Operantis (End of The Worker), Why of An Act

ETHICS Situation Ethics – it is therefore wrong to judge the
morality of an act by simply considering the intention

RULES which inspire the act or the circumstances which supply
- guidelines or instruction of doing something the context of the act.
- do not have legal binding Sin – is an offense against reason, truth, and right
- tells us what to do and what not to do conscience
- for individuals or group
- non-compliance: little effect MORAL RELATIVISIM
REGULATIONS - values are determined by the society we grow up in,
and there are no universal values
- directives or statute enforced by law
- have legal binding Self-interest Theory
- authorized by public
- Definitional Argument – when we do what we want
- for the whole public
to do
- non-compliance: penalty or punishment
- Evolutionary Argument – naturally selfish to
MORALS survive
- Hidden Benefits Argument – selfish benefit to help
- quality of human acts, acts of good and some evil others
- describes one’s particular values concerning what is - Punishment Argument – what if I get caught?
right or wrong
ETHICS
HUMAN ACTS
- derived from the Ancient Greek word, meaning
- knowingly and freely, intentional or voluntary "relating to one's character", which itself comes
actions from the root word êthos, meaning "character,
- exercise his intellect and will in performing the act
moral nature". This word was transferred into Latin
ACTS OF MAN as ethica and then into French as éthique, from
which it was transferred into English
- instinctive and involuntary actions - practical science of morality of human conduct
- accomplished without knowledge or deliberation
3 Majors Area in Study of Ethics
MORAL AGENT
1.Meta-ethics – concerning the theoretical meaning and
- person who has the ability to discern right from reference of moral propositions, and how their truth
wrong and accountable for his action
values (if any) can be determined
3 Rational Principles of Life
2.Normative ethics – concerning the practical means of
- Freedom determining a moral course of action
- Conscience
- Law 3.Applied ethics –concerning what a person is obligated
(or permitted) to do in a specific situation or a particular
Morality of Human Acts depend on: domain of action
- Object Chosen – toward which the will directs Ethos of MAN
itself, finis operis (the end of work), what of an act
- Intention – resides in acting the subject, finis - distinguish what is right or wrong, good and evil
operantis (end of the worker), why of an act - accountable for his actions
- Circumstances – contribute to increasing or - assume people are trying to do their best
diminishing the moral goodness of evil of human - obligation to do what is good
acts.
Principles of Ethics
An evil end can corrupt a good object. Act whose object
is evil can never be a good even if the intention and 1. Personal Ethics – might also be called morality, since
circumstances are good. This is because choosing an evil they reflect general expectation of any society, acting
object entails a disorder of the will. and any capacity. (Concern for the well-being of others,
Respect for the autonomy of others, Ttrustworthiness
and honesty, Willing compliance with law, Basic ETHICAL DILEMMA
Justice, being fair, Benevolence, doing good, Preventing
- a problem involving a choice between equally
harm)
desirable or equally unsatisfactory alternatives to
2. Global Ethics – are most controversial of the three the different or competitive assignment of priorities
categories, and the least understood (Global Justice, and responsibilities, or to a problem without a
Society before self, Environmental stewardship, satisfactory solution
Interdependence and responsibility for the whole, - conflict between alternatives, where choosing any of
Reverence) them will lead to a compromise of some ethical
principle and lead to an ethical violation
3. Professional Ethics – the rules governing the
conduct, transactions, and relationships within a Deciding what is right or wrong:
profession and among its publics
- Legal Test – is there a law being broken?
- Honesty – truthfulness - Stench Test – test of your instincts and determines
the level of morality on a psychological level.
- Integrity – consistency / accuracy
- Front Page Test – how would you feel if your action
- Transparency – openness showed up on the front page of the newspaper the
next day?
- Accountability – liable/responsible - Mom Test – what would mom think if she knew
- Confidentiality –accessibility about this?
- Objective – meeting conditions Truth vs. Loyalty
- Respectful – honor Individual vs. Community
- Within the law Short term vs. Long term
MORAL STANDARDS Justice vs. Mercy
- refer to the standards that a person or a group has Approaches to Ethical Decision Making:
about what is right and wrong, or good and evil - Ends Based – actions are ethically right or wrong
a. Moral standards involve serious wrongs or significant depending on their effects
benefits – deal with matters which can seriously impact, - Rules Based – stick to the rules and principles and
that is, injure or benefit human beings don’t worry about the result
- Care Based – puts love for others first
b. Moral standards ought to be preferred to other values
Steps in Solving Ethical Dilemma
c. Moral standards are not established by authority
figures Step one – Analyze the consequences
d. Moral standards have the trait of universalizability – Step two – Analyze the actions
for everyone Step three – Make a decision
e. Moral standards are based on impartial considerations
– free from bias or prejudice
f. Moral standards are associated with special emotions
and vocabulary.
NON-MORAL STANDARDS
- refer to rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical
considerations. Either these standards are not
necessarily linked to morality or by nature lack
ethical sense.

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ETHICS Situation Ethics – it is therefore wrong to judge the

morality of an act by simply considering the intention

- Objective – meeting conditions Truth vs. Loyalty

- Respectful – honor Individual vs. Community

- Within the law Short term vs. Long term

MORAL STANDARDS Justice vs. Mercy

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