Professional Conduct and Ethical Standard PPT1

PROFESSIONAL
CONDUCT AND
ETHICAL
STANDARD
ETHICS
Is a branch of philosophy which studies
the principle of right or wrong in human
conduct. Right or wrong are qualities
assigned to actions, conduct and behavior.
Latin word “ethos” or “ethicus” means
customary, behavior, moral.
Greek word “ethikos” which means
customary.
OTHER DEFINITIONS
OF ETHICS
Based on its etymological meaning, it is
taken to mean as a philosophical science
that deals with the morality of human
conduct or human act (Babor, Ethics
2008)
 It is practical science of the morality of
human conduct (Glenn, Ethics)
IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS
Indispensable knowledge
Without moral perception, man is only
an animal
Without morality, man’s rational being
is a failure
MORALITY
Is the quality of human acts by which they are
constituted as good, bad or indifferent.
Is the foundation of every human society.
Without civic morality, communities perish;
without personal morality their survival has
no value.
Every culture admits the importance of
morality as a standard of behavior. When the
moral foundation of a nation are threatened,
society itself is threatened.
MORAL INTEGRITY
Is the only true measure of what man
ought to be.
The most successful professional, is
nothing unless he too is morally upright.
Thus, the philosophers speak of Ethics
as the “only necessary knowledge”.
Ethics outlines theories of right or wrong,
morality translate these theories into
action.
Therefore, morality is nothing else but it
is doing ethics.
2 MAJOR DIVISIONS OF
ETHICS
1) GENERAL ETHICS
2) SPECIAL ETHICS
A) Professional Ethics
B) Police Ethics
GENERAL
ETHICS
The study of the general principles of
morality.
SPECIAL
ETHICS
The study of the application of the
general principles of morality.
PROFESSIONAL
ETHICS
A sub-branch of special ethics.
A set of moral code to which every
profession must subscribe.
Aims to guide the actuations of the
professional in the practice of his
profession.
EXAMPLES OF
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
1) Medical ethics
2) Business ethics
3) Legal ethics
4) Code of ethics for Teacher
5) Code of ethics of public officials
6) POLICE ETHICS
POLICE ETHICS
A practical science that treats the
principles of human morality and duty as
applied to LAW ENFORCEMENT.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HUMAN
ACTS AND ACTS OF HUMAN
HUMAN ACTS ACTS OF HUMAN
Actions performed by man, Actions which happen in
knowingly and freely man.
Deliberate or intentional Instinctive and are not
actions, or voluntary within the control of the
will.
Actions are the result of Biological and physiological
conscious knowledge and movements in man such as,
are subject to the control of metabolism, respiration,
the will. fear, anger, love and
jealousy.
HUMAN ACTS
 Act which proceeds from the deliberate
free will of man.
 In wide sense, it means any sort of
activity; internal or external, physical or
spiritual performed by human being.
ESSENTIAL ATTRIBUTES OF
HUMAN ACTS
1) It must be performed by a conscious agent who is
aware of what he is doing and of its consequences.
2) It must be performed by an agent who is acting
freely, that is, by his own volition and powers. An
action done under duress and against one’s will is
not entirely a free action.
3) It must be performed by an agent who decides
willfully to perform act. This willfulness is the
result to perform an act here and now, or in some
future time.
KINDS OF HUMAN ACTS
1) ELICITED ACTS – those performed by will and are not bodily
externalized. Under this type of acts are:
• WISH – is the tendency of the will towards something, whether
this will be realizable or not.
• INTENTION – is the tendency of the will towards something
attainable but without necessarily committing oneself to attain it.
• CONSENT – is the acceptance of the will of those needed to carry
out the intention.
• ELECTION – is the selection of the will of those effective enough to
carry out the intention.
• USE – is the command of the will to make use of those means
elected to carry out intention.
• FRUITION – is the enjoyment of the will derived from the
attainment of the thing he had desired earlier.
2) COMMANDED ACTS – those than either by man’s
mental or bodily powers under the command of will.
a) Internal Actions
Examples: conscious reasoning, recalling
something, encouraging oneself, and controlling
aroused emotions.
b) External Actions
Examples: walking, eating, dancing, laughing,
listening and reading
c) Combination of internal and external movements.
Examples: studying, driving a car, writing a letter,
and playing chess.
MORAL DISTINCTIONS – “Dictates of reasons”
stands for the norm of morality which is the
standard by which actions are judged as to their
merits or demerits.
CLASSIFICATION OF ACTION ACCORDING
TO THE NORMS OF MORALITY
1.Moral (Good) actions – actions which are in

