Tutorial 11

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Chapter 8

Summary:
In this chapter we have considered forced convection heat transfer for an important class of problems involving
internal flow. Such flows are encountered in numerous applications, and you should be able to perform
engineering calculations that involve an energy balance and appropriate convection correlations. The
methodology involves determining whether the flow is laminar or turbulent and establishing the length of the
entry region. After deciding whether you are interested in local conditions (at a particular axial location) or in
average conditions (for the entire tube), the convection correlation may be selected and used with the
appropriate form of the energy balance to solve the problem. A summary of the correlations is provided in
Table 8.4.
Examples:
8.17 A flat-plate solar collector is used to heat atmospheric air flowing through a rectangular channel. The
bottom surface of the channel is well insulated, while the top surface is subjected to a uniform heat flux ,
which is due to the net effect of solar radiation absorption and heat exchange between the absorber and cover
plates.

(a) Beginning with an appropriate differential control volume, obtain an equation that could be used to
determine the mean air temperature as a function of distance along the channel. Solve this equation to
obtain an expression for the mean temperature of the air leaving the collector.

(b) With air inlet conditions of ̇ kg/s and , what is the air outlet temperature if m,
m, and W/m2 ? The specific heat of air is .
8.38 An air heater for an industrial application consists of an insulated, concentric tube annulus, for which air
flows through a thin-walled inner tube. Saturated steam flows through the outer annulus, and condensation of
the steam maintains a uniform temperature Ts on the tube surface.

Consider conditions for which air enters a 50-mm-diameter tube at a pressure of 5 atm, a temperature of
, and a flow rate of ̇ kg/s, while saturated steam at 2.455 bars condenses on the outer
surface of the tube. If the length of the annulus is L = 5 m, what are the outlet temperature and pressure po
of the air? What is the mass rate at which condensate leaves the annulus?
8.60 A hot fluid passes through a thin-walled tube of 10-mm diameter and 1-m length, and a coolant at
is in cross flow over the tube. When the flow rate is ̇ kg/h and the inlet temperature is
, the outlet temperature is .

Assuming fully developed flow and thermal conditions in the tube, determine the outlet temperature, , if the
flow rate is increased by a factor of 2. That is, ̇ kg/h, with all other conditions the same. The
thermophysical properties of the hot fluid are , , , and
.
8.63 The problem of heat losses from a fluid moving through a buried pipeline has received considerable
attention. Practical applications include the trans-Alaska pipeline, as well as power plant steam and water
distribution lines. Consider a steel pipe of diameter D that is used to transport oil flowing at a rate ̇ through a
cold region. The pipe is covered with a layer of insulation of thickness t and thermal conductivity ki and is
buried in soil to a depth z (distance from the soil surface to the pipe centerline). Each section of pipe is of length
L and extends between pumping stations in which the oil is heated to ensure low viscosity and hence low pump
power requirements. The temperature of the oil entering the pipe from a pumping station and the temperature of
the ground above the pipe are designated as Tm,i and Ts, respectively, and are known.

Consider conditions for which the oil (o) properties may be approximated as 900 kg/m3, cp,o = 2000
J/kg K, m2/s, ko = 0.140 W/m K, Pro = 104; the oil flow rate is ̇ = 500 kg/s; and the pipe
diameter is 1.2 m.

(a) Expressing your results in terms of D, L, z, t, ̇ , Tm,i, and Ts, as well as the appropriate oil (o), insulation (i),
and soil (s) properties, obtain all the expressions needed to estimate the temperature Tm,o of the oil leaving the
pipe.

(b) If Ts , Tm,i , t = 0.15m, ki = 0.05 W/m K, ks = 0.5 W/m K, z = 3 m, and L=100 km, what is
the value of Tm,o? What is the total rate of heat transfer q from a section of the pipeline?

(c) The operations manager wants to know the tradeoff between the burial depth of the pipe and insulation
thickness on the heat loss from the pipe. Develop a graphical representation of this design information.

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