REVIEWER - PHILOSOPHY

LESSON 1:

Philosophy comes from the Greek words Philo meaning love and Sophia meaning wisdom
Love of Wisdom combined etymological definition of Philosophy
All human beings have the tendency to wonder and doubt because they possess the potential to Philosophize.
Ancient Period The thinkers in this period focuses on the universe or cosmos.
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY - studies government and deals with questions ofjustice, power and the rights and
obligation of citizens
Ethics is the branch of philosophy which deals with moral questions and dilemmas
Aesthetic is the branch of philosophy which deals with and what makesthings “beautiful”
3 ways to Philosophize

Act of Reflection (Pagninilay)Sense of Doubt (Pagdududa)Sense of wonder/ awe (Pagkamangha)

LESSON 2:

Proposition- Statements about the world or reality that may or may not carry truth. It is usually stated
asshort statements or sentences
Knowledge - It is the clear awareness and understanding of something. It is comprised of ideas and
beliefsthat we know to be true.
Fallacies - refers to a defect in an argument other than it having false premises
A person must be a critical thinker who make doubt to help determine and discover truth. This means that the

evidences, fact, and statements are being analyzed.

A critical mind guided by philosophizing can help you to make decisions and actions when you face problems.

A critical mind should look for:

· sufficient evidences,

· proofs or reasons to prove that is true, and

· know how to reject irrelevant and incorrect information

Logic refers to the truth that is based on reasoning and critical thinking.
Philosophers consider truth as a kind of quality or value.
Opinion refers to judgment or what a person believes or thinks about something which do not only give facts
but also give perspectives in particular situations. It is based on personal view. Opinion also differs from
person to person.
Knowledge - It is fact or information which helps us understand and became aware of something
Beliefs refers to attitudes about the world which can be either true or false
Ideas is derived from combination of experiences by senses.
Proposition refers to a statement that may or may not carry truth
Deductive reasoning - the conclusion comes first, followed by main points, then the last parts are the
supporting data, facts, examples and evidences. The general idea comes first followed by specific idea.
Inductive reasoning - the supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences comes first, then next are the main
points and the last part is the conclusion. The idea comes first before the general idea.
Bias are the personal views of the person presenting the claim. It is not necessarily errors in reasoning,
but it has tendency or influence that affects the views of the people
Fallacies are series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener that a claim or
opinion is truthful.
are arguments that are based on faulty reasoning

LESSON 3:

Dignity refers to the innate right to be valued and respected

Rationality - human thought
Three main spiritual philosophies
1. Hinduism
2. Buddhism
 3. Christianity
In Hinduism humanity’s basic goal in life is the liberation or moksha of spirit or what thecall Jiva.
According to Hinduism, human beings have a dual nature: one is the spiritual and immortal essence
(soul); the other empirical life and character. Between the two natures, however, it is maintained that it is
the soul that is ultimately real
Nirvana refers to the state in which one is free from all forms of bondage and attachment. It means to
overcome and remove the cause of suffering
Self-determination refers to the capability of a person to make choices and decisions based on their own
preference.
According to St. Thomas Aquinas our spirituality separates us from animals; it differentiates moral
dimension of our fulfillment in action. Through our spirituality, we have a conscience. Thus, whether we
choose to be good or evil becomes our responsibility.
Vulnerability - To be vulnerable is to be human; it is not a sign of weakness but being true with ourselves
Siddhartha Gautama - He was the founder of Buddhism
Four Noble Truth of Siddharta Gautama

1. Life is full of suffering;

2. Suffering is caused by passionate desires, lusts, cravings;

3. Only as these are obliterated, will suffering cease;

4. Such eradication of desire may be accomplished only by following the Eightfold

LESSON 4:

Environment Philosophy is the discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human
beings with the environment and its non-human contents.
Environmental Philosophers tackle issues such as humanity's role in the natural world, the interaction
between nature andhuman activities, and humanity's response to environmental challenges.
Environmental ethics this perspective advocates action to address environmental problems.
Environmental justice this concept refers to the fair distribution of environmental benefits and burden of
addressing environmental challenges

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

This concept focuses on reconciling human activities and economic development with the protection of the
environment.

Major ideas:

1. We must make wise decisions regarding the use of natural resources to ensure that there is still enough left for
future use.
2. The misuse of resources often means that other people do not get to benefit from it

What are three major views regarding the relationship between humanity and the environment?

ANTHROPOCENTRISM - focuses on the significant role of humankind in the world and considers nature as the
means by which humans can meet their needs and survive. This view believes that human is the most important
species on the planet, and they are free to transform nature and use its resources.
 BIOCENTRISM - on the other hand, believes that human is not the only significant species on the planet, and that all
organisms have inherent value and should be protected. This view drives the activities of humane organizations
that advocate the ethical treatment of animals. In fact, our government has passed laws that recognized the rights
of animals to be treated kindly, such as R. A. 8485 or "The Animal Welfare Act of 1998".
ECOCENTRISM, places a great value on ecosystems and biological communities. This view believes that humankind is
part of a greater biological system or community and that we have a significant role as stewards or guardians of
nature. This view also promotes the idea that order and balance in nature brings about stability and beauty.

Philosophers and their theories.

Pythagoras - He described the universe as living embodiment of nature's order, harmony, and beauty.
Immanuel Kant - He expresses that beauty is ultimately a symbol of morality (Kant 1997). According to Kant, we must
ignore any practical motivates or inclinations that we have and instead contemplate the object without being
distracted by our desires
Herbert Marcuse - For him, humanity had dominated nature. There can only be change if we will change our attitude
toward our perceptions of the environment.

Theories showing that care for the environment contributes to health, well-being, and sustainable development

Deep Ecology - ecological crisis is an outcome of anthropocentrism. The controlling attitude of humankind is
extended to nature, when in fact, humanity is part of nature. Deep ecologists encourage humanity to shift away from
anthropocentrism to ecocentrism.
Social Ecology - ecologist crisis results from authoritarian social structures. Destroying nature is a reflection
wherein few people overpower others while exploiting the environment for profit or self-interest. Social ecologist
calls for small-scale societies, which recognize that humanity is linked with the well-being of the natural world in
which human life depends.
Ecofeminism - This theory argues that ecological crisis is a consequence of male dominance. In this view, whatever is
"superior" is entitled to whatever is "inferior". Male traits as in the anthropocentric model are superior as opposed to
female traits as in the ecocentric model. Domination works by forcing the other to conform to what is superior.

Prepared by: Ms. Ronaleine R. Aguilar RPm, LPT