Practice Test: - Falls at the same time with the same height and

MOTION under the influence of earth’s gravity.

1. A ball is thrown vertically up into the air from a
- a = 9.8m/s2 (due to gravity)
LINEAR MOTION window ledge 30 meters above the ground with an
- the greater the surface area, the greater the air
initial velocity of 10m/s.
- Object’s velocity and acceleration along the line of resistance
(a) find the velocity and position of the ball after
motion so the pathway of the moving object
two seconds. Ex:
continues along a straight line.
- Not limited to vertical or horizontal paths. Finding velocity:
v = vO + at V= 0 a= 9.8 m/s2
- Inclined surface – provide a path at some angle.
v = (+10m/s) + (-9.8m/s2)(2s)
- Falling Objects – linear motion with constant
v = (+10m/s) + (-19.6m/s)
acceleration 1s V= -9.8m/s s = 9.8
v = - 9.6m/s
- Formula: Legends: 2s V= -19.6m/s s = 19.6
v = vO + at vO – initial velocity Finding position:
x = vOt + at2/2 3s V = -29.4m/s s= 29.4
v – average velocity
y or x = vOt + at2/2 t – time x = (+10m/s)(2s) + (-9.8m/s2)(2s)2/2 The object in free fall, the speed is
y or x – displacement x = (+20m/s2) + (-39.2m/s2)/2 increasing by 9.8/sec but the velocity is
v2 = vO2 + 2ax x = (+20m/s2) + (-19.6m/s2) decreasing by 9.8 every seconds
v – velocity
x = vt a – acceleration x = .40m (above the ledge)
- Gravitational Force – the only force acting to an  Object is moving with constant speed: d = vt
object causing it to fall. o d = distance (always positive) or displacement
(b) Find the distance and time at which the ball
- Constant acceleration – the acceleration due to
reaches its maximum height above the window [a vector; can be (-) / (+)]
gravity
ledge.  Moving in constant acceleration:
- Terminal Velocity – in Newton’s 1st Law, the
constant velocity. The object will fall with constant
v2 = vO2 + 2ax o VF = Vo + at
02 = (+10m/s)2 + 2(-9.8m/s2)(x)
velocity 02 = 100 + (-19.6m/s2)(x) od = Vot + ½ at2
- Air Resistance – opposes the motion of an object 19.6m/s2x/19.6m/s2 = 100/19.6m/s2 o d = ½ [Vo + VF] t
o INCResistance = INCSpeed x = 5m (actual = 5.1m) o VF2 = Vo2 + 2ad
- Drag Force – grows as the magnitude of its
 velocity – speed with direction [scale of
velocity increases  will be equal in magnitude to The time the ball reaches its maximum height:
v = vO + at quantity; can be (-) / (+)]
the weight of the object
0 = (+10m/s) + (-9.8m/s2)(t)  object  (+)
t = 1s (actual = 1.02 s)  object  (-)
 in FREE FALL Motion, UP = (+); DOWN
The only force acting on the object would be the
= (-)
gravitational force causing it to fall. Consequently, the
object would fall with a constant acceleration – the
acceleration due to gravity (g= 9.8m/s2) – and would not
reach terminal velocity.
-Free Fall-
FREE FALL MOTION Practice Test

