00 Physics

HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
2000
PHYSICS
2 UNIT
Time allowedThree hours
(Plus 5 minutes reading time)
DIRECTIONS TO CANDIDATES
Board-approved calculators may be used.
Section ICore
Attempt ALL questions.
Part A 15 multiple-choice questions, each worth 1 mark.
Complete your answers in either blue or black pen on the Answer Sheet provided.
Part B 10 questions, each worth 3 marks.
Answer this Part in the Part B Answer Book.
Part C 6 questions, each worth 5 marks.
Answer this Part in the Part C Answer Book.
Write your Student Number and Centre Number on the cover of each Answer Book.
You may keep this Question Book. Anything written in the Question Book will NOT be
marked.
Section IIElectives
Attempt ONE question.
Each question is worth 25 marks.
Answer each Elective or Half-elective in a SEPARATE Elective Answer Book.
Write your Student Number and Centre Number on the cover of each Elective Answer Book.
Write the Course, Elective Name, and Question Number on the cover of each Elective
Answer Book.
You may ask for extra Elective Answer Books if you need them.
A Data Sheet and Periodic Table are provided as a tear-out sheet at the back of this paper.
609
SECTION I
(75 Marks)
PART A
Instructions for answering multiple-choice questions
Complete your answers in either blue or black pen.

Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response
oval completely.
Sample:
2+4=
(A) 2
A
(B) 6
B
(C) 8
C
(D) 9
D
If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in
the new answer.
A
If you change your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer,
then indicate the correct answer by writing the word correct and drawing an arrow as
follows.
correct
A
3
1
An object vibrates on the end of a spring as shown.
X
012 m
Highest point
in motion
Equilibrium
position
Lowest point
in motion
Which alternative gives the amplitude of the motion and the direction of the acceleration
at point X?
Amplitude (m)
(A)
0060
(B)
0060
(C)
012
(D)
012
Direction of acceleration at X
Car A and Car B approach an intersection as shown.

Car B = 20 m s1
N
W
E
S
Car A = 20 m s1
NOT TO SCALE
What is the approximate velocity of Car B relative to Car A?
(A) 28 m s1 NE
(B)
28 m s1 NW
(C)
28 m s1 SE
(D) 28 m s1 SW
4
3
A stone is thrown upwards from the top of a cliff at an angle of 45 to the horizontal.
Which graph of the vertical component (vy ) of the stones velocity as a function of time
best describes its motion? (Ignore air resistance.)
(A)
vy
+
(B)
vy
+
time
time
(C)
vy
+
(D)
vy
+
time
time
A car is moving at a constant speed along a circular path, as shown in the diagram.
Path
N
W
NOT TO
SCALE
At the instant shown, the car is moving south. Which statement best describes the
acceleration at this instant?
(A) The acceleration is directed to the south.
(B)
The acceleration is directed to the west.
(C)
The acceleration is directed to the east.
(D) The acceleration is zero.
5
5
A decoration is hung from two strings, as shown.
30 0.40 N
0.24 N
60
NOT TO
SCALE
What is the approximate mass of the decoration?

(A) 42 10 2 kg
(B)
48 10 2 kg
(C)
41 10 1 kg
(D) 47 10 1 kg
6
A block of wood is sliding down a smooth inclined plane. A constant force (F) is applied
to the block, causing it to slow down.
F
NOT TO
SCALE
Which of the following momentum (p) versus time (t) graphs correctly describes the
motion of the block?
(A)
(B)
t
(C)
t
(D)
6
7
Two identical balls, X and Y, collide. The balls have the same speed v before and after the
collision.
After
Before
v
X
v
v
Y
v
Which statement best describes the collision?

(A) The collision is inelastic and the momentum of the system is zero.
(B)
The collision is inelastic and the momentum of the system is conserved.
(C)
The collision is elastic and the momentum of ball X is conserved.
(D) The collision is elastic and the momentum of ball X is not conserved.
The graph shows the relationship between potential difference across and current through
an electrical device.
Potential difference (V)
40
30
20
10
0
10
12
Current (A)
Which statement best describes the behaviour of the electrical device at 10 V?
(A) It obeys Ohms Law and has a resistance of 25 .
(B)
It obeys Ohms Law and has a resistance of 30 .
(C)
It does not obey Ohms Law and has a resistance of 25 .
(D) It does not obey Ohms Law and has a resistance of 30 .
An ideal voltmeter and an ideal ammeter are connected into a circuit as shown.
20 V
5.0
S
V
What are the readings on the voltmeter and ammeter when switch S is closed?
10
Voltmeter (V)
Ammeter (A)
(A)
(B)
40
(C)
20
(D)
20
40
Which diagram shows the magnetic field around a straight wire carrying a current into
the page?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
8
11
A coil consists of three turns of wire. Each turn encloses an area of 50 104 m2. The
plane of the coil is positioned at 60 to the direction of a magnetic field of 025 T.
B = 025 T
60
Side view
of coil
What is the value of the magnetic flux through the coil?

