İSTANBUL AYDIN ÜNİVERSİTESİ

STATICS
Lecture Notes (1)
İSTANBUL AYDIN ÜNİVERSİTESİ

Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Office : Building K, 4th Floor, Office No. 7508

E-mail : [email protected]

Mobile : +90 532 457 7767

Text Book :
Engineering Mechanics: STATICS
Russell C. Hibbeler
Publication: Pearson Education

Lecture Notes «Power Point – pdf «, by Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Course Assesment:
➢ Quiz - %10
➢ Homework - %10
➢ Midterm exam (%40),
➢ Final exam (%40)
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Content of the Course

1 Introduction, What is mechanics?. Basic concepts, Units, methods

of problem solving.
2 Statics of bodies, force and components, in plane and space
vectors, equilibrium of a particle, related problems.
3 Internal and external forces, moment of a single force about a point
and it's components.
4 Vector products, moment of a single force about an axis, moment of
couples, reduction of force systems.
5 Free body diagram, equilibrium of rigid bodies in plane and 3D
conditions, supports and reactions.
6 Distributed loads, centroids of lines, curves and areas. Distributed
loads on beams.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK
Continue

7 Analysis of structures, support reactions for 2D and 3D loading

conditions.
➢ Trusses
➢ Beams
➢ Cables
8 Review problems.
9 Midterm Examination
10 Internal loading on the structures, loads on beams and types of
supports, bending moments and shear forces on beams.
11 Bending moment and shear force diagrams and interrelations.
12 Dry friction, friction coefficient and examples.
13 Centroid of areas
14 Area Moment of Inertia
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

MECHANICS

Mechanics of Mechanics of Mechanics of

Gases Fluids Solids

Mechanics of Mechanics of Elastic Bodies

Rigid Bodies
➢ Strength of Materials
➢ Elasticity
➢ Plasticity
➢ Thermoelasticity
STATICS Dynamics ➢ Biomechanics
➢ ................
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Basic Quantities of Mechanics

➢ Mechanics : Mechanics is a branch of physical siciences. That is

concerned with the state of rest or motion of bodies that are
subjected to the action of forces.

➢ Force : Unit - Newton ( N )

▪ Concentrated Force : A Force acting at a point
▪ Distributed Force : A force acting along a line, area, or volume
of a body
➢ Length : Unit - (m)
➢ Time : Unit - Second ( s )
➢ Mass : Unit - Kilogram ( kg )
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Basic Quantities of Mechanics

Some Definitions

➢ Particle : A Particle has a mass, but dimensions can be

neglected. It is a point mass.
➢ Rigid Body : A body which has no deformation with the effect of
a force system. It is an assumption !
➢ Elastic Body : Real body in the nature. It has deformation with
application of force system.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

FORCE
External Forces Internal Forces

Active External Passive External Force and Moment

Forces Forces Components

Reaction
Forces
Equilibrium
Distributed Equations
Force
Concentrated
Force
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Example

Men pull a truck

➢ F and W : Active External

Forces

➢ R1 and R2 : Reaction Forces

Passive External Forces
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Newton’s Laws of Motion

First Law :
If a particle is not subjected to an unbalanced force system (or it is
subjected to a balanced force system), it will be at rest or moves with
constant velocity

Second Law :
If a particle acted by a force F, it will move with acceleration a on the
same direction of the force.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Third Law :
The mutual forces of action and reaction between two particles are
equal.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Newton’s Law of Gravitation :

Newton's law of universal gravitation says that every particle attracts every
other particle in the universe with a force that is proportional to the product
of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centers.

where ;
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

g is gravitational acceleration
Weight of a mass :
and equals to 9.81 m/s2

W : Weight is a force ( N )

m : Mass (kg)

Systems of Units
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Prefixes

When a numerical quantity is either very large or very small, the units
used to define its size may be modified by using prefix. Some of the
prefixes used in the SI system are shown in the table below.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

FORCE VECTORS
All physical quantties in engineering mechanics are measured either
scalars or vectors.

Scalar : A scalar is any positive or negative physical quantity that can be

specified by its magnitude. Example : Length, mass, time,
temperature.

Vector : A vector is a physical quantity that requires both a magnitude

and direction. Example: Force, moment, velocity, acceleration.
A vector can be shown by an arrow. Length of the arrow
represents the magnitude, the angle between the vector and a
reference axis defines the direction of the line of action.
Force, velocity, acceleration are vectors
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK
Vector Operations

If a vector multiplied by a positive scalar, its magnitude increased by that

amount. If the scalar is negative, it will change the sense of the vector.

Vector Addition
Paralleogram Rule : All vector quantities satisfy the parallelogram law
of addition as shown on the figure.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Triangle Rule
Addition of vectors A and B is equal to
Resultant R.