1
 3. A stone is dropped from the top of a building and PROJECTILE MOTION
1. A ball is dropped from the rest on a cliff. hits the ground 5 seconds later. How tall is the
- Follows a path along two dimensions (velocity and
(a) what is the speed of the ball 5 seconds later? building?
acceleration) in the two direction (horizontal and
Vo = 0 d = Vot + ½ at2
Vo = 0 vertical)
t=5 d = ½ at2
VF = ? Speed = + 49 m/s h d = ½ (-9.8) (5)2
a = -9.8 Ex:
t=5
d =? d = ½ (-9.8) (25)
a = -9.8
d = ½ (-245) A projectile is fired from ground level with an initial
d = -122.5m
VF = Vo + at
height: +122.5m velocity of 50m/s and an initial angle of elevation of 37
VF = 0 + (-9.8) (5) = -49m/s degree, as shown below. Assuming g= 10m/s2, find
(b) what is the velocity of the ball at this time? the following: (sin 37 = 0.6; cos 37 = 0.8)
4. A stone is thrown downward from the top of a cliff
VF = - 49 m/s at 24m/s and hits the ground 7 seconds later. How (a) The projectile’s total time in flight
(c) how far does it travel during this time? tall is the cliff? d = Vot + ½ at2
d = Vot + ½ at2 Sol’n:
Vo = -24 m/s d = (-24)(7) + ½ (-9.8)(7)2
d = 0 (5) + ½ (-9.8)(5)2 t = 7 sec d = (-168m) + ½ (-9.8)(49)
d = 0 + ½ (-9.8)(25) let Y = vertical displacement;
a = -9.8m/s2 d = (-168m) + ½ (-480.2)
d = 0 + ½ (-245) d = (-168m) + (-240.1)
up = positive direction
d =?
d = -122.5m  displacement d = -408.1m
distance = +122.5m  height: +408.1m if we are going to use the vertical displacement and
acceleration due to gravity, we must use the y-
(d) what is the displacement of the ball? 5. A rock is released from rest on a 700m building component of velocity in this part of the problem:
Displacement: -122.5m  (a) How long does it take to hit the ground?
Vo = 0 m/s d = Vot + ½ at2
voy = vosin37= (50m/s)(0.6) = 30m/s
2. A ball is thrown downward at an initial speed of t=? -700 = (0)t + ½ (-9.8)t2
15m/s from the top of a cliff. 700m substitute:
a = -9.8m/s2 -700 = ½ (-9.8)t2
(a) What is the speed and velocity of the ball 8 d = -700 -700/-4.9 = -4.9t2 / -4.9
seconds later? +142.85 = t2 (squr) y = voy t + ayt2 /2
11.95 seconds = t 0 = (30m/s)(t) + (-10m/s2 (t)2/2
VF = Vo + at
Speed = + 93.4 m/s 5t2 = 30t
VF = -15m/s + (-9.8) (8)
(b) what is the speed and velocity of the ball just t = 0 or 6 seconds – the height of the ball is zero at 0
VF = -93.4m/s
before it hits the ground? seconds (initial position) and 6 seconds (when in the
(b) How far does it travel during this time and what
VF = Vo + at ground again)
is its displacement?
VF = 0 + (-9.8) (11.95) = -117.11m/s
d = Vot + ½ at2 Speed = +117.11 m/s (b) The total horizontal distance traveled.
d = (-15) (8) + ½ (-9.8)(8)2
d = (-120) + ½ (-9.8)(64) Consider only the x-component of the velocity
d = (-120) + ½ (-627.2)
d = (-120) + (-313.6) voy = vocos37= (50m/s)(0.8) = 40m/s
d = -433.6m  displacement
distance = +433.6m  substitute:
x = vx t +ax t2/2 = (40m/s)(6s) + 0 = 240m