(A) 11 104 Wb
(B)
19 104 Wb
(C)
32 104 Wb
(D) 38 104 Wb
12
A magnet is free to spin. When the switch is closed, the magnet spins in the direction
shown.
Axle
NOT TO
SCALE
Battery
Switch
Soft iron core
What is the magnetic polarity of the end of the soft iron core marked and the polarity
of the battery terminal marked ?
Polarity of magnet
Polarity of battery
(A)
South
Positive
(B)
South
Negative
(C)
North
Positive
(D)
North
Negative
9
13
The diagram depicts a satellite photo of a harbour. The region in the photo is of uniform
water depth. Ocean waves of wavelength are approaching the harbour walls which are
covered by clouds.
Cloud
covering
harbour
walls
The shape of the wavefronts inside the harbour is consistent with which of the following
statements?
(A) The harbour has one entrance, the width of which is 10 .
.
10
(B)
The harbour has one entrance, the width of which is
(C)
The harbour has two narrow entrances, separated by a distance of 10 .
(D) The harbour has two narrow entrances, separated by a distance of 2 .

14
An organ is constructed so that it has open pipes. A note produced by one of these pipes
has a frequency of 280 Hz. The length of this pipe is 12 m. A representation of a standing
wave corresponding to this note is shown.
12 m
What are the frequency and wavelength of the fundamental resonance for this pipe?
Frequency (Hz)
Wavelength (m)
(A)
140
12 m
(B)
140
24 m
(C)
560
12 m
(D)
560
24 m
10
15
Successive waves in deep water are incident upon an interface with shallow water as
shown.
Deep water
Shallow water
Note: All figures are drawn to the same scale.
Which diagram best represents the correct arrangement of successive wavefronts in the
shallow water?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
11
PART B
Questions 1625 are worth 3 marks each.
Answer this Part in the Part B Answer Book.
Show all necessary working.
Marks may be awarded for relevant working.
16
A washing machine has a drum of radius 0300 m. The drum spins at 525 revolutions per
minute. A sock of mass 00250 kg is observed to be spinning in a horizontal circle against
the wall of the drum.
0300 m
(a)
What is the angular speed of the sock, in rad s1?
(b)
Calculate the magnitude of the centripetal force on the sock.
(c)
What is the value of the horizontal component of the force of the drum on the sock?
12
A ferry travels across a river in 2000 seconds from Wharf P to Wharf Q. The river flows
at 150 m s1 in the direction shown. The banks of the river are parallel.
Wharf Q
NOT TO
SCALE
0
0
150 m s1
50
17
531
Wharf P
(a)
Calculate the average speed of the ferry along its path PQ.
(b)
What is the velocity of the ferry relative to the water? Show working.
13
18
The figure shows a barge being pulled along a straight canal by two horses, Clyde and
Dale. Both of the horses and the barge are moving parallel to the banks of the canal.
Clyde exerts a force of 751 103 N on the tow-rope, which makes an angle of 200 to
the direction of motion of the barge. Dale exerts a force F on the tow-rope, which makes
an angle of 150 to the direction of motion of the barge.
Clyde
751 103 N
Barge
200
NOT TO
SCALE
150
F
Dale
(a)
What force F must Dale exert on the tow-rope for the barge to move parallel to the
banks of the canal?
(b)
The barge continues to move parallel to the canal banks.

The opposing force exerted by the water on the barge is 162 104 N. The mass of
the barge is 128 105 kg.
What is the acceleration of the barge?
19
A car of mass 1540 kg is stationary on a hill that has a slope of 25.
NOT TO
SCALE
25
(a)
In the space provided in your Part B Answer Book, sketch and label the forces
acting on the stationary car.
(b)
Calculate the force that is necessary to stop the car from moving.
14
20
A squash ball strikes the wall of a court horizontally with a speed of 45 m s1 and at an
angle of 15 as shown. It bounces off the wall at an angle of 25, with a speed of 25 m s1.
The mass of the squash ball is 25 g.
15 25
45 m s
25 m s1
(a)
Calculate the change in the component of the momentum of the ball normal to
the wall.
(b)
The collision of the ball with the wall takes place over a time interval of
50 103 s.
Calculate the average component of the force (normal to the wall) exerted by the
ball on the wall.
21
Three identical pucks, A, B and C, are initially in contact and at rest on a frictionless
table. The pucks move away from each other after an explosion. The motion of pucks A
and B is recorded, using strobe photography, as shown in the diagram.
Strobe flash rate: 5 flashes per second
NOT TO SCALE
30 cm
A
105
50 cm
B
(a)
Determine the speed of puck B after the explosion.
(b)
Calculate the speed of puck C after the explosion.
15
22
A current of 030 A flows through a torch bulb when operated at its rated voltage of
15 V. The circuit shown is used to light this torch bulb from a 60 V battery.
torch bulb
6.0 V
23
(a)
What is the electrical power dissipated in the torch bulb when operated at its rated
voltage?
(b)
What is the potential difference across the resistor R if the torch bulb is to operate
at its rated voltage?
(c)
What is the required value of the resistance R for the torch bulb to operate at the
rated voltage?
Two parallel conductors P and Q are shown in the diagram.

3.0 A
4.0 cm
P
(a)
(b)
A repulsive force per unit length of 36 105 N m1 acts between the conductors.
(i)
Calculate the magnitude of the current flowing in conductor Q.
(ii)
What is the direction of the current flowing in conductor Q?
The distance between the conductors is doubled.

