RULES FOR THE MANUFACTURE, TESTING AND CERTIFICATION OF MATERIALS, July 2006

Steel Castings Chapter 4

Section 1

Section 1.2.2 All flame cutting, scarfing or arc-air gouging to

remove surplus metal is to be undertaken in accordance with
1 General requirements recognized good practice and is to be carried out before the
final heat treatment. Preheating is to be employed where
2 Castings for ship and other structural necessitated by the chemical composition and/or thickness of
applications the casting. The affected areas are to be either machined or
ground smooth for a depth of about 2 mm unless it has been
3 Castings for machinery construction shown that the material has not been damaged by the cutting
process. Special examination will be required to find any
4 Castings for crankshafts cracking in way of the cut surfaces.

5 Castings for propellers 1.2.3 Where two or more castings are joined by welding
to form a composite item, details of the proposed welding
6 Castings for boilers, pressure vessels and procedure are to be submitted for approval. Welding approval
piping systems procedure tests will be required, see also the requirements
of 1.9.
7 Ferritic steel castings for low temperature
service
1.3 Quality of castings
8 Austenitic stainless steel castings
1.3.1 All castings are to be free from surface or internal
9 Steel castings for container corner fittings defects which would be prejudicial to their proper application
in service. The surface finish is to be in accordance with good
practice and any specific requirements of the approved
specification.

■ Section 1 1.3.2 The surfaces are not to be hammered, peened or

General requirements treated in any way which may obscure defects.

1.1 Scope 1.3.3 The locations of all chaplets are to be noted and to
be subject to close visual inspection (and when necessary
1.1.1 This Section gives the general requirements for ultrasonic examination) to ensure complete fusion.
steel castings intended for use in the construction of ships,
other marine structures, machinery, boilers, pressure vessels
and piping systems. 1.4 Chemical composition

1.1.2 Where required by the relevant Rules dealing with 1.4.1 All castings are to be made from killed steel. The
design and construction, castings are to be manufactured chemical composition of the ladle sample is to be within the
and tested in accordance with Chapters 1 and 2, together limits given in the relevant Section of this Chapter. Where
with the general requirements given in this Section and the general overall limits are specified, the chemical composition
appropriate specific requirements given in Sections 2 to 9. is to be appropriate for the type of steel, dimensions and
required mechanical properties of the castings.
1.1.3 As an alternative to 1.1.2, castings which comply
with National or proprietary specifications may be accepted 1.4.2 Except where otherwise specified, suitable grain
provided that these specifications give reasonable refining elements may be used at the discretion of the
equivalence to the requirements of this Chapter or manufacturer. The content of such elements is to be reported
alternatively are approved for a specific application. Generally, in the ladle analysis.
survey and certification are to be carried out in accordance
with the requirements of Chapter 1.
1.5 Heat treatment
1.1.4 Where small castings are produced in large
quantities, or where castings of the same type are produced 1.5.1 All castings are to be heat treated in accordance
in regular quantities, alternative survey procedures, in with the requirements given in the relevant Section of this
accordance with Ch 1,2.4 may be adopted. Chapter.

1.2 Manufacture

1.2.1 Castings are to be made at foundries approved by

LR. The steel used is to be manufactured by a process
approved by LR.

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RULES FOR THE MANUFACTURE, TESTING AND CERTIFICATION OF MATERIALS, July 2006

Steel Castings Chapter 4

Section 1

1.5.2 Heat treatment is to be carried out in a properly 1.7.2 The surfaces are not to be hammered, peened or
constructed furnace which is efficiently maintained and has treated in any way which may obscure defects.
adequate means of temperature control and is fitted with
pyrometers which measure and record the temperature of the 1.7.3 Unless otherwise agreed, the accuracy and verifica-
furnace charge. The furnace dimensions are to be such as to tion of dimensions are the responsibility of the manufacturer.
allow the whole furnace charge to be uniformly heated to the
necessary temperature. Sufficient thermocouples are to be 1.7.4 All castings are to be presented to the Surveyor for
connected to the furnace charge to show that its temperature visual examination. Where applicable, this is to include the
is adequately uniform and the temperatures are to be recorded examination of internal surfaces. Castings are to be subject to
throughout the heat treatment. Alternative procedures are to be magnetic particle examination in accordance with 1.7.8,
approved by LR, Materials and NDE department. Copies of unless more specific requirements for non-destructive
these records are to be presented to the Surveyor together with examination are included in subsequent Sections of this
a sketch showing the positions at which the temperature Chapter, other parts of the Rules or the agreed specification.
measurements were carried out. The records are to identify the
furnace that was used and give details of the charge, the heat 1.7.5 Where specified or required by the Rules non-
treatment temperature and time at temperature and the date. destructive examination is to be carried out before
The Surveyor is to examine the charts and confirm the details on acceptance. All tests are to be carried out by competent
the certificate. In the case of very large components which operators using reliable and efficiently maintained equipment.
require heat treatment, alternative methods will be specially The testing procedures are to be acceptable to the Surveyor.
considered.
1.7.6 The manufacturer is to provide the Surveyor with a
1.5.3 If a casting is locally reheated, or any straightening signed statement confirming that non-destructive examination
operation is performed after the final heat treatment, a has been carried out and that such inspection has not revealed
subsequent stress relieving heat treatment may be required in any significant defects. Brief details of the testing procedure
order to avoid the possibility of harmful residual stresses. used are also to be included in this statement.

1.7.7 Where magnetic particle examination is specified or

1.6 Test material and test specimens required, this is to be carried out using a suspension of
magnetic particles in a suitable fluid. The dry powder method
1.6.1 Test material sufficient for the tests specified in is not acceptable. Where current flow methods are used for
Sections 2 to 9 and for possible re-test purposes is to be magnetisation, particular care is to be taken to avoid damaging
provided for each casting. The test samples are to be either finished machined surfaces by contact burns from the prods.
integrally cast or gated to the casting and are to have a
thickness of not less than 30 mm. 1.7.8 Where required, magnetic particle or liquid
penetrant testing is to be carried out by the manufacturer
1.6.2 The test samples are not to be detached from the whenever appropriate and also when the castings are in the
casting until the heat treatment specified in 1.5.1 has been finished condition. The tests are to be made in the presence
completed and they have been properly identified. of the Surveyor unless otherwise specially agreed. The
castings are to be examined in the following areas:
1.6.3 As an alternative to 1.6.1 and 1.6.2, where a (a) At all accessible fillets and changes of section.
number of small castings of about the same size, each of (b) At positions where surplus metal has been removed by
which is under 1000 kg in mass, are made from one cast and flame cutting, scarfing or arc-air gouging.
heat treated in the same furnace charge, a batch testing (c) In way of fabrication weld preparations.
procedure may be adopted, using separately cast test (d) At other positions agreed with the Surveyor to include
samples of suitable dimensions. The test samples are to be areas which may be subjected to high stress in service.
properly identified and heat treated together with the castings Acceptance standards are to be to the satisfaction of the
which they represent. At least one test sample is to be Surveyor.
provided for each batch of castings.
1.7.9 Where required by subsequent Sections or by the
1.6.4 The test specimens are to be prepared in agreed specification, ultrasonic examination is to be carried
accordance with the requirements of Chapter 2. Tensile test out by the manufacturer, but Surveyors may request to be
specimens are to have a cross-sectional area of not less than present in order to verify that the examination is carried out in
150 mm2. accordance with the agreed procedure. This examination is
to be carried out in the following areas:
1.6.5 Re-test procedures are to be in accordance with (a) At positions which may be subjected to high stresses in
Ch 2,1.4. service, as agreed with the Surveyor.
(b) In way of fabrication weld preparations.
(c) At positions where experience shows that significant
1.7 Visual and non-destructive examination internal defects may occur: these are to be agreed
between the manufacturer and the Surveyor.
1.7.1 All castings are to be cleaned and adequately (d) At positions where subsequent machining may expose
prepared for inspection. Suitable methods include pickling, filamentary shrinkage or other defects (e.g. bolt holes,
caustic cleaning, wire brushing, local grinding, shot or sand bearing bores).
blasting.