2
 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION o Net force and acceleration points in the
same direction
- Instantaneous velocity vector is always tangent to
(c) If the frictional force acting on the car is
the circular path.
Fnet = m a 1500N, what force is applied to the car by the
- The object moving in the circular path has a
engine? V
tendency (inertia) to break out of its circular
pathway and move in a linear direction along the Fnet – net force  Force and Fnet is
tangent. m – mass f = 1500 N Fnet = 1500 N called out so a = 0
10kg
- Tangential force is zero  no change in the speed and V is constant
a – acceleration
- Centripetal Force – points radially inward
NOTE:
o Generates centripetal acceleration   Third Law: Law of Action and Reaction
keeps an object in its circular pathway. Acceleration is the
- To every action, there is always and opposed rate of change in
o If NO LONGER acting on the object  exit but equal reaction. velocity
the circular pathway and assume a path o For every force exerted by Object B on
tangential to the circle. 2. A force of 200N is applied on 10kg box across a
Object A, there is an EQUAL but
OPPOSITE FORCE exerted by Object B frictionless surface.
Formula: on Object A. (a) what is the acceleration of the box?
Fnet = 200 N F=ma
Fc = mv2/r Ex: 10kg F/m = a = 200N/10kg
a = 20m/s2
When you hit your hand against your desk,
your hand exerts a force on the desk.
NEWTON’S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION Simultaneously, the desk exerts a force of (b) If the box accelerates from rest, what will its
equal magnitude in the opposite direction on final speed be after 8 seconds?
 First Law: Law of Inertia
your hand.
- Body is either at rest or in motion with
t v VF = Vo + at
constant velocity will remain that way unless FAB = -FBA VF = 0 + 20(8)
a net force act upon it. 0 0 VF = 160m/s2
1 20
Fnet = m a = 0 2 40
Practice Test 3 60
Fnet – net force 1. A car travels on the road with constant velocity. 4 80
(a) What is the horizontal net force acting on the 5 100
m – mass 6 120
a – acceleration car?
1st Law: Fnet = 0  any object in moving in 7 140
constant velocity. 8 160
 Second Law
- An object of mass (m) will accelerate when (c) How long will it take the box to reach a
the vector sum of the forces results in some (b) What is the acceleration on the car?
speed of 500m/s if it continues to
nonzero resultant force vector 2nd Law: F=ma; a=0
accelerate at this rate?
o No acceleration will occur when the
VF = Vo + at
vector sum of the forces results in a Fnet = 200 N 500/20 = 0 + 20(t)/20
10kg
cancellation 500/20 = t
25 = t – it takes 25 secs for
the box to accelerate from 3
rest to a speed of 500m/s2.
 5. An 80kg astronaut in space throws a 2kg package LAWS OF MOTION
with an acceleration of +4m/s2.
3. A force of 300N is applied across 20kg box. The 1. Aristotle’s Fallacy
(a) What force did the astronaut exert on the
frictional force acting on a box is 200N. - If a body is moving, something external is
package?
(a) what is the net horizontal force on the box? required to keep it moving
F=ma - Aristotelian ideas on motion are now known to
F = 2 (4)
Fa = 300 N 20kg f = 200 N F = 8N be wrong.
- “An external force is required to keep a
Fnet = 100 N (b) what force does the package exert on the body in motion”
astronaut? – 8N
Example
(b) calculate the acceleration of the box.
F=ma (c) What is the acceleration of the astronaut? A small child playing with a simple (non-
F/m = a = 100N/20kg a = F/m electric) toy-car on a floor knows intuitively that it
a = 5m/s2 a = -8/80 needs to constantly drag the string attached to the
a = - 0.1m/s2 toycar with some force to keep it going. If it
(c) How far will the box travel after 12 secs if it releases the string, it comes to rest.
 Less Mass has a larger Acceleration
continues to accelerate at this rate starting whenever the force is constant
from rest? Vo = 0 t = 12 d = ?;  Larger mass experience a lesser acceleration  Common to most terrestrial motion
d = Vot + ½ at 2  FLAW: a moving toy car comes to rest
d = 0 + ½ (5)(12)2 because the external force of friction on the
6. A 120kg skater pushes against an 80kg skater.
d = 30 (12) = 360m  it could travel 360m in 12 car by the floor opposes its motion.
secs After contact, the 80kg skater was given on
 COUNTER: the child must apply an external
acceleration of 1.5m/s2.
4. A 8kg object speed up from 20m/s to 50m/s in 6 force on the car in the direction of motion.
(a) what is the acceleration of the 120kg skater?
seconds.  When the car is in uniform motion, there is no
(a) what is the acceleration? FA = - F B net external force acting on it: the force by the
m1(a1) = - m2(a2) child cancels the force (friction) by the floor.
VF = Vo + at 120(a1) = - (80) (1.5)
50 = 20 + a (6) 120 a1/120 = -120/120  COROLLARY: if no friction, the child would not
50 – 20/6 = a (6)/6 a1 = -1m/s2 be required to apply any force to keep the toy
5m/s2 = a car in uniform motion.
(b) What force was exerted on each skater?
(b) what is the net horizontal force acting on the F=ma
object? F =120kg (-1) = - 120 NORMAL FORCE
F = 80kg (1.5m/s2) = +120
Fnet = ma = (8)(5) = 40 N - Normal Line: perpendicular to another line.
- A force that is perpendicular to the surface.
(c) if the force is 35N, what is the applied force on
the object? SUMMARY: FN Let’s say we have a horizontal surface
and have 10kg mass of a box.
40 N
 1ST LAW: VConstant [a=0] [Fnet =0] 10kg Now the box will exert a downward weight
force. Now the surface must be exerting
Fa = 75 N 10kg f = 35 N  2nd LAW: F=ma mINC - aDEC; mDEC – ainc an upward force on the box.