Calculate the new magnitude of the force per unit length between the conductors.
16
24
The diagram shows an application of the motor effect in a simple electrical meter.
Scale
Permanent magnet
Pointer
Permanent
magnet
Coil
N
S
Terminal post
Terminal post
Armature
Return spring
Laundry, G et al,
Physics: An
Energy
Introduction,
Laundry et al,
McGraw Hill
(Toronto) 1979, p
345. Reproduced
with the
permission of the
McGraw-Hill
Book Company
(a)
Using the motor effect, explain briefly how this meter operates.
(b)
Why are the poles of the permanent magnet curved around the armature?
17
25
A pin is suspended by a piece of cotton above an electromagnet, as shown. The

electromagnet has an AC power supply that causes the pin to vibrate at 50 Hz. This sets
up a fundamental mode of vibration for the string, with the pin acting as a free end.
Point of suspension
NOT TO
SCALE
Cotton
11 cm
Electromagnet
(a)
Calculate the wavelength of this fundamental mode of vibration.
(b)
In the space provided in your Part B Answer Book, draw a diagram of the standing
wave pattern that is observed when the frequency is 150 Hz.
(c)
Explain briefly why no standing wave pattern is observed when the frequency is
100 Hz.
18
PART C
Questions 2631 are worth 5 marks each.
Answer this Part in the Part C Answer Book.
26
A baseball is hit with a velocity of 280 m s1 at an angle of 300 to the horizontal at an

initial height of 100 m above the plate.
1
m
0
28
300
IGNORE AIR RESISTANCE
NOT TO
SCALE
100 m
Plate
850 m
(a)
What is the magnitude of the vertical component of the initial velocity?
(b)
How long does it take the ball to return to the initial height above the ground?
(c)
What is the horizontal distance the ball travels before returning to the initial height
above the ground?
(d)
The ball is hit directly towards a stationary outfielder who is 850 m from the plate.
At the instant the ball is hit, she begins to run towards the plate with constant
acceleration.
What is the magnitude of her acceleration if she is to catch the ball when it is
100 m above the ground?
19
27
A 15 kg block is placed on a smooth inclined plane. It is attached by a light inextensible

string over a frictionless pulley to block X.
15
kg
40
(a)
(b)
The 15 kg mass accelerates down the slope at 050 m s2.

(i)
What is the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the 15 kg mass?
(ii)
Calculate the tension in the string.
(iii)
Calculate the mass of block X.
The mass of block X is changed so that the resultant force acting on the 15 kg mass
is zero.
Calculate the new mass of block X.
20
28
Two HSC students, Kim and Tran, are at a grass ski slope that is 600 m high. Both Kim
and Tran are wearing frictionless grass skis. Kim has a mass of 680 kg (including skis).
Tran has a mass of 560 kg (including skis). Initially they are both at rest, Kim at the top
of the slope and Tran at the bottom. Kim slides down the slope and collides with Tran.
Kim (680 kg)
SIDE VIEW
NOT TO SCALE
600 m
Tran (560 kg)
(a)
Calculate Kims speed immediately before the collision.
(b)
After the collision, Kim moves with a speed of 626 m s1 at an angle of 300 from
his initial direction of travel, and Tran moves off at an angle of 300 on the other
side of Kims initial direction of travel, as shown in the diagram.
1
6m
TOP VIEW
Kim
Kims initial direction of travel
62
300
300
NOT TO SCALE
Tra
n
(i)
Calculate Trans speed after the collision.
(ii)
Is the collision elastic or inelastic? Use calculations to justify your answer.
21
29
A current of 125 A flows through the circuit shown when the switch S is in the open
position. Both the voltmeter and battery are ideal.
S
500
500
100
V
(a)
(b)
30
(i)
Calculate the voltage supplied by the battery.
(ii)
Calculate the rate at which heat is dissipated in this circuit.
The switch S is now closed.

(i)
What will be the reading on the voltmeter?
(ii)
Does the circuit dissipate more, the same, or less heat when the switch S is
closed? Explain your answer.
A beam of moving charged particles represents a current of 32 A.

(a)
Calculate the energy transferred per second to the charged particles by a voltage of
12 106 V.
(b)
These charged particles are alpha particles (He2+ ).

(i)
How many of these particles per second would need to pass a point to make
up the 32 A current?
(ii)
These particles are directed at right angles to a region of uniform magnetic

field. On the diagram in your Part C Answer Book, sketch the path that the
beam of particles would follow in the magnetic field.
22
31
Two 100 cm high, flat-bottomed cylinders contain water. The depth of water in
cylinder X is 20 cm. The depth of water in cylinder Y is 60 cm. The speed of sound in
water is 1493 m s1.
NOT TO
SCALE
100 cm
60 cm
20 cm
Y
X
(a)
Resonances are produced when a student blows over the top of cylinder X.
Calculate the frequency of the fundamental mode of these resonances.
(b)
When the student blows over the top of cylinder Y, she determines that the
fundamental resonant frequency produced in Y is double the frequency produced
in X. Briefly explain why this occurs.
(c)
The student observes that resonances can be excited in the water column by tapping
the base of the cylinder.
100 cm
d
At what water depth d will the fundamental frequency of the resonance in the water
(produced by tapping the base) equal the fundamental frequency of the resonance
in the air (produced by blowing over the top)?
23
SECTION IIELECTIVES
(25 Marks)
Attempt ONE question.
Answer each Elective or Half-elective in a SEPARATE Elective Answer Book.
QUESTION 32 HISTORY OF IDEAS IN PHYSICS
Pages
A Gravitation ............................................................................ 24
B The Nature of Light ............................................................. 25
C Atomic Structure .................................................................. 2627
QUESTION 33 WAVE PROPERTIES OF LIGHT ........................... 2831
QUESTION 34 ROTATION .............................................................. 3234
QUESTION 35 PHYSICS IN TECHNOLOGY
A Engineering Materials and Structures .................................. 3637
B Optical Instruments .............................................................. 3839
C Transformation of Energy .................................................... 40
QUESTION 36 ASTRONOMY ........................................................ 4245
24
QUESTION 32 History of Ideas in Physics (25 marks)
Marks
If you are attempting this elective, you must do TWO half-electives.

