ETHICS

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ETHICS CHARACTERISTICS OF MORAL PRONCIPLE

- is the study of science and art of correctivity. 1. PRESCRIPTIVITY – the guiding nature of ethics.
- The study of what is right and what is wrong, Prescribes and gives commands.
good and evil of human conduct. 2. IMPARTIALITY – there is no bias, it’s for all/
- It is the science of human act. neutral.
3. OVERRIDINGNESS – you can override other
Origin of Ethics when man began to think of what is
norms/ rules.
good for themselves.
4. AUTONOMOUS FROM ARBITRARY AUTHORITY
Ethics is Science – systematize. – Independent and has our own stand.
5. PUBLICITY – it is open, transparent. The
Ethics is Art – beautifying one’s life. application is shown in public.
Etymology – way of acting 6. PRACTICABILITY – practical, actionable and can
be practiced.
ANCIENT GREEK

ETHICS – Ethos (Character) Mores (Customs) – how


individuals choose to interact with one another. 2 FORMS OF ACT

RELIGIOUS POV – the creator who give the rules. 1. ACT OF MAN – instinctive, involuntary and no
guidance of will and intellect.
- Ethics is given by God 2. HUMAN ACT – voluntary, deliberate action with
GREEK METHOLOGY – Zeus who gives people justice to guidance of will and intellect.
his people. - Subject to moral consequence and
accountability.
ANCIENT GREEK – Ethics Started a. Knowledge – aware, conscious, and
understand your actions.
BABYLON – Given by Hamurabi.
b. Freedom
HAMURABI CODE c. Voluntariness / will

BIBLE 2 LACK OF KNOWLEDGE

COMMANDMENT – is a rule that is to be strictly 1. IGNORANCE – the absence of knowledge.


observed because it is said to be set by a divine entity. 1. VINCIBLE IGNORANCE – easily be corrected.
less moral accountability.
POLICY – is a clear, simple statement of how an
2. INVINCIBLE IGNORANCE –Cannot be easily
organization plans to handle its services, actions, or
corrected.
business.
3. AFFECTED IGNORANCE – you are not
ETIQUETTE – set of rules of how an individual should responsible, you don’t know. Deliberate and
behave in the society. voluntarily created.
2. INNOCENCENCE -
LAW – a rule created and enforced by the government
and its agencies to maintain order, resolve disputes, and VOLUNTARINESS
protect a persons liberty and rights.
1. Perfect voluntariness – full knowledge and
ASSUMPTION OF ETHICS freedom. Full accountability of actions.
2. Imperfect Voluntariness – you are not under
1. MAN IS RATIONAL – people have intellect. certain condition.
- We know what’s right and wrong. 3. Simple Voluntariness – part of life. Everyday
2. MAN IS FREE – you have your freedom? life.
Freewill 4. Conditional voluntariness – forced by
- Free choice on doing what’s right and what’s circumstance.
wrong.
5. Direct Voluntariness – Intentional with motive. NORM – used to measure whether an act done is good
Result to achieve. Perfect and full responsibility. or bad.
6. Indirect Voluntariness – unintentional result of
MORAL AND NON-MORAL STANDARD
an act.
Moral Standard is the code of what is right or wrong
ACTS WITH DOUBLE EFFECT
without reference to specific behaviors or beliefs.
MORAL SENSIBILITY – our response towards what is
right or wrong.
Characteristics of Moral standard
3 MORAL DISTINCTION
1. Moral standard involve behavior that seriously
1. MORAL ACTION (good) – in accordance with
affect other people’s well-being.
the norms of morality.
2. Moral standards take a more important
2. IMMORAL ACTION (evil) – not in accordance
consideration than others, including self-
with the norms of morality.
interest.
3. AMORAL ACTION (neutral or indifference) –
3. Moral standards do not depend on any
neither good nor evil
external authority but in how the person
OBJECT or Act itself – end or the act itself. perceives the reasonableness of the action.
4. Moral standards are believed to be universal.
MOTIVE or intent – with intention, purpose or reason of
5. Moral standards are based on objectivity.
doing the act.
6. Moral standards are associated with
CIRCUMSTANCES – surrounding factors of an act. vocabulary that depicts emotion or feelings.