 3rd LAW: Fa = -Fb or m1a1 = m2a2 w Now in a state of equilibrium so that

means that there’s downward force must
be cancelled by an equal and opposite
upward force which is known as the
Fnet + Ff = Fa  applied force NORMAL FORCE.

4
- If downward force is applied, the normal force
will increase  the surface has to exert an 1. Static Friction
FRICTION
upward force to support the weight of the object - opposes Impending motion  motion that
and the downward applied force that you’ve - The component of the contact force parallel to the would take place but does not actually take
pushed on the object surfaces in contact place under the applied force if friction is
o Normal force will increase by pressing - Opposes impending or actual relative motion absent
down on the object against the surface. between the two surfaces. - No applied force = NO STATIC FRICTION
- Lift the object, the normal force will decrease  - FRICTIONAL FORCE opposes RELATIVE - Fa INCREASES = fS INCREASES
done by attaching a rope to the object and apply an MOTION  thereby dissipates power in the form of - Law of static friction  fs ≤ µs N
upwards tension force which reduces the stress heat, etc.
that’s on the surface so it doesn’t apply a strong - Some ways of reducing friction.
force to support the weight of the object
(fs)max = µs N
a. Ball bearing placed between moving parts of
a machine Limiting the value of static friction (fs)max is
INCREASE DECREASE b. Compressed Cushion of air between independent of the area of contact and varies with the
FA surfaces in relative motion
FN T normal force (N). where µs is a constant depending
c. Lubricants  way of reducing kinetic friction
10kg 10kg FN only on the nature of the surface in contact.
in a machine
w w 2. Kinetic Friction
- Less than the maximum value of static friction
- Found to be independent of the area of contact.
Nearly independent of the velocity