Answer each half-elective in a SEPARATE Elective Answer Book.
A
Half-elective: Gravitation (12 12 marks)
(a)
The ancient Greeks had many ideas about astronomy.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(i)
Why did ancient Greek astronomers classify some objects in the sky as
planets and some as stars?
(ii)
Aristotle and Aristarchus were two famous Greek astronomers.

1
How did their ideas about the solar system differ?
Why was Aristarchus view rejected?
Ptolemy and Copernicus both presented theories to explain the motion of

the planets.
(i)
What are TWO features common to both the Ptolemaic and Copernican
theories?
(ii)
What are TWO features that differ in the Ptolemaic and Copernican
theories?
Galileo was one of the first people to use a telescope to look up at the Moon and
planets. His observations led to changes in ideas about the solar system.
(i)
State ONE important observation that Galileo made using his telescope.
(ii)
How did this observation challenge earlier views about the solar system?
Long-period comets, such as Comet Kohoutek, are believed to come from the
Oort Cloud that lies far beyond the outermost planets. In our solar system,
Kohoutek travels in an elliptical orbit around the Sun and spends most of its time
beyond the outermost planets.
Use a diagram to explain how the orbit of Comet Kohoutek supports Keplers
Second Law.
(e)
The mass of the Moon is 00123 times the Earths mass, and the average radius
of the Moons orbit around the the Earth is 380 108 m.
Calculate the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon.
Question 32 continues on page 25
1 12
25
QUESTION 32 (Continued)
Marks
Answer this half-elective in a SEPARATE Elective Answer Book.
Half-elective: The Nature of Light (12 12 marks)
(a)
When white light is passed through a prism it splits into a spectrum of colours.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(i)
Use the corpuscular model of light to explain this effect.
(ii)
Use the wave model of light to explain this effect.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Young performed the double slit
experiment demonstrating interference.
(i)
Describe briefly, using words or a diagram how this experiment was

performed.
(ii)
Youngs observations were confirmed by Fresnel. Why was their work

the subject of intense debate?
Maxwell published his electromagnetic theory in 1872.

(i)
List THREE properties of electromagnetic waves.
(ii)
What is the frequency of X-rays of wavelength 36 1010 m?
When a clean zinc plate is illuminated with a weak beam of ultraviolet light,
photoelectrons are emitted from its surface. When the plate is illuminated with
red light, no photoelectrons are emitted, even when the light intensity is
very high.
Explain these observations in terms of the quantum model of light.
(e)
The energy required to remove an electron from metallic sodium is 228 eV. Will
photoelectrons be ejected from metallic sodium when it is illuminated with
yellow light that has a wavelength of 580 nm? Justify your answer.
1 12
26
Marks
Half-elective: Atomic Structure (12 12 marks)
(a)
Crookes developed a gas discharge tube to investigate the electrical nature of

matter. When a high voltage is applied to this tube, the glass behind the metal
cross glows (fluoresces) and a shadow of the cross appears as shown.
Shadow
Metal cross
High voltage
Christian D & Crossley W, Studymate HSC Physics, McGraw-Hill 1991, p 167.
Reproduced with permission of Science Press.
(i)
Briefly explain how this shadow is formed.
(ii)
When a magnet is moved towards this gas discharge tube, the shadow of
the cross is observed to move across the glass.
Briefly explain this observation.
(iii)
Briefly describe ONE way that work involving gas discharge tubes
contributed to our understanding of atomic structure.
Question 32 C continues on page 27
27
(b)
(c)
Marks
In 1911, Rutherford and his colleagues performed an experiment using thin gold
foil and a beam of alpha particles. One of the observations was that some alpha
particles scattered back from the foil towards the source.
(i)
Describe Rutherfords model of the atom.
(ii)
How does this model explain the experimental observation that some of
the alpha particles are scattered back from the foil?
The Rydberg equation is given by
4 12
1
1
1
= RH
2
m
n2
(i)
To what do each of the terms, , RH , m and n, refer, respectively?
(ii)
In the Balmer series, m = 2.

Calculate the wavelength of the first line in the Balmer series.
(iii)
(d)
Use a diagram to show the four transitions that make up the part of the
Balmer series that is in the visible spectrum.
Bohr developed a model of the atom using new ideas to overcome the problems
of classical theory.
(i)
Describe ONE of the problems of classical theory.
(ii)
Outline how Bohr overcame this problem.
End of question
28
QUESTION 33 Wave Properties of Light (25 marks)
(a)
A ray of blue light strikes a 60 triangular glass prism of refractive index 154
as shown.
Air
50
Glass prism
(b)
(i)
Calculate the angle of refraction of the ray of blue light as it enters the
glass prism.
(ii)
If the speed of the blue light in air is 300 108 m s1, what is the speed
of the blue light in the glass prism?
(iii)
Calculate the angle of refraction of this ray of blue light as it emerges

from the glass prism.
(iv)
Briefly explain what you would expect to observe if the ray of blue light
was replaced by a ray of white light?
A narrow single slit, of width 20 106 m, is illuminated with a single