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Steel Castings Chapter 4

Section 1

1.7.10 Radiographic examination is to be carried out by 1.9.7 Where the weld repair of defects is required, a grain
the manufacturer in areas generally as indicated for ultrasonic refining heat treatment is to be given to the whole casting
examination in 1.7.9. All radiographs are to be submitted to prior to carrying out weld repairs unless agreed otherwise with
the Surveyor for examination and acceptance. The the Surveyor. Grain refining heat treatment requires heating
radiographic technique and acceptance standards are to be above the upper critical temperature.
to the satisfaction of the Surveyor and in accordance with any
requirements of the approved specification. 1.9.8 Any excavations are to be of suitable shape to
allow good access for welding and, after final preparation for
1.7.11 In the event of any casting proving to be defective welding, are to be re-examined by suitable non-destructive
during subsequent machining or testing it is to be rejected testing methods to ensure that all defective material has been
notwithstanding any previous certification. eliminated.

1.9.9 All castings in alloy steels other than austenitic and

1.8 Pressure testing duplex stainless steels are to be suitably preheated prior to
welding. Castings in carbon-manganese steels may also be
1.8.1 Where required by the relevant Rules, castings are to required to be preheated, depending on their chemical
be pressure tested in the final machined condition before final composition, the dimensions, configuration and positions of
acceptance. These tests are to be carried out in the presence the weld repairs.
of the Surveyors and are to be to their satisfaction.
1.9.10 Welding is to be done under cover, in positions free
from draughts and adverse weather conditions, by qualified
1.9 Rectification of defective castings welders with adequate supervision. As far as possible, all
welding is to be carried out in the downhand (flat) position.
1.9.1 When unacceptable defects are found in a casting,
these are to be removed by machining or chipping. Flame- 1.9.11 The welding consumables used are to be of an
scarfing or arc-air gouging may also be used provided that appropriate composition, giving a weld deposit with mechanical
pre-heating is employed when necessary and that the surfaces properties similar and in no way inferior to those of the parent
of the resulting excavation are subsequently ground smooth. castings. The use of low hydrogen type welding consum-
Complete elimination of the defective material is to be proven ables is preferred. Welding procedure tests are to be carried
by adequate non-destructive testing. Shallow grooves or out by the manufacturer to demonstrate that satisfactory
excavations resulting from the removal of defects may, at the mechanical properties can be obtained after heat treatment
discretion of the Surveyor, be accepted provided that they will as detailed in 1.9.12, and the results of these tests are to be
cause no appreciable reduction in the strength of the presented to the Surveyor.
castings and that they are suitably blended by grinding.
Complete elimination of the defective material is to be verified 1.9.12 After welding is completed, the castings are to be
by magnetic particle or liquid penetrant testing. Small surface given the heat treatment specified in Sections 2 to 9, or a
irregularities sealed by welding are to be treated as weld stress relieving heat treatment at a temperature of not less
repairs. than 550°C. The type of heat treatment required will be
dependent on the chemical composition of the casting and
1.9.2 Where flame scarfing or arc-air gouging is used, the the dimensions, positions and nature of the repairs.
requirements detailed in 1.2.2 are to apply.
1.9.13 Special consideration may be given to a local stress
1.9.3 Grinding wheels for use on austenitic stainless relieving heat treatment where both the repaired area is small
steels are to be of an iron-free type and shall have been used and machining of the casting has reached an advanced stage
only on stainless steels. but prior agreement is to be obtained from LR (Materials and
NDE Department). The welding procedure is to be such that
1.9.4 All proposals to repair a defective casting by welding residual stresses are minimized.
are to be submitted to the Surveyor before this work is
commenced. The Surveyor is to satisfy himself that the 1.9.14 On completion of heat treatment, the weld repairs
number, position and size of the defects are such that the and adjacent material are to be ground smooth and examined
casting can be effectively repaired. by magnetic particle, or liquid penetrant testing, ultrasonic or
radiographic examination. The Surveyor is to attend at these
1.9.5 A statement and/or sketch detailing the extent and inspections, to witness the results of magnetic particle or
position of all weld repairs is to be prepared by the liquid penetrant examination and to examine any radiographs.
manufacturer. Copies of these sketches are to be submitted Satisfactory results are to be obtained from all forms of non-
to LR, and copies are to be attached to the certificates for the destructive testing used.
castings.
1.9.15 Where no weld repairs have to be made on a casting,
1.9.6 Where it has been agreed that the casting can be the manufacturer is to provide the Surveyor with a statement
repaired, the work is to be carried out by an approved welder that this is the case.
and in accordance with an approved welding procedure
which includes the features referred to in 1.9.6 to 1.9.13.

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Steel Castings Chapter 4

Sections 1 & 2

1.9.16 The foundry is to maintain full records detailing the ■ Section 2

weld procedure, heat treatment and the extent and location of
repairs made to each casting. These records are to be
Castings for ship and other
available for review by the Surveyor, and copies of individual structural applications
records are to be supplied to the Surveyor on request.
2.1 Scope
1.9.17 For rectification of defective steel castings for
crankshafts, see 4.7. 2.1.1 The requirements for carbon-manganese steel
castings, intended for ship and other structural applications
where the design and acceptance tests are related to
1.10 Identification of castings mechanical properties at ambient temperature, are given in
this Section.
1.10.1 The manufacturer is to adopt a system of
identification, which will enable all finished castings to be 2.1.2 Provision is made for two quality grades, Normal
traced to the original cast, and the Surveyor is to be given full and Special.
facilities to trace the castings when required.
2.1.3 Where it is proposed to use carbon-manganese
1.10.2 Before acceptance, all castings which have been steels of higher specified minimum tensile strength than
tested and inspected with satisfactory results are to be clearly required by 2.4.3, or alloy steels, particulars of the chemical
marked by the manufacturer with the following particulars: composition, mechanical properties and heat treatment are to
(a) Identification number, cast number or other marking be submitted for approval.
which will enable the full history of the casting to be
traced.
(b) LR or Lloyd’s Register and the abbreviated name of LR’s 2.2 Chemical composition
local office.
(c) Personal stamp of Surveyor responsible for inspection. 2.2.1 The chemical composition of ladle samples is to
(d) Test pressure, where applicable. comply with Table 4.2.1.
(e) Date of final inspection.

