Heat and Mass Transfer

Assignment 6
1. Consider steady, parallel flow of atmospheric air over a flat plate. The air has a temperature
and free stream velocity of 300 K and 25 m/s.
(a) Evaluate the boundary layer thickness at distance of x=1, 10 and 100 mm from the
leading edge. If a second plate were installed parallel to and at a distance of 3 mm from
the first plate, what is the distance from the leading edge at which boundary layer
merger would occur?
(b) Evaluate the surface shear stress and the y-velocity component at the outer edge of the
boundary layer for the single plate at x= 1, 10 and 100 mm.
(c) Comment on the validity of the boundary layer approximation.
2. A flat plate of width 1 m is maintained at a uniform surface temperature of Ts=150 0C by
using independently controlled, heat-generating rectangular modules of thickness a=10 mm
and length b=50 mm. Each module is insulated from its neighbours, as well as on its
backside. Atmospheric air at 25 0C flows over the plate at a velocity of 30 m/s. The
thermophysical properties of the module are k=5.2 W/m.K, Cp=320 J/kg.K and =2300 kg/m3.
(a) Find the required power generation q (W/m3), in a module positioned at a distance 700
mm from the leading edge.
(b) Find the maximum temperature Tmax in the heat-generating module.

3. The roof of a refrigerated truck compartment is of composite construction, consisting of a

layer of foamed urethane insulation (t2=50 mm, ki=0.026 W/m.K) sandwiched between
aluminium alloy panels (t1=5 mm, kp=180 W/m.K). The length and width of the roof are L=10
m and W=3.5 m, respectively, and the temperature of the inner surface is Ts,i= -10 0C.
Consider conditions for which the truck is moving at a speed of V= 105 km/h, the air
temperature is T=32 0C, and the solar irradiation is Gs= 750 W/m2. Turbulent flow may be
assumed over the entire length of the roof.
(a) For equivalent values of the solar absorptivity and the emmisivity of the outer surface
(s== 0.5), estimate the average temperature Ts,o of the outer surface. What is the
corresponding heat load imposed on the refrigeration system?
(b) A special finish (s=0.15, = 0.8) may be applied to the outer surface. What effect would
such an application have on the surface temperature and heat load?
(c) If, with s== 0.5, the roof is not insulated (t2=0), what are the corresponding values of
surface temperature and heat load.

4. You have been asked to determine the feasibility of using an impinging jet in a soldering
operation for electronic assemblies. The schematic illustrates the use of a single, round
nozzle to direct high velocity, hot air to a location where a surface mount joint is to be
formed.

For your study, consider a round nozzle with a diameter of 1 mm located a distance of 2 mm
from the region of the surface mount, which has a diameter of 2.5 mm.
(a)For an air jet velocity of 70 m/s and a temperature of 500C, estimate the average
convection coefficient over the area of the surface mount.
(b)Assume that the surface mount region on the printed circuit board (PCB) can be modelled
as a semi-infinite medium, which is initially at a uniform temperature of 25C and
suddenly experiences convective heating by the jet. Estimate the time required for the
surface to reach 183C. The thermo physical properties of a typical solder are
.
5. The cylindrical chamber of a pebble bed nuclear reactor is of length
and
diameter
. The chamber is filled with spherical uranium oxide pellets of core
diameter
. Each pellet generates thermal energy in its core at a rate of and is
coated with a layer of non-heatgenerating graphite, which is of uniform thickness
, to form a pebble. The uranium oxide and graphite each have a thermal
conductivity of
. The packed bed has a porosity of
. Pressurized helium at 40
bars is used to absorb the thermal energy from the pebbles. The helium enters the packed
bed at
with a velocity of 3.2 m/s. The properties of the helium may be assumed
to be are

(a) For a desired overall thermal energy transfer rate of

, determine the mean
outlet temperature of the helium leaving the bed,
and the amount of thermal energy
generated by each pellet .
(b)The amount of energy generated by the fuel decreases if a maximum operating
temperature of approximately
is exceeded. Determine the maximum internal
temperature of the hottest pellet in the packed bed. For Reynolds numbers in the range
, Equation 7.81 may be replaced by
.
6. Latent heat capsules consist of a thin-walled spherical shell within which a solid-liquid,
phase-change material (PCM) of melting point
and latent heat of fusion
is enclosed.
As shown schematically, the capsules may be packed in a cylindrical vessel through which
there is fluid flow. If the PCM is in its solid state and
, heat is transferred from the
fluid to the capsules and latent energy is stored in the PCM as it melts. Conversely, if the
PCM is a liquid and
, energy is released from the PCM as it freezes and heat is
transferred to the fluid. In either situation, all of the capsules within the packed bed would
remain at
through much of the phase change process, in which case the fluid outlet
temperature would remain at a fixed value .

7. In a paper mill drying process, a sheet of paper slurry (waterfibre mixture) has a linear
velocity of 5 m/s as it is rolled. Radiant heaters maintain a sheet temperature of
, as evaporation occurs to dry, ambient air at
above and below the sheet.