narrow beam of green light. The wavelength of this light is approximately
052 106 m.
(i)
Describe the diffraction pattern observed on a screen that is about 1 m

from the slit.
(ii)
Sketch a graph to show how the intensity of light varies across the
screen.
(iii)
How would the original diffraction pattern change if the slit

was illuminated with orange light of wavelength approximately
060 106 m?
(iv)
How would the original diffraction pattern change if the width of the slit
was halved?
29
(c)
Marks
Light of wavelength 630 nm is incident normally on a thin film. Some of the

light reflects at points P and Q.
Ray 1
Air
Ray 2
Refractive index
= 100
P
Thin
film
Refractive index
= 135
Air
Refractive index
= 100
d
Q
(Note: The angles of incidence and reflection of the rays shown in the diagram
are exaggerated for clarity.)
(i)
What is the phase difference between ray 1 and the incident ray as a
result of reflection at P?
What is the phase difference between ray 2 and the incident ray as a
result of reflection at Q?
(ii)
Calculate the wavelength of the light in the thin film.
(iii)
What is the minimum thickness (d) of the thin film that results in the
maximum reflection of light?
30
(d)
Marks
A monochromatic light source consists of a laser light of wavelength 640 nm.

The light beam passes through two narrow slits before falling on a screen.
The pattern of the light falling on the screen is represented by the following
graph, showing the intensity of light plotted against distance along the screen.
The screen is at a distance of 160 m from the double slit.
Intensity
(e)
0
Distance (cm)
(i)
Explain how the pattern observed on the screen is formed.
(ii)
Determine the separation of the centre of the two slits. Show all working.
Unpolarised light is incident on two polarising filters, P and Q, as shown.

P
Io
(i)
What percentage of the incident light (Io ) is transmitted through the

polariser, P?
(ii)
The polarisation axis of polariser Q is at an angle of 30 to that of

polariser P. What percentage of incident light (Io ) is transmitted through
this pair of polarisers?
31
(f)
Marks
Many galaxies show a red shift of their spectra. Calculations based on this
red shift are used to produce data on the velocities of galaxies relative to the Earth.
The table shows the data for three galaxies.
Galaxy
Velocity
(104 km s1)
012
140
214
(i)
Explain the cause of the red shift.
(ii)
Which of the galaxies listed above indicates the greatest red shift?
Briefly explain your answer.
End of question
32
QUESTION 34 Rotation (25 marks)
(a)
(b)
Marks
A food processor has blades that rotate at 15 Hz on the fold setting.

(i)
How long does it take for a blade to complete one revolution on the
fold setting?
(ii)
What is the angular velocity of the blade?
(iii)
If the blades have a diameter of 60 cm, what is the linear velocity of the
outer tip of the blade?
(iv)
When the food processor is switched to the blend setting, the blades
take 060 s to accelerate to the new frequency of 70 Hz.
1
Calculate the angular acceleration of the blades during this time.
Calculate the angular displacement during this acceleration.
Consider the following arrangements of point masses attached to a rod of

negligible mass. The arrangement rotates about the vertical axis shown.
Axis
m
D
r
m
r
r
2
m
r
2
m
r
(i)
Explain why arrangements A and C have the same moment of inertia.
(ii)
Calculate the ratio of moments of inertia of arrangement A to

arrangement E.
(iii)
Rank the arrangements B, C, D and E in order of decreasing moments

of inertia. Show your working.
33
(c)
Marks
The moment of inertia of a cylindrical annulus (such as a metal washer) about

an axis through the centre, C, is given by
1
I = M (ro2 + ri 2 )
2
where ro and ri are the outer and inner radii, respectively.
A metal washer of mass 550 grams has an inner radius of 500 mm and an outer
radius of 120 mm.
The washer rolls, without slipping, down an incline as shown.
NOT TO
SCALE
P
(i)
Calculate the moment of inertia about the centre C.
(ii)
Calculate the moment of inertia about the instantaneous point of

contact P.
(iii)
The centre of the mass of the washer is observed to accelerate down the
incline at 378 m s2. Calculate the torque about the instantaneous point
of contact P.
(iv)
Calculate the angle of the incline, .
34
(d)
Marks
Puck A collides with, and sticks to, an identical puck B at rest on a frictionless
surface. Each puck has a radius of 00500 m and mass of 0125 kg. The initial
velocity of puck A is 0250 m s1 to the right. The diagram shows the two pucks
at the instant of collision.
1
The moment of inertia of a disc about its axis of symmetry is I = Mr 2.
2
Initial direction of
Puck A
NOT TO SCALE
00420 m
(e)
(i)
Calculate the angular momentum of the system about the point of

contact P before the collision.
(ii)
Calculate the angular velocity of the pucks after collision.
(iii)
Describe the motion of the pucks after collision.
(iv)
Calculate the change in kinetic energy due to the collision.
A spinning top is observed to precess in a clockwise direction when viewed

from above.
X
Precession
(i)
Explain why the axis of rotation of a spinning top precesses.
(ii)
What is the direction of rotation of the top, as viewed from X?

Justify your answer.
End of question
35
BLANK PAGE
Please turn over
36
QUESTION 35 Physics in Technology (25 marks)
Marks
If you are attempting this elective, you must do TWO half-electives.