1. Aggravating circumstance – increase moral NON-MORAL STANDARDS – something or someone is


responsibility. judged as either good or bad.
2. Mitigating circumstances – decrease moral
MORAL DILEMMA – is a situation where:
responsibility.
3. Justifying circumstance – justify your 1. There are two or more actions that you can
actions. possibly do.
2. There is a moral reason(s) for doing such
MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACT
actions.
1. IGNORANCE – lack or absence of knowledge. 3. You cannot do all the possible actions presented
2. PASSION/ CONCUPISCENCE – emotions to you. You only need to choose one.
whether negative or positive desire. Something
3 LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMA
that you like. Moral accountability depends on
the action. PERSONAL MORAL DILEMMA – when your decision in a
situation where there is a moral conflict is the cause of
ANTECEDENT – act of the will
either your own; that of another person; or a group of
SUBSEQUENT – pag nagsasaway persons potential harm. (personal problem)

“crime of passion” when man tends to become ORGANIZATIONAL MORAL DILEMMA – when a
irrational. member or members of the organization is in a situation
where there is moral conflict, and the decision will
3. FEAR – disturbance of the mind. Act done with potentially harm either some members of the group or
fear. Still have moral responsibility. the entire organization itself. (members of the
4. VIOLENCE – physical force is exerted to a institution is in conflict)
person by another for the purpose of
compelling or forcing a person to act against his STUCTURAL MORAL DILEMMA – when a person or
will. group of persons who holds high level positions in the
5. HABITS – are frequently repeated acts. society faces a morally conflicting situation where in the
entire social system is affected. (dilemma within a 2. LANGUAGE – also a symbol. Either written, oral
system) and verbal, because of this we have clear
knowledge of the message.
HOMO “SAPIENS” – wisdom knowledge.
3. BELIEFS – superstitions.
Man as the agent of morality – we are rational, 4. VALUES – anything that satisfies human needs.
responsible for creating and upholding moral principles. 5. NORMS – standard, principle.

Man According to Science – we are animal UNIVERSALISM – objective truth.

Man according to religion – divine being PLURALISM – many separate cultures.

- Judeo Christian – IMAGO DEI CULTURAL RELATIVISM – explains why one behavior or
- Hinduism – Divine Atman practice is completely acceptable by a particular group
- Buddhism – body/ soul consciousness of people, while it is a taboo in another. Truth is
subjective.
Man according to Philosophy
FRANZ BOAZ 1887 – German American Anthropologist.
Ancient Philosophers
ALAIN LOCKE 1924 – philosopher and social theorist
Socrates – man is moral being, they know what is wrong who first used the term “cultural relativism.”
and right.
DR. JAMES RACHELS
Plato – man is body and soul (separable)
1. Different societies have different moral codes.
Aristotle – body and soul (not separable, rational 2. The moral code of a society determined what is
animals) right and wrong.
Modern Philosophers 3. There are no universal truths.
4. The moral code of a particular society has no
Thomas hobbes – man is selfish and corrupt (negative) special status.
Jean Jacques Rousseau – man is selfish and corrupt. 5. It is arrogant for one culture to judge another
(negative). culture.