Substraction of vectors A and B is

;
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Resultant Force
Two forces acting on a pin as shown on the following figure has a
resultant. The resultant can be found by either paralellogram or triangle
methods.

Finding The Components of a Force

In order to find components of a force F on given two directions u and v, also
parallogram or triangle method can be used.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK
Addition of Several Forces
If more than two forces are to be added, application of paralellogram
method can be carried out in order to find the resultant.

In this case, first resultant of two forces

is found. Then this resultant can be
added with the third force, and go on.

In order to find the magnitude of the resultant force, law of cosines

and to find the direction of the resultant, law of sine can be used.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK
Example
Find the resultant of two forces acting on a screw
eye.
Solution
The paralellogram is formed by drawing parallel
lines to each force as shown on the following
figure. The diagonal is the resultant. The
magnitude and the direction of the resultant can
be found by using cosine and sine theorems.

Sine Law
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK
Example
Resolve the horizantal 600 N force into
components acting along the u and v axies
and determine the magnitudes of these
components.

Solution
The paralellogram is constracted by lines
drawing parallel to u and v

Magnitudes of the components can

be calculated by using Sine Rule.

N
N
N

N
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Example
The vertical force acts downward at on the two-
membered frame. Determine the magnitudes of
two components of F directed along the axes of
AB and AC. Set F = 500 N.

Solution
Paralleogram is drawen by parallel lines to AB
and AC. Magnitudes of components can be
calculated by usin Sine law.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Addition of a System of Coplanar Forces

When a force is resolved into two components along x and y axes, the
components are called as rectangular components.

Scalar Notation : Rectangular components of force F are found by

using the parallelogram law as;

Vectoral Notation : It is also possible to represent the x and y components

of a force interms of unit vectors i and j .
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Coplanar Force Resultant : We can

describe the resultant force by writing
each force as vevectors. The resultant
force is then formed by adding the
resultant components.
Using cartesian vector notation, each
force can be written as;

The vector resultant will be,

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

If scalar notation is used, then we have;

These are the x and y components of the

resultant force vector. As a result, in order to
find the components of resultant force, we can
take the algebric summation of x and y
components of each vector as ;
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK
Example : Determine the magnitude
of the resultant force and its direction,
measured counterclockwise from the
positive x axis.

Solution : Summing the force

components along x and y axes
algebraically,

The magnitude of the resultant force is;

The angle of direction of the resultant for will be as;

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK
Example : Determine the magnitude of the
resultant force and its direction, measured
clockwise from the positive x axis.

Solution : Summing the force components

along x and y axes

Magnitude of the resultant force is;

Angle of direction of resultant force will be as;

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK
Example
Express each of the three forces acting on the
support in Cartesian vector form and determine
the magnitude of the resultant force and its
direction, measured clockwise from positive x
axis.
Solution
Each force can be written on vector forms as;
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK
Continue
The resultant force,

Directional angle of resultant

measured from the positive x axis is;
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK
Right-Handed Coordinate System
A rectangular coordinat system is said to
be Right-Handed, if the thumb of the
right hand points in the direction of the
positive z axis when the right hand
fingers are directed from the positive x
towards the positive y axis.
Cartesian Unit Vectors
In three dimensions, Cartesian Unit
vectors i, j and k, is used to designate
the directions of the x, y and z axes.
z
We can write A cartesian vector as;

y
x
Magnitude of A is equal
to;
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Addition of Cartesian Vectors - Continue

İn general case (more than two vectors),

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Example
Express each force in vector form
on cartesian coordinate system.

Solution
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK
Position Vector
Position vector is a cartesian
force vector directed between
two points in space.
If the coordinates of points A
and B are given on 3D
coordinate system as shown
on the figure, the position
vector AB (r) can be written
as;
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Force Vector Directed Along a Line

Assume that force F is directed along the
cord AB. We can write F as a cartesian
vector by using the unit vector along the
cord.
F=Fu

Unit vector will be equal to u=r/r .

where ;
u : unit vector
r : position vector along AB
r : magnitude of position vector.

The force F as a cartesian vector form will be;

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK
Example
If FB = 560 N and FC = 700 N, write these two forces in vector forms.

Solution
In order to write the forces as vector, first we have to find the unit vectors
along AB and AC lines.
A(0,0,6) B(2,3,0) C(3,2,0)
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Then the forces FB and FC can be written in vector forms as;

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Dot Product ( Scalar Product ) of Two Vectors

The dot product of vectors A and B written ( A . B ) is defined as the

product of magnitudes A and B and the cosine of the angle between their
tails

Laws of Operation
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

Cartesian Vector Operation

Dot product of unit vectors will be

If we like to find the dot product of cartesian vectors A and B;

 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

The final result becomes,

Thus the dot product of two vectors is not a vector. It is a

scalar quantity.
 Prof. Dr. Tuncer TOPRAK

END