fk = µk N
µk coefficient of kinetic friction; depends only on the
surfaces in contact. Less than µs
The block is no longer in contact - When relative motion has begun, the accelerations
with the surface so the net force in
the Y-Direction is no longer ZERO of the body according to the 2nd Law is (F-Fk)/m.
When Tension Force EXCEEDS the
- Body moving with constant velocity, F = fk
wt force, the object will now begin to - Applied force on the body is removed, its
move up.
acceleration is -fk/m and eventually comes to stop
(a) Impending motion of the body is opposed by static
It’s going to lose friction. When external force exceeds the maximum a. Sliding Friction
contact in the limit of static friction, the body begins to move. - If applied force exceeds, the body begins
ground and once
that happens, there (b) Once the body is in motion, it is subject to sliding to slide on the surface
is NO NORMAL or kinetic friction which opposes relative motion - When relative motion has starts, the
FORCE between the two surfaces in contact. frictional force decreases from the static
Only applies if the maximum value
TENSION FORCE ≤
WEIGHT FORCE
5
 - Frictional force that opposes relative degree with the horizontal, the mass just begins to surface is 0.04? what is the tension in the string?
motion between surfaces in contact is slide. What is the coefficient of static friction (g= 10m/s-2). Neglect the mass of the string.
called kinetic or sliding friction. between the block and the surface?
As the string is inextensible, and the pully is smooth, the 3 kg block
and the 20 kg trolley both have same magnitude of acceleration.
b. Rolling Friction Applying second law to motion of the block (Fig. 5.12(b)),
- Suffer no friction 30 – T = 3a
- PRINCIPLE: at every instant, there is
just one point of contact between the Apply the second law to motion of the trolley (Fig. 5.12(c)),
body and the plane, and this point has
no motion relative to the plane. T – f k = 20 a.
- The body continues to roll with constant Now fk = µk N,
velocity even in ZERO kinetic or static Here µk = 0.04,
The forces acting on a block of mass m at rest on an inclined plane
friction are: N = 20 x 10 = 200 N.
- DURING ROLLING: the surfaces in (i) the weight m g acting vertically downwards
contact get momentarily deformed a little, (ii) the normal force N of the plane on the block, and Thus the equation for the motion of the trolley is
and this results in a finite area of the body (iii) the static frictional force fs opposing the impending motion. T – 0.04 x 200 = 20 a Or T – 8 = 20a.
In equilibrium, the resultant of these forces must be zero. a = 22/23 m/s –2 = 0.96 m/s –2
T=
being in contact with the surface. Resolving the weight mg along the two directions shown, we have
These equations give and
- NET EFFECT: component of the contact 27.1 N.
force parallel to the surface opposes m g sin θ = f s, m g cos θ = N
TENSION
motion
As θ increases, the self-adjusting frictional force fs increases until - A force exerted by a rope, string or a cable, or any
at θ = θmax, fs achieves its maximum value, (fs)max = µsN. rope-like object.
Practice Questions:
Therefore, - A force that is transmitted by or via rope.
∑Fy = T – W  W = m g
1. Determine the maximum acceleration of the tan θmax = µs or θmax = tan–1 µs m ay = T – W
train in which a box lying on its floor will remain m ay + W = T
stationary, given that the co-efficient of static When θ becomes just a little more than θmax, there is a small net T = m ay + m g
friction between the box and the train’s floor is 0.15 force on the block and it begins to slide. Note that θmax depends
only on µs and is independent of the mass of the block.
Law of Static Friction
ma = fs ≤ µs N = µs m g For: T = m[g + ay]
a ≤ µs g θmax = 15̊
amax = µs g = 0.15 x 10m/s-2 µs = tan 15̊
amax = 1.5 m/s-2 = 0.27

2. A mass of 4kg rest on a horizontal plane. The 3. What is the

plane is gradually inclines until at an angle = 15 Practice Questions:
acceleration of the
block and trolley 1. A rope is used to lift a 50kg box with an upward
system if the acceleration of 2.3m/s2.
coefficient of kinetic (a) what is the tension in the rope?
friction between the
T T = m[g + ay]
trolley and the Fnet T = 50 [9.8 + 2.3]
50 kg
T= 605 N 6
W
 (b) what would be the tension in the rope if the box KEPLER’S LAW OF PLANETARY ORBITS
descended slowly with a downward
Kepler’s Third Law
acceleration of 0.75m/s2?
The ratio of the squares of the periods of any
T T = m[g + ay]
Fnet T = 50 [9.8 – 0.75] two planets revolving around the sun is equal to the
50 kg
T= 452.5 N
ratio of the cubes of their mean distance from the sun.
W

( ) ()
2. what is the tension in the two ropes in the pictures T1 2 r1 3

shown below? =
T2 r2 Practice Questions:

T1y T1 T2
T2y 1. The mean distance between the Earth and the sun
60̊ 30̊ is 15 x 1011m. The mean distance between the sun
T1x 60kg T2x
and Mars is 2.287x1011m. What is the period of Mars
around the Sun in Earth-Day?
W
FG = FC

