He went
to middle school at St Dunstan's College,[9] an Website cardiff.ac.uk/martinevans (http://
independent school for boys in South East London, cardiff.ac.uk/martinevans)
where he started chemistry and physics classes, and
studied biology.[11] He worked hard studying for the University of Cambridge entrance exams. At school
he was one of the best pupils, although not at the top of the class.[9]

Evans won a major scholarship to Christ's College, Cambridge, at a time when there were many advances
in genetics being made. He studied zoology, botany and chemistry, but soon dropped zoology and added
biochemistry, finding himself drawn to plant physiology and function.[11] He went to seminars by Sydney
Brenner and attended lectures by Jacques Monod.[9] He graduated from Christ's College with a BA in
1963; although, he did not take his final examinations, because he was ill with glandular fever.[6][7] He
decided on a career examining genetic control of vertebrate development.[14] He moved to University
College London where he had a fortunate position as a research assistant, learning laboratory skills under
Dr Elizabeth Deuchar. His goal at the time was "to isolate developmentally controlled m-RNA".[11] He
was awarded a PhD in 1969.[15][1][6][16]

Career and research

He became a lecturer in the Anatomy and Embryology department at University College London, where
he did research and taught PhD students and undergraduates.[16] In 1978, he moved to the Department of
Genetics, at the University of Cambridge, where his work in association with Matthew Kaufman began in
1980.[6] They developed the idea of using blastocysts for the isolation of embryonic stem cells.[17]

After Kaufman left to take up a professorship in Anatomy in Edinburgh, Evans continued his work,
branching out eclectically, "drawn into a number of fascinating fields of biology and medicine."[11] In
October 1985, he visited the Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, for one month of practical
work to learn the most recent laboratory techniques.[7][18]
In the 1990s, he was a fellow at St Edmund's College, Cambridge. In 1999, he became Professor of
Mammalian Genetics and Director of the School of Biosciences at Cardiff University,[6][19] where he
worked until he retired at the end of 2007.[20] He became a Knight Bachelor in the 2004 New Year
Honours in recognition of his work in stem cell research.[6][21] He received the accolade from Prince
Charles at Buckingham Palace on 25 June 2004.[22] In 2007, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine along with Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies for their work in discovering a
method for introducing homologous recombination in mice employing embryonic stem cells.[8] Evans
was appointed president of Cardiff University and was inaugurated into that position on 23 November
2009.[23] Subsequently, Evans became Chancellor of Cardiff University in 2012.[24] He is an Honorary
Fellow of St Edmund's College, Cambridge.[25]

Stem cell research

Evans and Kaufman isolated the embryonic stem cells from early embryos (embryoblasts) of mice and
established them in cell cultures. These early embryonic cells have the potential to differentiate into any
of the cells of the adult organism. They modified these stem cells genetically and placed them in the
wombs of female mice so they would give birth to genetically modified offspring.[26]

In 1981, Evans and Kaufman published results for experiments in which they described how they isolated
embryonic stem cells from mouse blastocysts and grew them in cell cultures.[26][27] This was also
achieved by Gail R. Martin, independently, in the same year.[28] Eventually, Evans was able to isolate the
embryonic stem cell of the early mouse embryo and establish it in a cell culture. He then genetically
modified it and implanted it into adult female mice with the intent of creating genetically modified
offspring, the forebears of the laboratory mice that are considered so vital to medical research today.[26]
The availability of these cultured stem cells eventually made possible the introduction of specific gene
alterations into the germ line of mice and the creation of transgenic mice to use as experimental models
for human illnesses.[26]

Evans and his collaborators showed that they could introduce a new gene into cultured embryonic stem
cells and then use such genetically transformed cells to make chimeric embryos.[29] In some chimeric
embryos, the genetically altered stem cells produced gametes, thus allowing transmission of the
artificially induced mutation into future generations of mice.[30] In this way, transgenic mice with induced
mutations in the enzyme Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) were created.[31] The
HPRT mutations were produced by retroviral insertion; it was proposed that by taking advantage of
genetic recombination between the normal HPRT gene and an artificial gene sequenced added to the
cultured embryonic stem cells, "it may also eventually be possible to produce specific alterations in
endogenous genes through homologous recombination with cloned copies modified in vitro".[26] The
production of transgenic mice using this proposed approach was accomplished in the laboratories of
Oliver Smithies,[32] and of Mario Capecchi.[33]

Personal life
When Evans was a student in Cambridge he met his wife, Judith Clare Williams,[1] at a lunch held by his
aunt, wife of an astronomy professor.[9] After they were engaged, their relationship did not go well and
Judith went to live in Canada; however, a year later she returned to England and they married.[9] In 1978,
they moved from London to Cambridge with their young children, where they lived for more than 20
years before moving to Cardiff. They have one daughter and two sons.[1][34] Their older son was a
student at the University of Cambridge and their younger son was a boarder at Christ Church Cathedral
School in Oxford and sang in Christ Church Cathedral choir.[9] Martin's granddaughter has graduated
from the University of Nottingham and is now a practicing medicine Yorkshire and Humber.

His wife Judith Clare Williams, granddaughter of Christopher Williams, was appointed MBE for her
services to practice nursing in the 1993 New Year Honours.[35][36] She was diagnosed with breast cancer
at about the time the family moved to Cardiff. She works for breast cancer charities, and Martin Evans
has become a trustee of Breakthrough Breast Cancer.[9]

Awards and honours

Evans has won numerous awards including:

1990 - Elected an EMBO Member[37]

1993 - Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)[38]
1998 - Founder Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences.[19][39]
1999 - The USA charity March of Dimes awarded their annual prize in Developmental
Biology for research into embryonic growth jointly to Professor Richard Gardner at the
University of Oxford and Evans.[40]
2001 - Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research, jointly with Mario Capecchi and
Oliver Smithies.[34][41][42]
2002 - Honorary doctorate from Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA.[43]
2004 - Appointed Knight Bachelor in the 2004 New Year Honours "for services to medical
science".[21]
2005 - Honorary doctorate from the University of Bath, England.[44]
2007 - Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, jointly with Mario Capecchi and Oliver
Smithies.[8]
2008 - Honorary doctorate from University College London, England.[45]
2009 - Gold Medal of the Royal Society of Medicine[46][47]
2009 - Copley Medal of the Royal Society[48]
2009 - Member of the Advisory Board of the Faraday Institute[49]
2009 - UCL Prize Lecture in Clinical Science
2015 - Elected a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales

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External links
Sir Martin J. Evans (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/812) on Nobelprize.org

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Evans&oldid=1235499611"