1.10.3 Where small castings are manufactured in large Table 4.2.1 Chemical composition
numbers, modified arrangements for identification may be
specially agreed with the Surveyor. Quality grade Normal Special (see Note 3)

Carbon 0,23% max. 0,23% max.

Silicon 0,60% max. 0,60% max.
1.11 Certification
Manganese 0,70–1,60% 0,70–1,60%
Sulphur 0,040% max. 0,035% max.
1.11.1 The manufacturer is to provide the Surveyor with a Phosphorus 0,040% max. 0,035% max.
written statement giving the following particulars for each Aluminium – — 0,015–0,080%
casting or batch of castings which has been accepted: (acid soluble) (see Notes 1 and 2)
(a) Purchaser’s name and order number. Residual elements:
(b) Description of castings and steel quality. Copper 0,30% max. 0,30% max.
(c) Identification number. Chromium 0,30% max. 0,30% max.
(d) Steel making process, cast number, chemical analysis of Nickel 0,40% max. 0,40% max.
ladle samples and, in the case of the Special grade (see Molybdenum 0,15% max. 0,15% max.
Total 0,80% max. 0,80% max.
Section 2), the chemical analysis of the product or test
bar.
NOTES
(e) General details of heat treatment including the tempera- 1. The total aluminium content may be determined instead of
ture and time at temperature. the acid soluble content, in which case the total aluminium
(f) Results of mechanical tests. content is to be 0,020–0,10%.
(g) Test pressure, where applicable. 2. Grain refining elements other than aluminium may be used
subject to special agreement with LR.
1.11.2 Where applicable, the manufacturer is to provide a 3. For the Special grade, the nitrogen content is to be determined.
signed statement regarding non-destructive testing as
required by 1.7.6 together with a statement and/or sketch
detailing the extent and position of all weld repairs made to 2.2.2 For the Special grade, the product of the aluminium
each casting as required by 1.9.5 or the statement detailed in and nitrogen contents is to comply with the following formula:
1.9.15. (% Al acid sol x % N) 105 ≤ 60

2.2.3 For the Special grade, a check chemical analysis

on the product or a test bar is mandatory. The check analysis
on the product or test bar is to comply with the requirements
of Table 4.2.1.

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Steel Castings Chapter 4

Sections 2 & 3

2.3 Heat treatment ■ Section 3

2.3.1 Castings are to be supplied:
Castings for machinery
(a) fully annealed; or construction
(b) normalized; or
(c) normalized and tempered at a temperature of not less 3.1 Scope
than 550°C; or
(d) quenched and tempered at a temperature of not less 3.1.1 This Section gives the material requirements for
than 550°C. carbon-manganese steel castings intended for use in machinery
construction and which are not within the scope of Sections 4
2.3.2 For larger castings where a coarse of microstruc- to 7.
ture may be present in heavier thickness, a double austenising
heat treatment may be required to ensure adequate grain 3.1.2 Where it is proposed to use steels of higher carbon
refinement. A coarse microstructure will be indicated by an content than is indicated in 3.2.1, or alloy steels, particulars of
increased attenuation of approxiamtely 30 dB/m at 2 MHz the chemical composition, mechanical properties and heat
during ultrasonic examination. treatment are to be submitted for approval.

2.3.3 Following weld repair and or the attachment of 3.1.3 The manufacture or repair of cast steel connecting
handling brackets, all castings are to be subject to post weld rods is not permitted, except where the manufacturing and
heat treatment at a temperature of not less than 550°C before quality control procedures have been approved by LR. For
delivery. approval purposes, tests are to be carried out at the place of
manufacture using the proposed process to demonstrate that
the castings are sound. Tests are to be carried out to confirm
2.4 Mechanical tests that the appropriate mechanical properties are attained within
the casting, including areas where weld repairs have been
2.4.1 At least one tensile test is to be made on material performed. Any changes to manufacturing, repair and quality
representing each casting or batch of castings. control procedures are to be submitted to LR for approval,
see also Ch 1,2.2.
2.4.2 Where the casting is of complex design, or where
the finished mass exceeds 10 tonnes, two test samples are to
be provided. Where large castings are made from two or more 3.2 Chemical composition
casts which are not mixed in a ladle prior to pouring, two or
more test samples are required corresponding to the number of 3.2.1 The chemical composition of ladle samples is to
casts involved. These are to be integrally cast at locations as comply with the following limits, except as specified in 3.2.2:
widely separated as possible. Carbon 0,40% max.
Silicon 0,60% max.
2.4.3 The results of these tests are to comply with the Manganese 0,50—1,60%
following requirements: Sulphur 0,040% max.
Yield stress 200 N/mm2 min. Phosphorus 0,040% max.
Tensile strength 400 N/mm2 min. Residual elements:
Copper 0,30% max.
Elongation on 5,65 So 25% min.
Chromium 0,30% max.
Reduction of area 40% min. Nickel 0,40% max.
Molybdenum 0,15% max.
2.4.4 A set of three Charpy V-notch impact test Total 0,80% max.
specimens is to be provided with each casting in the Special
grade. These may be taken from a small extension of the 3.2.2 Castings which are intended for parts of a welded
thickest part of the casting or from a block cast integrally with fabrication are to be of weldable quality with a carbon content
the casting and having dimensions representative of the generally not exceeding 0,23 per cent.
largest section thickness of the casting. These are to be
tested in accordance with Chapter 2 and are to have an 3.2.3 Proposals to use steels with higher carbon content,
average energy of not less than 27J at 0°C. or alloy steels, for welded construction will be subject to
special consideration.

2.5 Non-destructive examination

3.3 Heat treatment
2.5.1 Castings used in ship construction for the
sternframe, rudder and propeller shaft supports are to be 3.3.1 Castings are to be supplied:
examined by ultrasonic and magnetic particle methods in (a) fully annealed; or
accordance with 1.7. The type and extent of non-destructive (b) normalized; or
examination of castings for other structural applications are to (c) normalized and tempered at a temperature of not less
be specially agreed by the Surveyor. than 550°C; or
(d) quenched and tempered at a temperature of not less
than 550°C.

