UCSE715 - Slide 1

31-07-2024
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
Course code: UCSE715
Course Instructor
Dr. Pankaj Pratap Singh
CSE Dept.
TEXT
BOOK Gonzalez, R. C. and Woods, R. E., "Digital Image
Processing", Prentice Hall, 3rd Ed.
R Jain, A. K., "Fundamentals of Digital Image
E
F
E
Processing", PHI Learning, 1st Ed.
R
E
N
Bernd, J., "Digital Image Processing", Springer,
C
E
6th Ed.
S
B
Burger, W. and Burge, M. J., "Principles of Digital
O
O
Image Processing", Springer
K
S
Scherzer, O., " Handbook of Mathematical
Methods in Imaging", Springer
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Image Acquisition Process
Introduction
► What is Digital Image Processing?
Digital Image
— a two-dimensional function f ( x, y )
x and y are spatial coordinates
The amplitude of f is called intensity or gray level at the point (x, y)
Digital Image Processing

— process digital images by means of computer, it covers low-, mid-, and high-level
processes
low-level: inputs and outputs are images
mid-level: outputs are attributes extracted from input images
high-level: an ensemble of recognition of individual objects
Pixel
— the elements of a digital image
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A Simple Image Formation Model
f ( x, y)  i( x, y)r( x, y)
f ( x, y) : intensity at the point (x, y)

i( x, y): illumination at the point (x, y)
(the amount of source illumination incident on the scene)
r( x, y) : reflectance/transmissivity at the point (x, y)
(the amount of illumination reflected/transmitted by the object)
where 0 < i( x, y) <  and 0 < r ( x, y) < 1
Some Typical Ranges of Reflectance
► Reflectance
 0.01 for black velvet
 0.65 for stainless steel
 0.80 for flat-white wall paint
 0.90 for silver-plated metal
 0.93 for snow
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Image Sampling and Quantization
Digitizing the
coordinate
values
Digitizing the
amplitude
values
Image Sampling and Quantization
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Representing Digital Images
► Therepresentation of an M×N numerical

array as
 f (0, 0) f (0,1) ... f (0, N  1) 

 f (1, 0) f (1,1) ... f (1, N  1) 
f ( x, y )  
 ... ... ... ... 
 
 f ( M  1, 0) f ( M  1,1) ... f ( M  1, N  1) 
► Therepresentation of an M×N numerical

array as
 a0,0 a0,1 ... a0, N 1 

 a a1,1 ... a1, N 1 
A 
1,0
 ... ... ... ... 

 
 aM 1,0 aM 1,1 ... aM 1, N 1 
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► The representation of an M×N numerical

array in MATLAB
 f (1,1) f (1, 2) ... f (1, N ) 

 f (2,1) f (2, 2) ... f (2, N ) 
f ( x, y )  
 ... ... ... ... 
 
 f ( M ,1) f ( M , 2) ... f (M , N )
► Discrete intensity interval [0, L-1], L=2k
► The number b of bits required to store a M × N

digitized image
b=M×N×k
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What is a Digital Image? (cont…)

►Common image formats include:
 1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
 4 samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and “Alpha”,
a.k.a. Opacity)
►For most of this course we will focus on grey-scale

images
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Image processing
► An image processing operation typically defines
a new image g in terms of an existing image f.
► We can transform either the range of f.
► Or the domain of f:
► What kinds of operations can each perform?
What is DIP? (cont…)

►The continuum from image processing to
computer vision can be broken up into low-,
mid- and high-level processes
Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process
Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes Output:
Understanding
Examples: Noise Examples: Object
removal, image recognition, Examples: Scene
sharpening segmentation understanding,
autonomous navigation
In this course we will

stop here
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Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Acquisition Recognition
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:

Image Aquisition
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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Image Enhancement
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image

Image Restoration
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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Morphological Processing
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image

Segmentation
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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Object Recognition
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image

Representation & Description
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
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Image Compression
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image

Colour Image Processing
Image Morphological
Image
Segmentation
Enhancement
Image Object
Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
13

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31-07-2024

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

Course code: UCSE715

Image Acquisition Process

Digital Image Processing

A Simple Image Formation Model

f ( x, y) : intensity at the point (x, y)

Some Typical Ranges of Reflectance

 0.01 for black velvet

 0.65 for stainless steel

 0.80 for flat-white wall paint

 0.90 for silver-plated metal

 0.93 for snow

Image Sampling and Quantization

Image Sampling and Quantization

Representing Digital Images

► Therepresentation of an M×N numerical

 f (0, 0) f (0,1) ... f (0, N  1) 

Representing Digital Images

► Therepresentation of an M×N numerical

 a0,0 a0,1 ... a0, N 1 

 ... ... ... ... 

Representing Digital Images

► The representation of an M×N numerical

 f (1,1) f (1, 2) ... f (1, N ) 

Representing Digital Images

► Discrete intensity interval [0, L-1], L=2k

► The number b of bits required to store a M × N

Representing Digital Images

What is a Digital Image? (cont…)

►For most of this course we will focus on grey-scale

► What kinds of operations can each perform?

What is DIP? (cont…)

In this course we will

Key Stages in Digital Image Processing

Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:

Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:

Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:

Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:

Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:

Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:

Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:

Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:

Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:

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