Answer each half-elective in a SEPARATE Elective Answer Book.
A
Half-elective: Engineering Materials and Structures (12 12 marks)
(a)
Two workers apply forces P = 250 N and F = 400 N to a pole with ropes
as shown.
20 m
NOT TO
SCALE
P
F
45
37
40 m
Hibbeler R C, Engineering
Mechanics: Statistics &
Dynamics, 4th ed 1986,
Macmillan NY, P 109
(b)
(i)
Calculate the moment of each force about the point A.
(ii)
Does the pole rotate clockwise, anticlockwise or remain vertical?

Justify your answer.
A croquet mallet can be considered as a cylindrical handle glued into a

cylindrical head. The handle (mass 025 kg) and the head (mass 085 kg) are
made of the same uniform material.
105 m
022 m
Calculate the position of the centre of mass of the mallet.
Question 35 A continues on page 37
1 12
37
(c)
(d)
Marks
Two materials of cross-sectional area 500 106 m2 were compared. Material P

has a Youngs Modulus of 400 106 N m2 and material Q has a Youngs
Modulus of 200 1011 N m2.
(i)
What is the stress within material Q if it supports a load of 20 kg?
(ii)
What is the strain within material Q under these conditions?
(iii)
Which material, P or Q, is most likely to be used in making elastic

bands? Justify your choice.
The structure ABC is constructed of light, rigid members AB, BC and CA.
A
C
531
531
Hibbeler R C, Engineering Mechanics:

Statistics & Dynamics, 4th ed 1986,
Macmillan, NY, p 225
8000 N
Member CA is horizontal. Each joint, A, B and C, is a pivot, and the joint C is

free to move horizontally on the platform as shown. A load of 8000 N is applied
vertically at pivot point B.
(i)
Calculate the force in the members AB and BC.
(ii)
Calculate the force in the member CA.
(iii)
Is CA in tension or compression? Justify your choice.
38
Marks
Half-elective: Optical Instruments (12 12 marks)
(a)
Convex mirrors are used to observe customers in different parts of shops.
A convex mirror with a focal length of 060 m is used to observe a customer of

height 15 m. The customer is 12 m from the mirror.
Determine the:
(b)
(c)
(i)
position of the image;
(ii)
size of the image;
(iii)
nature of the image.
Describe an advantage of using a parabolic mirror instead of a spherical mirror

in a telescope.
(i)
Copy the diagram below into your Elective Answer Book. Complete the
diagram to show the location and height of the image formed by the
convex lens shown.
Object
3 cm
F
5 cm
(ii)
Describe the image formed in part (c) (i).
Question 35 B continues on page 39
39
(d)
Marks
Two identically shaped convex lenses are made of different types of glass.
The lenses have different refractive indices (n) as shown.
Lens K
Lens L
n = 1.5
n = 1.6
1 12
Which lens has the shorter focal length? Explain your answer.
(e)
Optical instruments such as the:

refracting telescope
microscope
slide projector
use arrangements of convex lenses to produce images.
The diagram shows the arrangement of lenses in ONE of the instruments named.
Y
Eye
Fx
Fx
Fy
Fy
(i)
Name the instrument. Explain why the lenses are arranged in this way.
(ii)
Describe the image that would be observed.
40
Marks
Half-elective: Transformation of Energy (12 12 marks)
(a)
For which physical quantity is the kilowatt hour a correct unit?
12
(b)
A student is investigating the energy-collecting capability of a simple

solar collector used in hot water systems. The solar collector is a rectangle of
060 m by 030 m and is 60% efficient. The collector contains 20 L of water
that has a density of 10 kg L1. During a particular three-minute period, the
intensity of solar radiation incident upon the collector measures 085 kW m2.
(c)
(d)
(i)
Calculate the amount of energy that falls on the solar collector during
this three-minute period.
(ii)
What is the temperature rise of the water over this three-minute period?
A current of 050 A flows through an electric motor when a potential difference

of 20 V is applied to it. This motor can lift a block of 250 g to a height of 15 m
in 80 s.
(i)
What is the electrical power supplied to the motor?
(ii)
Calculate the energy needed to lift the block in the 80 s.
(iii)
What is the efficiency of this electric motor?
At present, countries such as France and Japan rely on nuclear power stations
for the production of significant quantities of their energy.
(i)
Using a flowchart, or in another way, outline the general physical

processes involved in the conversion of nuclear energy to electrical
energy in these power stations.
(ii)
Outline TWO disadvantages of the energy conversion processes

described in part (d) (i) compared with the conversion of
gravitational energy to electrical energy in Australias hydro-electric
power stations.
End of question
41
BLANK PAGE
Please turn over
42
QUESTION 36 Astronomy (25 marks)
(a)
Consider the following stellar data.

Apparent
magnitude
Absolute
magnitude
Procyon A
+037
+26
Pollux
+116
+10
Betelgeuse
+041
55
Canopus
072
31
e Erindi
+373
+61
Name of star
(b)
Marks
(i)
Which is the brightest star when viewed from Earth?
(ii)
What is the ratio of the observed brightness of Betelgeuse to that of

Procyon A?
(iii)
Of the stars listed, Pollux is the one that is closest to 10 parsecs from
Earth. Justify this conclusion.
(iv)
Calculate the distance in parsecs to e Erindi.
Emission and absorption spectra provide information about stars.

(i)
Briefly describe ONE difference in the appearance of these two types of

spectra.
(ii)
Explain briefly how an emission spectrum is produced.
43
(c)
Marks
4
The tables show information about stars.