conformity with the norm of morality.
2.Immoral (Bad) actions – actions which are
not in conformity with the norm of morality.
3.Amoral (Indifferent) actions – actions
which stand neutral in relation to the norm of morality.
 They are neither good nor bad in themselves. But
certainly amoral actions may become good or bad
because of the circumstances attendant to them.
VOLUNTARINESS
Comes from the Latin word “Voluntas”
referring to the will. Voluntariness is
essential to an act. Without it, an act is
a mere act of man.
TYPES OF VOLUNTARINESS
1. Direct voluntariness – primarily intended by
the doer, either as an end in itself or as means
to achieve something.
 Example: He who intends to go to a party in

order to drink with friends wills both the going
to the party and the drinking with friends.
Both acts, therefore, are directly voluntary.
TYPES OF VOLUNTARINESS
2. Indirect voluntariness – act or situation which is the mere result of
a directly willed act.
-- Refers to an act which is desired not as an end in
itself but as a foreseen effect or consequences of an act.
 Example:
 Throwing precious cargoes from a sinking boat to save lives of
passengers. Here the throwing and losing of the cargoes is not
desired or intended. It comes as a consequence of saving lives of
passengers.
 Going to a party to enjoy with friends but making trouble when
drunk. The making of trouble may have been foreseen and
foreknown but it may have been intended; in which case, the act of
making trouble is only indirectly voluntary.
CLASSIFICATION OF
VOLUNTARINESS
1. Perfect voluntariness – person who fully knows and fully
intends an act.
2. Imperfect voluntariness – person who act without fully
realizing what he means to do, or without fully intending the
act.
3. Conditional voluntariness – person who is forced by
circumstances beyond his control to perform an act which he
would not do under normal conditions.
4. Simple voluntariness – person doing an act willfully, regardless
of whether he likes to do it or not. It is either positive or
negative.
MODIFIERS OF
HUMAN ACTS
1. IGNORANCE – absence of knowledge which a
person ought to possess.
“ ignorance of the law excuses no one” – implies
that no one should not act in the state of ignorance
and that no one who has done wrong may not
claim ignorance as a defense.
2. PASSIONS – either tendencies towards desirable
objects, or tendencies away from undesirable or
harmful things.
CLASSIFICATION OF
PASSIONS
a. Positive Emotions – love, desire, hope, and
bravery.
b. Negative Emotions – hatred, horror, sadness,
despair, fear and anger.
• Passions are Psychic Responses – As such,
they are neither moral or immoral, however,
man is bound to regulate his emotions and
submit them to the control of reason.
3. FEAR – disturbance of the mind of a person
who is confronted by an impending danger or
harm to himself or loved ones.
Fear is an instinct for self-preservation – We even
fear new experiences or situations such as,
embarking on a long journey, being left alone in a
strange place, or being asked to speak before a
group of people.
4. VIOLENCE – physical force exerted on a person
by another free agent for the purpose of
compelling said person to act against his will.
5. HABITS – lasting readiness and facility, born of
frequently repeated acts, for acting in a certain
manner. They are acquired inclinations towards
something to be done. They assume role of a
second nature, moving one who has them to
perform certain acts with relative ease.
The word “habit-forming” that we use to refer to