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Steel Castings Chapter 4

Sections 3 & 4

3.3.2 Engine bedplate castings, turbine castings and any 3.5 Non-destructive examination
other castings where dimensional stability and freedom from
internal stresses are important, are to be given a stress relief 3.5.1 All piston crowns and cylinder covers are to be
heat treatment. This is to be at a temperature not lower than examined by ultrasonic testing. In addition, where these
550°C, followed by furnace cooling to 300°C or lower. castings are intended for engines having a bore size larger
Alternatively, full annealing may be used provided that the than 400 mm, they are to be examined by magnetic particle
castings are furnace cooled to 300°C or lower. or dye penetrant testing in accordance with 1.7.

3.5.2 Engine bedplate castings are to be examined by

3.4 Mechanical tests ultrasonic and magnetic particle or dye penetrant testing in
accordance with 1.7.
3.4.1 At least one tensile test is to be made on material
representing each casting or batch of castings. 3.5.3 Turbine castings are to be examined by magnetic
particle or dye penetrant testing in accordance with 1.7. In
3.4.2 Where the casting is of complex design, or where addition, an ultrasonic or radiographic examination is to be
the finished mass exceeds 10 tonnes, two test samples are to made in way of fabrication weld preparations.
be provided. Where large castings are made from two or
more casts which are not mixed in a ladle prior to pouring, 3.5.4 Other castings are to be examined by non-destruc-
two or more test samples are required corresponding to the tive methods where specified.
number of casts involved. The test samples are to be
integrally cast at locations as widely separated as possible.

3.4.3 Table 4.3.1 gives the minimum requirements for

yield stress, elongation and reduction of area corresponding to ■ Section 4
different strength levels, but it is not intended that these should Castings for crankshafts
necessarily be regarded as specific grades. Intermediate
levels of minimum tensile strength may be specified, in which 4.1 Scope
case minimum values for yield stress, elongation and reduction
of area may be obtained by interpolation. 4.1.1 This Section gives the requirements for carbon and
carbon-manganese steel castings for semi-built crankshafts.
Table 4.3.1 Mechanical properties for acceptance 4.1.2 Where it is proposed to use steels of higher carbon
purposes: carbon and carbon- content than is indicated in 4.3.1, or alloy steels, particulars of
manganese steel castings for the chemical composition, mechanical properties and heat
machinery construction treatment are to be submitted for approval. For alloy steels,
the specified minimum tensile strength is not to exceed
Tensile Yield stress Elongation Reduction
strength N/mm2 on 5,65 So root of area
700 N/mm2.
N/mm2 minimum % minimum % minimum

400–550 200 25 40 4.2 Manufacture

440–590 220 22 30
480–630 240 20 27 4.2.1 The method of producing combined web and pin
520–670 260 18 25 castings is to be approved. For this purpose, tests to
560–710 300 15 20 demonstrate the soundness of the casting and the properties
600–750 320 13 20 at important locations may be required.

3.4.4 Castings may be supplied to any specified minimum 4.3 Chemical composition
tensile strength selected within the general limits detailed in
Table 4.3.1. 4.3.1 The chemical composition of ladle samples is to
comply with the following limits:
3.4.5 The results of all tensile tests are to comply with the Carbon 0,40% max. (but see 4.7.5(c))
requirements of Table 4.3.1 appropriate to the specified minimum Silicon 0,60% max.
tensile strength. Manganese 0,50–1,60%
Sulphur 0,040% max.
3.4.6 For alloy steel castings and carbon-manganese Phosphorus 0,040% max.
steel castings containing more than 0,40 per cent carbon, the Residual elements:
results of all mechanical tests are to comply with an approved Copper 0,30% max.
specification. Chromium 0,30% max.
Nickel 0,40% max.
3.4.7 When a casting, or a batch of castings, has failed Molybdenum 0,15% max.
to meet the mechanical test requirements, it may be re-heat Total 0,80% max.
treated and re-submitted for acceptance tests but this may
not be carried out more than twice, see Ch 1,4.6.

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Steel Castings Chapter 4

Section 4

4.4 Heat treatment 4.6 Non-destructive examination

4.4.1 Castings are to be supplied either: 4.6.1 Magnetic particle examination is to be carried out
(a) fully annealed and cooled in the furnace to a temperature over all surfaces in accordance with Fig. 4.4.1.
of 300°C or lower; or
(b) normalized and tempered at a temperature of not less 4.6.2 Each casting is to be examined by ultrasonic
than 550°C, and cooled in the furnace to a temperature testing, and the extent of examination and defect acceptance
of 300°C or lower. criteria, using the DGS (Distance Gain Size) technique, are to
be as shown in Fig. 4.4.2. Alternative ultrasonic procedures
may be submitted for approval.
4.5 Mechanical tests

4.5.1 Proposals for the number of tests and the location 4.7 Rectification of defective castings
of test material on the casting are to be submitted by the
manufacturer. 4.7.1 The requirements of 1.9 apply, except where
amended by this Section.
4.5.2 Not less than one tensile test and three impact tests
are to be made on material representing each casting. The 4.7.2 Where castings have shallow surface defects,
impact tests are to be carried out at ambient temperature. consideration is first to be given to removing such defects by
grinding and blending or by machining the surface where
4.5.3 Table 4.4.1 gives the minimum requirements for there is excess metal on the Rule dimension.
yield stress and elongation corresponding to different strength
levels, and it is not intended that these should necessarily be 4.7.3 Welded repairs are to be undertaken only when the
regarded as specific grades. The strength levels have been repairs are considered to be necessary and are approved by
given in multiples of 40 N/mm2 to facilitate interpolation for the Surveyor.
intermediate values of specified minimum tensile strength.
4.7.4 Subject to prior agreement and submission of the
detailed welding procedure for approval by LR, weld repairs
Table 4.4.1 Mechanical properties for acceptance may be carried out prior to the final austenitizing heat
purposes: carbon-manganese steel treatment.
castings for crankshafts
4.7.5 Approval for weld repairs will not be given in the
Charpy following circumstances:
Elongation V-notch (a) For the rectification of repetitive defects caused by
Tensile Yield on Reduction impact
improper foundry technique or practice.
strength stress 5,65 So of area tests
N/mm2 N/mm2 % % average (b) For the building up by welding of surfaces or large
minimum minimum minimum energy shallow depressions.
J minimum (c) Where the carbon content of the steel exceeds 0,30 per
(see Note) cent.
400–550 200 28 45 32 (d) Where the carbon equivalent of the steel, given by
440–590 220 26 45 28 Mn Cr + Mo + V Ni + Cu
480–630 240 24 40 25 C+ + + exceeds 0,65 per cent.
6 5 15
520–670 260 22 40 20
550–700 275 20 35 18
4.7.6 Provided that the Surveyors are satisfied that
NOTE
Impact tests are to be made at ambient temperature. repairs by welding are justified, they may also authorise
repairs to the surfaces of crankwebs, following the final
austenitizing heat treatment, within the following limits:
(a) In general, the volume of the largest groove which is to
4.5.4 Castings may be supplied to any specified
be welded is not to exceed 3,2t cm3, where t is the web
minimum tensile strength selected within the general limits
axial thickness, in cm. The total volume of all grooves
detailed in Table 4.4.1.
which are to be welded is not to exceed 9,6t cm3 per
crankweb.
4.5.5 The results of all tests are to comply with the
(b) The welds do not extend within the cross-hatched zones
requirements of Table 4.4.1 appropriate to the specified
marked on Fig. 4.4.3 for semi-built crank throws.
minimum tensile strength. For the impact tests, one individual
(c) Larger repairs on balance weights may be permitted at
value may be less than the required average value provided
the discretion of the Surveyor, provided that such repairs
that it is not less than 70 per cent of this average value. See
are wholly contained within the balance weight and do
Ch 1,4.6 for re-test procedures.
not affect the strength of the crankweb.