( ) ( )
❑ 2 ❑
GMSME MEV
=
∑Fx = T2x – T1x ∑Fy = T1y + T2y R
2
R
0 = T2x – T1x 0 = T1y + T2y
T1x = T2x W = T1y +T2y G MS 2
T1cos 01 = T2cos 02 m g = T1sin01 + T2sin02 =V
T1cos60 = T2cos30 R
T1(0.5) = T2 (0.866) (60)(9.8) =T1sin60 + T2sin30
T1 = 0.866/0.5 = 1.732T2 588 = T1(0.866) + T2(0.5)
588 = (1.732T2)(0.866) + 0.5T2
588 = 1.499912T2 + 0.5T2
[588 = 1.999912T2 ]÷ 1.999912
T1 = 1.732(294.01) = 509.22N
294N = T2 FG = Gravitational Force
FC = Centripetal Force
G = constant E
T1 = 509.22 N Ms = Mass of the sun S Fc
ME = Mass of the earth
T2 = 294 N R = distance between their d = vt
centers (radius) v = d/t = 2∏R/T
Therefore
GMS/K =(2∏R/T)2  Cross Multiply

3. Calculate the tension in the two ropes shown below.

∑fY = T1y – w
∑fx = T2– T1x
0 = T1y – w T1
T1Y 0 = T2– T1x
w = T1y
T1x = T2 or T2 = T1x
m g = T1 sin0 60̊
T2 T2 = T1cos60
100(9.8) = T1sin60 T2 = (1132) (.5)
[980 = T1(.866)] ÷ .866 T1X 100kg
1131.63 = T1 T2 = 566 N
T1 = 1132 N
w
7
  When gas expands, done by the gas = (+) work
2. It takes Venus 225 days to orbit the sun. If the  When gas compressed, done on the gas = (-) work
Earth-Sun distance is 1.5x1011m, what is the mean  DIFFERENT PATH requires DIFFERENT AMOUNT
OF WORK.
distance between Venus and the Sun?  Work done = area under the pressure volume curve
o Volume stays constant as pressure changes (

∆ V =0 ¿ then, NO WORK IS DONE – no

area to calculate.  ISOVOLUMETRIC or
ISOCHORIC PROCESS.
o If pressure remains constant as volume changes, (

∆ P=0 ¿ then, the area under the curve

under the curve is a rectangle of length P and
Figure 2.2. Pressure-Volume (P-V) Curves width ∆V.
W = P∆ V

WORK Figure 2.2c shows a process in which neither pressure nor

volume is held constant. The total area under graph (region
- A process by which energy is transferred from one 1 and 2) give the work done.
system to another.  Region I – triangle with base ∆V and height ∆P, so the
- Two ways an energy can be transferred. area is AI = ½ ∆V∆P
o Work  Region II – rectangle with base ∆V and height P2, so its
o Heat. area is AII = P2 ∆V
 The work done is the sum of the areas of Regions I and
II: W = AI + AII