Rene Descartes ADVANTAGES AND DANGERS OF CULTURAL


RELATIVISM
John Locke – tabula rasa
Advantage:
PROSOBHON (mask) greek word – to have particular
role. 1. It warns us from assuming that our preferences
are the absolute rational standard.
Person – Individual human being. 2. It teaches us to keep an open mind and to be
more amendable in discovering the truth.
Personality – personal attributes, how you present
yourself. Danger:
Character – psychological aspect and values, the way 1. We cannot call out societal practices that
you act / manners and emotional quotient. promote harm.
2. We cannot justifiably criticize our won culture’s
CULTURE – a phenomenon/ occurrence shared
harmful practices.
language/ beliefs/ experiences
3. The idea of societal progress become doubtful.
5 ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
PEACE EDUCATION
1. SYMBOL – written, oral, verbal. Signs that covey
1. Respect for life.
message.
2. Respect for human rights and fundamental
freedoms.
3. Rejection of all forms of violence.
4. Adherence to the principles of justice, the same idea of cease fire towards active/ non-
democracy, tolerance, solidarity, cooperation, violence.
diversity, dialogue and understanding in all 6. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
levels of society. (STEWARDSHIP) – the concepts of stewardship
must be universal to all regardless of the status,
3 PHASES TO ACCOMPLISH PEACE:
influence, and power.
1. COGNITIVE PHASE – understanding and being
PEACE EDUCATION – education that seeks the
aware to the happenings in the society.
transformation of people’s mindsets, attitudes and
2. AFFECTIVE PHASE – being concerned and
behaviors toward peace, justice and environmental
responsible learning to value peace since
care.
rational beings are species of social interaction.
3. ACTIVE PHASE – which is taking practical action QUALITIES OF THE FILIPINO MORAL IDENTITY
in which a course that will lead us to what is
DR. PATRICIA B. LICUANAN – wrote that the strengths
good for the benefit of the majority.
and weaknesses of Filipino character are rooted in
2 TYPES OF PEACE factors such as:

1. NEGATIVE TYPE – absence of direct/ physical 1. The home environment – taught to value family
violence (both macro and micro) and give it primary importance.
2. The social environment - depending on one
DIRECT VIOLENCE – war, torture, child and
another to survive.
woman abuse.
3. Culture and language – depict openness to
2. POSITIVE TYPE – presence of conditions of well- foreign elements with no basic consciousness of
being and just relationships: our cultural core.
a. Economic 4. History – the culprit behind our colonial
b. Structural Violence mentality
c. Socio-cultural Violence 5. The educational system – instrumental in
d. Ecological Violence molding the strengths and weaknesses of the
Filipino character.
6 DIMENSIONS AND OPERATIVE VALUES 6. Religion – taught us optimism and resilience.
1. PERSONAL AND FAMILY (SPIRITUAL) – values 7. The economic environment – hard life drove
formation starts in the family. Filipinos to work hard and take risks, such as
2. HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY (JUSTICE) – leaving our families to work abroad.
political respect is the key towards human 8. The political environment – political power is
viability and sustainability in achieving peace mainly in the hands of the elite and the absence
and mitigating conflict in the complex and of a string government presence enhanced the
dynamic society. Filipino’s already extreme family centeredness.
3. POVERTY ERADIVATION (COMPASSION) – 9. Mass media – rads, music ect., were greatly
poverty might be inevitable, however with the based on American pop culture. Superiority of
help of lowering the poverty borderline, peace imported brand.
can somehow be attainable. 10. Leadership and role models – any person with
4. INTERCULTURAL UNDERSTANDING AND authority Is looked up to.
SOLIDARITY (DIALOGUE) – “what’s right for you STRENGTH OF THE FILIPINO CHARACTER
might be wrong for me, what is wrong for me
might be right for you.” Serves as the 1. Pakikipagkapwa-Tao – helpfulness and
foundation for consideration towards respect. generosity.
5. DISARMAMENT AND CESSATION OF 2. Family Orientation – genuine love for family.
HOSTILITIES (ACTICE/ NON-VIOLENCE) – In 3. Joy and Humor – cheerful and fun loving.
promoting the culture of peace, we must share
4. Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity. – we
can improve and make use of whatever is at
hand to create and produce.
5. Hard work and Industry – willingness to take
risks and work in other countries.
6. Faith and Religiosity – bahala na mindset.
7. Ability to Survive – “matutong mamulukot
habang maikli ang kumot.” We endure, make
do, and get by on so little while looking forward
to the coming of better days.

WEAKNESS OF THE FILIPINO CHARACTER

1. Extreme Personalism – led to prevalence of


graft and corruption in the country.
2. Extreme Family-Centeredness – concern for the
rest of the community and for the common
good is less important.
3. Lack of Discipline - “ningas cogon”
4. Passivity and Lack of Initiative – reliance on
others.
5. Colonial Mentality – general feelings of
inferiority.
6. Kanya-kanya syndrome – personal and in-group
interest are supreme and the drive to fulfill
these interests is completely intensive to the
common good.
7. Lack of Self-Analysic and Self-Reflection –
madaling makalimot. We easily forget the
mistakes we made.

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