(a) What is the evaporative flux at a distance of

from the leading edge of the roll?
What is the corresponding value of the radiant flux (irradiation, G) that must be supplied
to the sheet to maintain its temperature at
? The sheet has an absorptivity of

8. Motile bacteria are equipped with flagella that are rotated by tiny, biological
electrochemical engines which, in turn, propel the bacteria through a host liquid. Consider a
nominally spherical Escherichia coli bacterium that is of diameter
. The bacterium is
in a water-based solution at
containing a nutrient which is characterized by a binary
diffusion coefficient of
and a food energy value of
. There is a nutrient density difference between the fluid and the shell of the
bacterium of
. Assuming a propulsion efficiency of
,
determine the maximum speed of the E. coli. Report your answer in body diameters per
second.

9. In a home furnace humidification system, water droplets of diameter D are discharged in a

direction opposing the motion of warm air emerging from the heater. The air is humidified by
evaporation from the droplets, and the excess water is collected on a splash plate, from which
it is routed to a drain.

Consider conditions for which air enters the heater at a temperature and relative humidity of
respectively, and leaves the heater at a temperature of
. The droplet
diameter is
and the relative velocity between the droplets and the heated air is
. During the time-of-flight, the change in droplet diameter may be neglected and the droplet
temperature may be assumed to remain at
. What is the rate of evaporation from a single
droplet?
10. To enhance heat transfer from a silicon chip of width
on a side, a copper pin fin is
brazed to the surface of the chip. The pin length and diameter are
and
,
respectively, and atmospheric air at
and
is in cross flow over the pin.
The surface of the chip, and hence the base of the pin, are maintained at a temperature of

(a) Assuming the chip to have a negligible effect on flow over the pin, what is the average
convection coefficient for the surface of the pin?
(b) Neglecting radiation and assuming the convection coefficient at the pin tip to equal that
calculated in part (a), determine the pin heat transfer rate.
(c) Neglecting radiation and assuming the convection coefficient at the exposed chip surface
to equal that calculated in part (a), determine the total rate of heat transfer from the chip.
11. In the production of sheet metals or plastics, it is customary to cool the material before it
leaves the production process for storage or shipment to the customer. Typically, the process
is continuous, with a sheet of thickness and width
cooled as it transits the distance L
between two rollers at a velocity V. In this problem, we consider cooling of an aluminum alloy
(2024-T6) by an air stream moving at a velocity
in counter flow over the top surface of the
sheet. A turbulence promoter is used to provide turbulent boundary layer development over
the entire surface.

(a) By applying conservation of energy to a differential control surface of length dx, which
either moves with the sheet or is stationary and through which the sheet passes, derive a
differential equation that governs the temperature distribution along the sheet. Because
of the low emissivity of the aluminum, radiation effects may be neglected. Express your
result in terms of the velocity, thickness, and properties of the sheet
the local
convection coefficient
associated with the counter flow, and the air temperature. For
a known temperature of the sheet ( ) at the onset of cooling and a negligible effect of
the sheet velocity on boundary layer development, solve the equation to obtain an
expression for the outlet temperature .
(b) For
,
,
,
,
,
, and
, what is the outlet temperature ?

12. Highly reflective aluminium coatings may be formed on the surface of a substrate by
impacting the surface with molten drops of aluminium. The droplets are discharged from an
injector, proceed through an inert gas (helium), and must still be in a molten state at the
time of impact.

Consider conditions for which droplets with a diameter, velocity, and initial temperature of
respectively, traverse a stagnant layer of
atmospheric helium that is at a temperature of
. What is the maximum allowable
thickness of the helium layer needed to ensure that the temperature of droplets impacting
the substrate is greater than or equal to the melting point of aluminum
Properties of the molten aluminum may be approximated as
,

13. An air duct heater consists of an aligned array of electrical heating elements in which the
longitudinal and transverse pitches are
.There are 3 rows of elements in
the flow direction (
) and 4 elements per row
. Atmospheric air with an
upstream velocity of 12 m/s and a temperature of
, moves in cross flow over the
elements, which have a diameter of 12 mm, a length of 250 mm, and are maintained at a
surface temperature of 350 .
(a) Determine the total heat transfer to the air and the temperature of the air leaving the
duct heater.

(b) Determine the pressure drop across the element bank and the fan power requirement.

14. A cryogenic probe is used to treat cancerous skin tissue the probe consists of single round jet
of diameter
that issues from a nozzle concentrically situated within a larger,
enclosed cylindrical tube of diameter
. The wall thickness of the AISI302
stainless steel probe is
and the separation distance between the nozzle and the
inner surface of the probe is H=5mm. Assuming the cancerous tissue to be semi-infinite
medium
and
far from the probe location, determine the
surface temperature . Neglect the contact resistance between the probe and the tissue.
Cold nitrogen exits the jet at =100K
. (Hint= due to the probe walls the jet is
confined and behaves as if it were one in an array such as in fig.)