Surface
temperature
Class
Example
Spectra
05
None visible to
the naked eye
Ionized helium, nitrogen, oxygen
50 000 K
B3
Achernar
H, He strong
15 000 K
A1
Sirius
H lines at maximum
Ca lines weak
11 000 K
A3
Formalhaut
H lines strong
Ca lines stronger
Metals weak
9 000 K
F0
Canopus
H lines weak
Ca lines strong
7 600 K
F5
Procyon
Ca lines very strong

Neutral metals
6 600 K
Colour index
Colour
Surface temperature
06
Blue-white
50 000 K
03
Blue
20 000 K
00
White
10 000 K
+02
White
7 000 K
Deneb is an A2 class star with a blue magnitude of 126.

Use the information in the tables to find:
(i)
the chemical composition of Deneb;
(ii)
the colour index of Deneb;
(iii)
the apparent visual magnitude of Deneb.
44
(d)
Marks
2
The light curve for a binary star system is shown in the graph.
Apparent
magnitude
3
A
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time (days)
Briefly describe what is happening at points A and B. You may use diagrams to
support your answer.
(e)
The Jewel Box is an example of an open cluster in the constellation Crux.
Reproduced with the permission of the Anglo-Australian Observatory. Image Reference, AAT25
What are TWO characteristics of open clusters?

45
(f)
(g)
Marks
The Magellanic Clouds are galaxies. To earlier astronomers, however, these

clouds looked like concentrated areas of dust. In fact, most galaxies contain dust
and gas. Dust clouds are thought to be involved in the birth and death of many
stars.
(i)
List the energy changes involved when a main sequence star forms from
a dust cloud.
(ii)
Describe ONE of the ways in which dust clouds are thought to form
during the death of certain stars.
(i)
Sketch a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram in your Elective Answer Book.

Include the following on the diagram:
labels on the vertical and horizontal axes (only one label per axis);
the main sequence, showing the relative position of the sun;
the region in which white dwarfs are likely to be found.
(ii)
(h)
Stars are stable while on the main sequence. What is ONE reason for this
stability?
The triple alpha process produces energy in the core of red giant stars. It is a
two-stage process as shown.
(i)
What is the missing component in the triple alpha process?

4
2He
(ii)
+ 42He + 42He 42He +
12
6C
What is the source of the helium used to start this process?
End of paper
46
BLANK PAGE
Board of Studies NSW 2000
47
PHYSICS DATA SHEET
Numerical values of several constants

Charge on the electron, qe
1602 1019 C
Mass of electron, me
9109 1031 kg
Mass of neutron, mn
1675 1027 kg
Mass of proton, mp
1673 1027 kg
Speed of sound in air
340 m s1
Earths gravitational acceleration, g
980 m s2
Speed of light, c
300 108 m s1
Magnetic force constant, k 0
20 107 N A 2
Universal gravitational constant, G
667 1011 N m2 kg2
Mass of Earth
60 1024 kg
Plancks constant, h
6626 1034 J s
Rydbergs constant, RH
1097 107 m1
Atomic mass unit, u
1661 1027 kg
9315 MeV/c2
1 eV
1602 1019 J
Density of water,
100 103 kg m3
Specific heat capacity of water
418 103 J kg1 K1
Lithium
Li
6941
Beryllium
Be
9012
Strontium
Ra
2260
Radium
Fr
Francium
88
Barium
Cesium
87
Ba
1373
Cs
1329
56
Rubidium
55
Sr
8762
Rb
8547
38
Calcium
Potassium
37
Ca
4008
K
3910
20
Magnesium
Sodium
19
Mg
2431
12
Na
2299
11
Ac
Actinium
89
Lanthanum
La
1389
Praseodymium
Pa
2310
Protactinium
Th
2320
Thorium
91
Cerium
90
Pr
1409
59
105
Tantalum
Ta
1809
73
Niobium
Nb
9291
41
Vanadium
V
5094
23
Hydrogen
H
1008
Ce
1401
58
104
Hafnium
Hf
1785
Zirconium
72
Yttrium
57
Zr
9122
40
Titanium
Ti
4788
22
Y
8891
39
Scandium
Sc
4496
21
Uranium
U
2380
92
Neodymium
Nd
1442
60
106
Tungsten
W
1839
74
Molybdenum
Mo
9594
42
Chromium
Cr
5200
24
Plutonium
Pu
Am
Americium
95
Europium
Eu
1520
63
Iridium
Ir
1922
77
Rhodium
Rh
1029
45
Cobalt
Co
5893
27
Gold
Au
1970
79
Cm
Curium
96
Gadolinium
Gd
1573
64
Platinum
Pt
1951
78
Palladium
Pd
1064
46
Nickel
Ni
5869
28
Silver
Bk
Berkelium
97
Terbium
Tb
1589
65
Gold
Au
1970
79
Ag
1079
47
Copper
Cu
6355
29
Name of element
Symbol of element
Cf
Californium
98
Dysprosium
Dy
1625
66
Mercury
Hg
2006
80
Cadmium
Cd
1124
48
Zinc
Zn
6539
30
Indium
Es
Einsteinium
99
Holmium
Ho
1649
67
Thallium
Tl
2044
81
In
1148
49
Gallium
Ga
6972
31
Aluminium
Al
2698
Boron
B
1081
13
This sheet should be REMOVED for your convenience.
Neptunium
Np
2370
Samarium
94
Promethium
93
Sm
1504
62
Osmium
Os
1902
76
Ruthenium
Ru
1011
44
Pm
61
Rhenium
Re
1862
75
Technetium
Tc
9891
Iron
Manganese
43
Fe
5585
26
Mn
5494
25
Atomic Mass
Atomic Number
KEY
PERIODIC TABLE
Tin
Fermium
100
Fm
Erbium
Er
1673
68
Lead
Pb
2072
82
Sn
1187
50
Germanium
Ge
7259
32
Silicon
Si
2809
Carbon
C
1201
14
Mendelevium
101
Md
Thulium
Tm
1689
69
Bismuth
Bi
2090
83
Antimony
Sb
1218
51
Arsenic
As
7492
33
Phosphorus
P
3097
Nitrogen
N
1401
15
Po
Nobelium
102
No
Ytterbium
Yb
1730
70
Polonium
84
Tellurium
Te
1276
52
Selenium
Se
7896
34
Sulfur
S
3207
Oxygen
O
1600
16
At
Iodine
Lr
Lawrencium
103
Lutetium
Lu
1750
71
Astatine
85
I
1269
53
Bromine
Br
7990
35
Chlorine
Cl
3545
Fluorine
F
1900
17
Neon
86
Radon
Rn
Xenon
Xe
1313
54
Krypton
Kr
8380
36
Argon
Ar
3995
18
Ne
2018
Helium
He
4003
10
48
STUDENT NUMBER
CENTRE NUMBER
2000
PHYSICS
2 UNIT
PART B ANSWER BOOK
Write your Student Number and Centre Number at the