Force and Displacement Figure 2.2d

- Energy is transferred through the process of - After certain interchanges of work and heat, the system
returns to its initial state.
work when something exerts forces on or - (+) work = EXPANDS; (-) work = COMPRESSED
against something else. W = Work - Work done is the area enclosed by the curve.
3. Calculate the mass of the Sun using the Earth-Sun F = magnitude of the applied
force
mean distance of 1.5x1011m. W = F x d = Fd cos 0 d = magnitude of displacement
through which the force is applied POWER
0 = angle between the applied
force vector and the displacement - Refers to the rate at which energy is transferred
Pressure and Volume from one system to another.
- Work has been done when the volume of the - SI unit of power is the watt (W) = J/s
system has changed due to an applied - Formula:
pressure. P = power
- Gas expansion and compression processes can w ∆E W = work
P= = ∆E =
be represented in graphical form with volume t t
energy
on the x – axis and pressure on y – axis. t = time
o Termed as P – V graphs
- Electric power: P = IV
o P is Power
o I is Current
o V is electrical potential difference (voltage)
8
 ENERGY
- Refers to system’s ability to do work or to make U = mgh U = potential energy Example:
something happen. m = mass in kg
g = acceleration due to gravity A 15kg block, initially at rest, slides down a frictionless
- Different forms of energy have the capacity to h = height (ground level)
incline and comes to the bottom with a speed of 7m/s,
perform different actions. Example Problem:
a shown below. What is the kinetic energy of the object
o Example:
An 80kg diver leaps from a 10m cliff into the sea, as shown at the top and bottom of the ramp?
 Mechanical energy can cause objects to
move or accelerate below. Find the diver’s potential energy at the top of the
 Ice cubes sitting in the counter top at room cliff when he is two meters underwater, using sea level At the top: At the bottom:
temperature will absorb thermal energy datum.
K = (1/2) mv2 K = (1/2) mv2
through heat and will melt into water. Sol’n: K = (1/2) (15kg)(0m/s)2 K = (1/2) (15kg)(7m/s)2
- Two ways of energy transfer: K=0J K = 367.5 J
o Kinetic Energy At the top of the cliff: Two-meters Underwater:
o Potential Energy U = mhg U = mhg Work-Energy Theorem
- Total Mechanical Energy – the sum of an object U = (80)(10)(9.8) U = (80)(2)(9.8)
U = 7840 J or 8000J U = 1568 J or 1600 J
and kinetic energies. E = U + K - Direct relationship between work done by all the
forces acting on an object and the change in kinetic
Potential Energy Elastic Potential Energy
energy of that object.
- Elastic system act to store energy.
- Refers to energy that is associated with a given - Can be applied to changes in other forms of energy.
- Length is relaxed or in equilibrium
object’s position in space or other intrinsic - 1st Law of thermodynamics – reiteration of the Work
- When STRETCH (equilibrium length) , (+)
qualities of the system. Energy Theorem
spring potential energy
- “potential to do work” o Change in internal energy (ΔU) = (Q) heat
- Energy can be stored as chemical potential U = ½ kx2 U = potential energy transferred into the system minus the
k = spring constant (stiffness of the spring)
energy x = magnitude of displacement from equilibrium mechanical work done by the system (W)
- Types: Gravitational Potential Energy and Elastic
Potential Energy Kinetic Energy ΔU = Q – W
Gravitational Potential Energy - Energy of motion
- Have mass and are moving with some speed - The net work done by forces acting on an object will
- Depends on the object’s position with respect
will have an associated amount of kinetic result in an equal change in the object’s kinetic
to some level Identified as the Datum/
energy: energy
“ground” – zero potential energy position 
chosen for convenience.
K = kinetic energy
m = mass in kg
Example: Wnet = ∆ K = Kf - Ki
K =(½) mv2 v = speed per seconds

You may find it convenient to consider the potential

energy of the pencil in your hand with respect to the SI unit is Joule (J) = kg x m2 / s2

floor if you are holding the pencil above the floor or - Allows one to calculate work without knowing the
- an object has the same kinetic energy
with respect to a desktop if you are holding the pencil magnitude of the forces acting on an object or the
regardless of the direction of its velocity
over a desk displacement through which the forces act.
vector.
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 HEAT CAPACITY NUCLEAR PHYSICS
CHANGE IN PHASE Radioactivity
Example: THERMAL PROCESS
1. A lead ball of mass 0.125kg is thrown straight up in Conduction
the air with an initial velocity of 30m/s, assuming no air
Convection
Resistance, find the work done by the force of gravity
by the time the ball is at its maximum height. Radiation
Sol’n: ELECTROMAGNETISM
Wnet = Kf - Ki ELECTRICITY
= 0 – 1/2mv12
= - (1/2)(1/8kg)(30m/s)2 = -900/16 ~ - 900/15
= - 60J (actual = -56.25 J)
Coulumb’s Law
Ohm’s Law
Resistors
MOMENTUM Capacitors
LIGHT AND SOUND WAVES
IMPULSE MAGNETS
Magnetic Field
FLUIDS Magnetic Force
Density
Specific Gravity WAVES AND OPTICS
Pressure Electromagnetic Spectrum
Pascal’s Law Properties of Waves
Buoyant Force Mirror
Bernoulli’s Principle Lenses
Torricelli’s Theorem Light Waves
Venturi Effect Refraction
Defraction
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
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