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Steel Castings Chapter 4

Section 4

A B
e
a

d θ θ

c c

A B
Section A–A Section B–B

θ = 90 a = 0,1d b = 0,1d c = 0,05D e = L/4

d = pin diameter D = journal diameter 5291/06

Zone 1 : Any actual defects with one dimension of 0,5 mm or more are not acceptable

Zone 2 : Any actual defects with one dimension of 2 mm or more are not acceptable

Zone 3 : Any actual defects with one dimension of 5 mm or more are not acceptable

Zone 4 : Any actual defects with one dimension of 10 mm or more are not acceptable

Fig. 4.4.1 Magnetic particle inspection acceptance levels

4.7.7 Subsequent to the final austenitizing heat treat- 4.7.9 At the discretion of the Surveyor, the size of a
ment, weld repairs may also be authorized in the surface of groove may be increased beyond the limiting sizes given in
the bore for the journal (or pin) within the following limits: 4.7.6 or 4.7.7, if the removal of further metal will facilitate
(a) In general, the welds are to be not less than 125 mm welding.
apart.
(b) The welds are not to be located within circumferential 4.7.10 Weld repairs are to be carried out by approved
t welders using approved procedures. The welds are to be
bands of from the edges of the bores, nor at any
5 made by an electric arc process using low hydrogen type
position within the inner 120° arc of the bores, as cross- consumables which will produce a deposited metal that is not
hatched on Fig. 4.4.3. inferior in properties to the parent metal.
(c) The volume of the largest weld is to be not more than
1,1t cm3, where t is the web axial thickness at the bore, 4.7.11 All castings are to be given a preliminary refining
in cm, and not more than three welds are to be made in heat treatment prior to the commencement of weld repairs.
any one bore surface. Before welding, the material is to be preheated in accordance
with the qualified procedure. Where possible, preheating is to
4.7.8 After all defective material has been removed from be carried out in a furnace. The preheat temperature is to be
a region, and this has been proven in the presence of the maintained until welding is completed, and preferably until the
Surveyor by magnetic particle inspection or other suitable casting is charged to the furnace for post-weld heat treatment.
method, the excavation is to be suitably shaped to allow good
access for welding. 4.7.12 Where weld repairs are carried out after the final
austenitizing heat treatments, a post-weld stress relieving
heat treatment is to be applied at a temperature of not less
than 600ºC, see also 1.5.2.

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Steel Castings Chapter 4

Sections 4 & 5

A B
c
a
100 mm

30 mm

b b

A B
Section A–A Section B–B

a = 0,1d b = 0,05D c = L/6

d = Pin diameter D = Journal diameter 5291/07

Zone 1 : Max. allowable flaw size equivalent to a flat bottomed diameter 3 mm hole

Zone 2 : Max. allowable flaw size equivalent to a flat bottomed diameter 6 mm hole

Fig. 4.4.2 Ultrasonic examination acceptance levels

■ Section 5
0,2t Castings for propellers
5.1 Scope

5.1.1 This Section gives the requirements for steel

120˚ 120˚
castings for one-piece propellers and separately cast blades
and hubs for fixed pitch and controllable pitch propellers
0,15d 0,15d (CPP). These include contra-rotating propellers, azipods and
azimuth thrusters. The requirements for copper alloy
propellers, blades and hubs are given in Ch 9,1.
d 0,2t 0,6t 0,2t d
5.1.2 These castings are to be manufactured and tested
Fig. 4.4.3 in accordance with the appropriate requirements of
Areas of semi-built crank throws to which weld Chapters 1 and 2 and Ch 4,1 as well as the requirements of
repairs are not permitted this Section.

5.1.3 Full details of the manufacturer’s specification are to

be submitted for approval. These should include the chemical
4.7.13 Welds are to be dressed smooth by grinding, and composition, heat treatment, mechanical properties,
proven by magnetic particle and, where appropriate, microstructure and repair procedures.
ultrasonic inspection. The surfaces of the welds and adjacent
parent steel are to be free from harmful defects. 5.1.4 Special requirements are given for castings which
are intended for ice service in Table 4.5.1.

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Steel Castings Chapter 4

Section 5

5.2 Chemical composition 5.4.3 At least one tensile test and for the martensitic
stainless steel grades one set of three Charpy V-notch impact
5.2.1 The chemical composition of ladle samples is to tests are to be made on material representing each casting.
comply with the approved specification, see 5.1.3. The results are to comply with the requirements of Table 4.5.2
or the approved specification.
5.2.2 Typical cast steel propeller alloys are given in
Table 4.5.1. 5.4.4 As an alternative to 5.4.3, where a number of small
propeller castings of about the same size, and less than 1 m
in diameter, are made from one cast and heat treated in the
5.3 Heat treatment same furnace charge, a batch testing procedure may be
adopted using separately cast test samples of suitable
5.3.1 Martensitic stainless steel castings are to be dimensions. At least one set of mechanical tests is to be
austenitized, quenched and tempered in accordance with the provided for each multiple of five castings in the batch.
approved specification, see 5.1.3.

5.3.2 Austenitic stainless steel castings are to be solution 5.5 Non-destructive examination
treated in accordance with the approved specification, see
5.1.3. 5.5.1 On completion of machining and grinding, the
whole surface of each casting is to be examined in
accordance with Ch 9,1.8.
5.4 Mechanical tests
5.5.2 When appropriate, magnetic particle inspection
5.4.1 The test material is to be cast integral with the boss may be used in lieu of liquid penetrant testing.
of propeller castings, or with the flange of separately cast
propeller blades. Alternatively, the test material may be
attached on blades in an area between 0,5 and 0,6R, where 5.6 Rectification of defective castings
R is the radius of the propeller.
5.6.1 The rectification of defective castings is to be
5.4.2 The test material is not to be removed from the undertaken in accordance with 1.9 and the following
casting until final heat treatment has been carried out. Removal paragraphs.
is to be by non-thermal procedures.