certain experience shows how easy it is for one to
acquire a habit. It also implies that a habit is not
easy to overcome or alter. It requires a strong-willed
person to correct a habit successfully within a
limited period of time.
ACTION AND EMOTION
 Man does an act with emotion and feeling not
like a robot. In doing this act, man does not
only evoke certain sentiments, but his decision
or intention to perform is swayed by his
emotions.
 Emotions are generally instinctive in origin.
Neither the degree of their intensity, clarity, or
awareness makes them human acts to be
judged as good or evil. It means simply that
man’s thoughts and actions are colored by his
emotions.
 Moral perfection comes from within. We,
Filipinos, refer to its as “Kagandahan ng loob”.
It is “loob” because from within human
personality.
KAGANDAHAN NG LOOB
 It refers to attitude and its stands for all that is
good, we call kaibigan, in human being. It is the
multiplicity of sterling qualities, both natural
and acquired, which, because they proceed
from the hearts and minds and it also greatly
influenced one’s behavior towards himself and
others.
 Kagandahan ng loob includes such moral
values as mapagmahal, may pakiramdam, may
pakikiramay, matulungin, masayahin and hindi
mapagkunwari.
RIGHTS AND DUTIES
 Man is born with rights and duties and having
rights is an attribute of a person. That is why
we have Commission on Human Rights that is
addresses violations of such rights.
 We insist on our rights but ignore our duties.
Duties however are more fundamental than
rights.
The duty to do good and to avoid evil is all
above all rights.
KINDS OF RIGHTS
1. Natural rights – based on natural law, that is
on human nature.
2. Human rights – based on human positive
laws, either those enacted by the State or a
religious sect.
a. Civil rights – dependent upon the laws of the
state.
b. Ecclesiastical or religious rights – dependent
upon the laws of a church or a religious sect.
3. Alienable and Inalienable Rights
– Alienable rights – civil or religious rights, which can be
surrendered, renounced, or removed, such as the right to
decent livelihood.
4. Right of Jurisdiction – power of lawful authority to govern
his subjects and to make laws for them.
5. Right of property – power to own, to sell, to barter, to
lend, to change, or give away one’s personal possessions.
6. Juridical right – all rights in so far are based on laws. These
rights must be respected, allowed, fulfilled, as a matter of
strict justice.
7. Non Juridical rights – founded on laws, either natural or
human, but on virtue. Thus, these are also called moral
rights.
DEFINITION OF DUTY
OBJECTIVELY – it is anything we are obliged to
do or to omit
SUBJECTIVELY – it is a moral obligation
incumbent upon a person of doing, omitting, or
avoiding something.
Duty is a moral obligation because it depends
upon freewill. As such it resides on a person.
Duty is defined by law, any willful neglect of
duty makes the person accountable for such act.
KINDS OF DUTIES
1. Natural duties – imposed by natural law, such as
the duty to care for our health.
2. Positive duties – imposed by a human positive law,
such as the duty to pay taxes and to observe traffic
rules.
3. Affirmative duties – which require the performance
of a certain act, such as casting a ballot during
election; applying for a business license.
4. Negative duties – which require the omission of a
certain act, such as not carrying illegal firearms, or
not destroying the property of other.
BILL OF RIGHTS
 Is a list of rights pertaining to persons. These
rights are recognized, guaranteed, and protected
against invasion, reduction and destruction.
 Is premised on the belief in the dignity of man
and the intrinsic worth of human life.
 A list of individual liberties, freedom and rights
which are guaranteed and protected under
Article III of the 1987 Philippine Constitution.
CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS
The Bill of Rights includes civil and political rights
of the people.
1. Civil Rights – Those which an individual enjoys in
his private activities, or in his transactions with
others, as protected and granted by law. These
include the right to privacy, the right to travel or
change residence, the right to property, the right
to worship, and the right to free access to a
court justice. Civil rights are enjoyed by citizens
and non-citizens alike.
The Bill of Rights includes civil and political rights
of the people.
2. Political Rights – Those which an individual
enjoys participating in government affairs. These
include the right of speech and free press, the right
to form associations, the right to assemble and to
petition the government for redress of grievances,
the right to vote and to be voted upon to public
office. Political rights are enjoyed only by the
citizens of each particular country.
Civil and Political Rights are what we call “Human
Right”, but in its widest sense human rights include
those pertaining to the dignity of the person such
as integrity, liberty, education, health, work and
welfare.
CARDINAL RULES RESPECTING HUMAN RIGHTS
(SEC 11, ART 11, 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION)
 HUMAN RIGHTS ARE THE GOD GIVEN RIGHTS
INHERENT TO THE VERY EXISTENCE OF MAN.
 The right to wear a piece of cloth to shield
himself from shivering cold or melting heat; a
right to have a bowl of rice to fill his empty
stomach for the day; the right to have a shelter to
spend the night; the right to every working man
to assure himself and his family a life worthy of
human dignity, and the right to live with honor,
dignity and respect of his fellowmen living in a
just and human society under the blessing of
democracy.
 Entrusted with the constitutional mandate to
serve and protect the people, law enforcers
should be the very first protectorate of human
rights.
 Without recognizing and respecting the sanctity
of human rights are enshrined in the
Constitution, they can never induce public
respect or command obedience to existing laws.
THEY CAN NEVER EFFECTIVELY ENFORCE THE LAW
BY VIOLATING HUMAN RIGHTS!
END

Professional Conduct and Ethical Standard PPT1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Professional Conduct and Ethical Standard PPT1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Professional Conduct and Ethical Standard PPT1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PROFESSIONAL

1.Moral (Good) actions – actions which are in

 Example: He who intends to go to a party in

The word “habit-forming” that we use to refer to

You might also like