top right-hand corner of this page.
You should receive this Answer Book with a Part A

Answer Sheet, a Part C Answer Book, and two Elective
Answer Books.
610
Answer Questions 16 to 25 in this Answer Book.

MARKERS USE ONLY

PART
B
Mark
Marker
Check
PART B
Questions 16 to 25 are worth 3 marks each.
Answer the questions in the spaces provided below.
You should show sufficient working to allow the marker to follow your method.
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STUDENT NUMBER
CENTRE NUMBER
2000
PHYSICS
2 UNIT
PART C ANSWER BOOK
Write your Student Number and Centre Number at the

top right-hand corner of this page.
You should receive this Answer Book with a Part A

Answer Sheet, a Part B Answer Book, and two Elective
Answer Books.
611
Answer Questions 26 to 31 in this Answer Book.

MARKERS USE ONLY

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C
Mark
Marker
Check
PART C
Questions 26 to 31 are worth 5 marks each.
Answer the questions in the spaces provided below.
You should show sufficient working to allow the marker to follow your method.
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HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

Complete your answers in either blue or black pen.

An object vibrates on the end of a spring as shown.

Car A and Car B approach an intersection as shown.

The acceleration is directed to the west.

The acceleration is directed to the east.

(D) The acceleration is zero.

A decoration is hung from two strings, as shown.

What is the approximate mass of the decoration?

Which statement best describes the collision?

The collision is inelastic and the momentum of the system is conserved.

The collision is elastic and the momentum of ball X is conserved.

Potential difference (V)

It obeys Ohms Law and has a resistance of 30 .

It does not obey Ohms Law and has a resistance of 25 .

(D) It does not obey Ohms Law and has a resistance of 30 .

What is the value of the magnetic flux through the coil?

Soft iron core

The harbour has one entrance, the width of which is

The harbour has two narrow entrances, separated by a distance of 10 .

(D) The harbour has two narrow entrances, separated by a distance of 2 .

What is the angular speed of the sock, in rad s1?

Calculate the magnitude of the centripetal force on the sock.

The barge continues to move parallel to the canal banks.

A car of mass 1540 kg is stationary on a hill that has a slope of 25.

Strobe flash rate: 5 flashes per second

Determine the speed of puck B after the explosion.

Calculate the speed of puck C after the explosion.

Two parallel conductors P and Q are shown in the diagram.

Calculate the magnitude of the current flowing in conductor Q.

What is the direction of the current flowing in conductor Q?

The distance between the conductors is doubled.

A pin is suspended by a piece of cotton above an electromagnet, as shown. The

Calculate the wavelength of this fundamental mode of vibration.

A baseball is hit with a velocity of 280 m s1 at an angle of 300 to the horizontal at an

IGNORE AIR RESISTANCE

What is the magnitude of the vertical component of the initial velocity?

A 15 kg block is placed on a smooth inclined plane. It is attached by a light inextensible

The 15 kg mass accelerates down the slope at 050 m s2.

What is the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the 15 kg mass?

Calculate the tension in the string.

Calculate the mass of block X.

Tran (560 kg)

Calculate Kims speed immediately before the collision.

Calculate Trans speed after the collision.

Is the collision elastic or inelastic? Use calculations to justify your answer.

Calculate the voltage supplied by the battery.

Calculate the rate at which heat is dissipated in this circuit.

The switch S is now closed.

What will be the reading on the voltmeter?

A beam of moving charged particles represents a current of 32 A.

These charged particles are alpha particles (He2+ ).

These particles are directed at right angles to a region of uniform magnetic

QUESTION 32 HISTORY OF IDEAS IN PHYSICS

If you are attempting this elective, you must do TWO half-electives.

Half-elective: Gravitation (12 12 marks)

The ancient Greeks had many ideas about astronomy.

Aristotle and Aristarchus were two famous Greek astronomers.

How did their ideas about the solar system differ?

Why was Aristarchus view rejected?