Table 4.5.1 Typical chemical composition for steel propeller castings

Alloy type C Max. (%) Mn Max. (%) Cr (%) Mo Max. (%) (see Note) Ni (%)

Martensitic (12Cr 1Ni) 0,15 2,0 11,5–17,0 0,5 Max. 2,0

Martensitic (13Cr 4Ni) 0,06 2,0 11,5–17,0 1,0 3,5–5,0

Martensitic (16Cr 5Ni) 0,06 2,0 15,0–17,5 1,5 3,5–6,0

Austenitic (19Cr 11Ni) 0,12 1,6 16,0–21,0 4,0 8,0–13,0

NOTE
Minimum values are to be in accordance with the agreed specification or recognized National or International Standards.

Table 4.5.2 Typical mechanical properties for steel propeller castings

Charpy V-notch
Yield stress or, Tensile strength Elongation on Reduction of impact tests
Alloy type 0,2% proof stress minimum 5,65 So area % minimum J minimum (see
minimum, N/mm2 N/mm2 % minimum Notes 1 and 2)

Martensitic (12Cr 1Ni) 440 590 15 30 20

Martensitic (13Cr 4Ni) 550 750 15 35 30

Martensitic (16Cr 5Ni) 540 760 15 35 30

Austenitic (19Cr 11Ni) 180 (see Note 3) 440 30 40 —

NOTES
1. When a general service notation Ice Class 1AS, 1A, 1B or 1C is required, the tests are to be made at –10°C.
2. For general service or where the notation Ice Class 1D is required, the tests are to be made at 0°C.
3. Rp1,0 value is 205 N/mm2.

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Steel Castings Chapter 4

Sections 5 & 6

5.6.2 Removal of defective material is to be by mechanical (c) Type of steel, including designation and chemical
means, e.g. by grinding, chipping or milling. The resultant composition.
grooves are to be blended into the surrounding surface so as (d) Diameter, number of blades, pitch, direction of turning.
to avoid any sharp contours. (e) Cast identification number.
(f) Details of heat treatment, where applicable.
5.6.3 Grinding in severity zone A may be carried out to an (g) Skew angle, if in excess of 25°.
extent that maintains the blade thickness. Repair by welding (h) Final mass.
is generally not permitted in zone A and will only be allowed (j) Results of mechanical tests.
after special consideration. (k) Vessel identification, where known.

5.6.4 Defects in severity zone B that are not deeper than

t/40 mm (t is the minimum local thickness according to the
Rules) or 2 mm, whichever is the greater, are to be removed
by grinding. Those defects that are deeper may be repaired ■ Section 6
by welding subject to prior approval of the Surveyor. Castings for boilers, pressure
5.6.5 Repair welding is generally permitted in severity vessels and piping systems
zone C.
6.1 Scope
5.6.6 Welds having an area of less than 5 cm2 are to be
avoided. The maximum surface area of repairs is to be in 6.1.1 This Section gives the requirements for carbon-
accordance with Table 9.1.4 in Chapter 9. manganese and alloy steel castings for boilers, pressure
vessels and piping systems for use at temperatures not lower
5.6.7 Welding is to be in accordance with the approved than 0°C.
specification, see 5.1.3.
6.1.2 Where it is proposed to use alloy steels other than
5.6.8 After weld repair, the propeller or blade is to be heat as given in this Section, details of the specification are to be
treated in such fashion as will minimize the residual stresses. submitted for approval. In such cases, the specified minimum
For martensitic stainless steels, this will involve full heat tensile strength is not to exceed 600 N/mm2.
treatment as specified in the approved specification.
6.1.3 Castings which comply with these requirements are
5.6.9 LR reserves the right to restrict the amount of repair acceptable for liquefied gas piping systems where the design
work accepted from a manufacturer when it appears that temperature is not lower than 0°C. Where the design temper-
repetitive defects are the result of improper foundry ature is lower than 0°C, and for other applications where
techniques or practices. guaranteed impact properties at low temperatures are
required, the castings are to comply with the requirements of
Section 7 or 8.
5.7 Identification

5.7.1 Castings are to be clearly marked by the manufac- 6.2 Chemical composition
turer in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 1. The
following details are to be shown on all castings which have 6.2.1 The chemical composition of ladle samples is to
been accepted: comply with the limits specified in Table 4.6.1.
(a) Identification mark which will enable the full history of the
item to be traced.
(b) Type of steel, this should include or allow identification of 6.3 Heat treatment
the chromium and nickel contents.
(c) LR or Lloyd's Register and the abbreviated name of 6.3.1 Castings are to be supplied:
Lloyd's Register's local office. (a) fully annealed; or
(d) Personal stamp of Surveyor responsible for the final (b) normalized; or
inspection. (c) normalized and tempered; or
(e) LR certificate number. (d) quenched and tempered.
(f) Skew angle, if in excess of 25°.
(g) Ice class symbol, where applicable.
(h) Date of final inspection. 6.4 Mechanical tests

6.4.1 A tensile test is to be made on material representing

5.8 Certification each casting, unless a batch testing procedure has been
agreed, see 1.6.
5.8.1 The manufacturer is to provide the Surveyor with a
written statement giving the following particulars for each 6.4.2 The tensile test is to be carried out at ambient
casting: temperature, and unless agreed otherwise with the Surveyor,
(a) Purchaser’s name and order number. the results are to comply with the requirements of Table 4.6.2.
(b) Description of casting with drawing number.

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Steel Castings Chapter 4

Section 6

Table 4.6.1 Chemical composition of steel castings for boilers, pressure vessels and piping systems

Chemical composition %
Type of steel
C Si Mn S P Residual elements
max. max. max. max.

Cr 0,30 max.
Mo 0,15 max.
Carbon-manganese 0,25 0,60 0,50-1,20 0,040 0,040 Cu 0,30 max.
Ni 0,40 max.

Total 0,80 max.

Residual elements
Cr Mo V Cr Cu Ni
1/2 Mo 0,20 0,60 0,50–1,00 0,040 0,040 — 0,45-0,65 — 0,30 0,30 0,40
max. max. max.

1 Cr 1/2 Mo 0,20 0,60 0,50-0,80 0,040 0,040 1,00-1,50 0,45-0,65 — — 0,30 0,40
max. max.

2 1/4 Cr1 Mo 0,18 0,60 0,40-0,70 0,040 0,040 2,00-2,75 0,90-1,20 — — 0,30 0,40
max. max.
1/2 Cr 1/2 Mo 1/4 V 0,10–0,15 0,45 0,40-0,70 0,030 0,030 0,30-0,50 0,40-0,60 0,22-0,30 — 0,30 0,30
max. max.

Table 4.6.2 Mechanical properties for acceptance purposes: steel castings for boilers, pressure vessels and
piping systems

Yield stress Tensile Elongation Reduction

Type of steel minimum strength on 5,65 So of area
N/mm2 N/mm2 % minimum % minimum

Carbon-manganese 275 485-655 22 25

1/2Mo 260 460-590 18 30

1Cr1/2Mo 280 480-630 17 20

21/4 Cr1 Mo 325 540-630 17 20

1/2Cr1/2Mo1/4V 295 510-660 17 20

6.4.3 Where it is proposed to use a carbon-manganese 6.6 Mechanical properties for design purposes
steel with a specified minimum tensile strength intermediate to
those given in this Section, corresponding minimum values for 6.6.1 Nominal values for the minimum lower yield or
the yield stress, elongation and reduction of area may be 0,2 per cent proof stress at temperatures of 100°C and higher
obtained by interpolation. are given in Table 4.6.3. These values are intended for design
purposes only, and verification is not required except for
6.4.4 Carbon-manganese steels with a specified materials complying with National or proprietary specifications
minimum tensile strength of greater than 490 N/mm2, but not where the elevated temperature properties used for design
exceeding 520 N/mm 2 , may be accepted provided that purposes are higher than those given in Table 4.6.3.
details of the proposed specification are submitted for
approval. 6.6.2 In such cases, at least one tensile test at the
proposed design or other agreed temperature is to be made
on each casting or each batch of castings. The test specimen
6.5 Non-destructive examination is to be taken from material adjacent to that used for tests at
ambient temperature, and the test procedure is to be in
6.5.1 The non-destructive examination of castings is to accordance with the requirements of Chapter 2. The results
be carried out in accordance with the appropriate require- of all tests are to comply with the requirements of the National
ments of 1.7.6 to 1.7.10 and additionally as agreed between or proprietary specification.
the manufacturer, purchaser and Surveyor.

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Steel Castings Chapter 4

Sections 6 & 7

Table 4.6.3 Mechanical properties for design purposes (see 6.6.1)

Nominal minimum lower yield or 0,2% proof stress N/mm2

Type
of Temperature °C
steel 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

Carbon-manganese 225 214 201 186 163 156 152 — — — —

1/2Mo 242 236 226 207 186 175 169 158 145 136 126

1Cr1/2Mo 240 — 212 — 196 — 184 — 160 — 117

21/4Cr1 Mo 323 312 305 296 290 280 273 258 240 211 180
1/2Cr1/2Mo1/4V 264 — 244 — 230 — 214 — 194 — 144

6.6.3 Values for the estimated average stress to rupture 7.2 Chemical composition
in 100 000 hours are given in Table 4.6.4 and may be used for
design purposes. 7.2.1 The chemical composition of ladle samples is to
comply with the limits specified in Table 4.7.1. Carbon-
manganese steels are to be made by fine grain practice.
Table 4.6.4 Mechanical properties for design
purposes (see 6.6.3): estimated
average stresses to rupture in 7.3 Heat treatment
100,000 hours (N/mm2)
7.3.1 Castings are to be supplied:
Type of steel (a) normalized; or
Temperature
°C 1/2Mo 1Cr1/2Mo 21/4Cr1Mo 1/2Cr1/2Mo1/4V (b) normalized and tempered; or
(c) quenched and tempered.
430 308 — — —
440 276 — — —
450 245 — 222 277 7.4 Mechanical tests
460 212 — 199 237
470 174 236 177 206
7.4.1 One tensile test and one set of three Charpy
480 133 186 156 181 V-notch impact test specimens are to be prepared from
490 103 148 139 159 material representing each casting or batch of castings.
500 84 120 124 140
510 71 100 111 124
520 60 84 99 109 7.4.2 The tensile test is to be carried out at ambient
temperature, and the results are to comply with the
530 — 70 — 96 appropriate requirements given in Table 4.7.2.
540 — 58 — 85
550 — — — 75
560 — — — 66 7.4.3 The average value for impact test specimens is to
comply with the appropriate requirements given in
Table 4.7.2. One individual value may be less than the
required average value provided that it is not less than 70 per
cent of this average value. See Ch 2,1.4 for re-test procedure.

■ Section 7 7.5 Non-destructive examination

Ferritic steel castings for low
temperature service 7.5.1 The non-destructive examination of castings is to
be carried out in accordance with the appropriate require-
7.1 Scope ments of 1.7.6 to 1.7.10 and additionally agreed between the
manufacturer, purchaser and Surveyor.
7.1.1 This Section gives the requirements for castings in
carbon-manganese and nickel alloy steels intended for use in
liquefied gas piping systems where the design temperature is
lower than 0°C, and for other applications where guaranteed
impact properties at low temperatures are required.

7.1.2 Where it is proposed to use alternative steels,

particulars of the specified chemical composition, mechanical
properties and heat treatment are to be submitted for
approval.

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Steel Castings Chapter 4

Sections 7 & 8

Table 4.7.1 Chemical composition of ferritic steel castings for low temperature service

Chemical composition %

Type of steel C Si Mn S P Ni Residual

max. max. max. max. elements
max.

Carbon-manganese 0,25 0,60 0,70-1,60 0,030 0,030 0,80 max. Cr 0,25

Cu 0,30
21/4Ni 0,25 0,60 0,50-0,80 0,025 0,030 2,00-3,00 Mo 0,15
V 0,03
Total 0,60
31/2Ni 0,15 0,60 0,50-0,80 0,020 0,025 3,00-4,00

Table 4.7.2 Mechanical properties for acceptance purposes: ferritic steel castings for low temperature service

Charpy V-notch impact test

Yield stress Tensile Elongation Reduction
Type of steel Grade N/mm2 strength on 5,65 So or area Test Average
minimum N/mm2 % minimum % minimum temperature energy
°C J minimum

Carbon-manganese 400 200 400-550 25 40

430 215 430-580 23 35 –60 27
460 230 460-610 22 30 (see Note)

21/4Ni 490 275 490-640 20 35 –70 34

31/2Ni 490 275 490-640 20 35 –95 34

NOTE
The test temperature for carbon-manganese steels may be 5°C below the design temperature if the latter is above –55°C, with a maximum test
temperature of –20°C.

8.3 Heat treatment

8.3.1 All castings are to be solution treated at a temper-

■ Section 8 ature of not less than 1000°C and cooled rapidly in air, oil or
Austenitic stainless steel castings water.

8.1 Scope
8.4 Mechanical tests
8.1.1 This Section gives the requirements for castings in
austenitic stainless steels for piping systems in ships for 8.4.1 One tensile test specimen is to be prepared from
liquefied gases where the design temperature is not lower material representing each casting or batch of castings. In
than –165°C, and in bulk chemical tankers. addition, where the castings are intended for liquefied gas
applications, where the design temperature is lower than
8.1.2 Where it is proposed to use alternative steels, –55°C, one set of three Charpy V-notch impact test specimens
particulars of the specified chemical composition, mechanical is to be prepared.
properties and heat treatment are to be submitted for
approval. 8.4.2 The tensile test is to be carried out at ambient
temperature, and the results are to comply with the require-
ments given in Table 4.8.2.
8.2 Chemical composition
8.4.3 The average value for impact test specimens is to
8.2.1 The chemical composition of ladle samples is to comply with the appropriate requirements given in Table 4.8.2.
comply with the requirements given in Table 4.8.1. One individual value may be less than the required average
value provided that it is not less than 70 per cent of this
average value. See Ch 2,1.4 for re-test procedures.

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Steel Castings Chapter 4

Sections 8 & 9

Table 4.8.1 Chemical composition of austenitic stainless steel castings

Chemical composition %
Type of steel
C
max. Si Mn S P Cr Mo Ni Others

304L 0,03 — 8,0–12,0 —

304 0,08 — 8,0–12,0 —

316L 0,03 2,0–3,0 9,0–13,0 —

316 0,08 0,20-1,5 0,50-2,0 0,040 max. 17,0-21,0 2,0–3,0 9,0–13,0 —

317 0,08 3,0–4,0 9,0–12,0 —

Nb
347 0,06 — 9,0–12,0 ≥8xC
(see Note) ≤ 0,90

NOTE
When guaranteed impact values at low temperature are not required, the maximum carbon content may be 0,08% and the maximum niobium
may be 1,00%.

Table 4.8.2 Mechanical properties for acceptance purposes: austenitic stainless steel castings

Charpy V-notch impact tests

Tensile strength 1,0% proof stress Elongation Reduction
Type of steel N/mm2 N/mm2 on 5,65 So of area Test Average
minimum minimum % minimum % minimum temperature energy
°C J minimum

304L 430 215

26 40 –196 41
304 480 220

316L 430 215

26 40 –196 41
317 480 240

347 480 215 22 35 –196 41

8.5 Intergranular corrosion tests ■ Section 9

Steel castings for container
8.5.1 Where corrosive conditions are anticipated in
service, intergranular corrosion tests are required on castings corner fittings
in grades 304, 316 and 317. Such tests may not be required
for grades 304L, 316L and 347. 9.1 General

8.5.2 Where an intergranular corrosion test is specified, it 9.1.1 This Section gives the requirements for cast steel
is to be carried out in accordance with the procedure given in corner fittings used in the fabrication of freight and tank
Ch 2,8.1. containers. The fittings are also to comply with the require-
ments of the latest edition of International Standard ISO 1161.

8.6 Non-destructive examination 9.1.2 The castings are to be made in foundries approved
by LR. These foundries are also to be specially approved for
8.6.1 The non-destructive examination of castings is to the manufacture of container corner castings. In order to
be carried out in accordance with the appropriate require- comply with these requirements, the manufacturer is required
ments of 1.7.6 to 1.7.10 and additionally agreed between the to verify that the casting soundness, mechanical properties,
manufacturer, purchaser and Surveyor. weldability and dimensional tolerances required by this
Section and the manufacturing specification are met.

9.1.3 Castings may be released on the basis of an LR

survey or, alternatively, the manufacturer may be approved by
means of a Quality Assurance Scheme as detailed in Ch 1,2.

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Steel Castings Chapter 4

Section 9

9.2 Chemical composition 9.5 Non-destructive examination

9.2.1 Chemical analysis is to be carried out on each cast. 9.5.1 Ultrasonic or radiographic testing is to be carried
out, in accordance with 1.7.9 or 1.7.10 respectively, on at
9.2.2 The chemical composition of the ladle samples is to least one casting from each cast or from every 400 castings,
comply with the limits given in Table 4.9.1. whichever is the lesser.

9.2.3 The carbon equivalent:

Mn Cr + Mo + V Ni + Cu 9.6 Repair of defects
Ceq = C+ + + (%)
6 5 15
9.6.1 Minor defects may be removed by grinding provided
must not exceed 0,45 per cent. that the allowable minus tolerance is not exceeded.

9.6.2 Defects which exceed the allowable minus

9.3 Heat treatment tolerance may be removed by grinding or chipping followed
by welding, provided the weld depth does not exceed
9.3.1 Castings are to be supplied either: 40 per cent of the wall thickness and that the following
(a) normalized; or requirements are met:
(b) water or oil quenched and tempered at a temperature of (a) welding is not to be carried out in the as-cast condition;
not less than 550°C. the grain structure has to be refined by heat treatment,
(b) the casting is to be preheated to 80–100°C,
(c) welding is to be performed only by qualified welders in
9.4 Mechanical tests accordance with a qualified welding procedure,
(d) all welded castings are to be post-weld heat treated at a
9.4.1 At least one tensile test is to be made on each temperature not less than 550°C,
batch of castings, using separately cast test bars which are to (e) the welded areas are to be ground or machined flush
be from the same cast and heat treatment lot as the with the adjacent surface and inspected by magnetic
castings they represent. particle or dye penetrant examination as appropriate.

9.4.2 The results of the tensile tests are to comply with

the following: 9.7 Identification
Yield stress 220 N/mm2 min.
Tensile strength 430–600 N/mm2 9.7.1 Each casting is to be clearly marked by the
manufacturer with at least the following:
Elongation on So 25% min.
(a) manufacturer’s name or trade mark,
Reduction of area 40% min. (b) cast number or identification number which will enable
the full history of the casting to be traced.
9.4.3 Impact tests are not required on all casts but may
be required on a random basis at the discretion of the 9.7.2 Where the casting has been inspected and found
Surveyor. acceptable it is to be marked with the Surveyor’s personal
stamp.
9.4.4 When required, the impact test specimens are to
be tested in accordance with Ch 1,4.5 and Ch 2,3.2. In 9.7.3 The markings may be stamped or cast on the inner
general, tests are to be made at a temperature of –20°C and surface of the casting.
the minimum average energy obtained is to be 27J.

Table 4.9.1 Chemical composition of steel castings for container corner fittings

Chemical composition %

Al
C Mn Si P S Cr Ni Cu Mo acid soluble Cr + Ni + Cu + Mo
max. max. max. max. max. max. max. max. min. max.
(See Notes)

0,90
0,20 to 0,50 0,035 0,035 0,25 0,30 0,20 0,08 0,015 0,70
1,50

NOTES
1. The total aluminium content may be determined instead of the acid soluble content. In such cases, the total aluminium content is to be
not less than 0,02%.
2. Aluminium may be replaced partly or totally by other grain refining elements as stated in the approved specification.

16 LLOYD’S REGISTER
RULES FOR THE MANUFACTURE, TESTING AND CERTIFICATION OF MATERIALS, July 2006

Steel Castings Chapter 4

Section 9

9.8 Certification

9.8.1 For each consignment the manufacturer is to

provide the Surveyor with a certificate or delivery note
containing at least the following:
(a) Purchaser’s name and order number.
(b) Grade of steel.
(c) Drawing and/or specification number.
(d) Cast number and chemical composition.
(e) Details of the heat treatment.
(f) Number and weight of the castings.
(g) Results of inspections and mechanical tests.

LLOYD’S REGISTER 17