• Research Aptitude

◦ Scienti c Method or Systematic Approach (Conduct Enquiry &

Investigation) to Increase Knowledge
• Systematically collecting and evaluating evidence
◦ Scienti c Method for Unbiased evaluation of data
• Observation, Classi cation and Interpretation of Data
◦ Scienti c Method according to Random House Dictionary
• Identi cation of Problem
• Collection of Relevant Data
• Formulation of Hypothesis
• Empirically tested
◦ Research basically adds to existing stock of knowledge
◦ Research should be free of biases, prejudice, and subjective errors
◦ Desirable Characteristics of Research
• Objectivity - without any Prejudice
▪ Procedural safeguards
▪ Standardization
▪ Operationalization of Concepts
▪ Avoiding Bias
• Reliability - Consistency of Research
• Validity - Accuracy of procedures, Instruments and tests
etc.
▪ Internal Validity - Cause & effect of Two or more
variable
▪ External Validity - Control external variable
▪ Face Validity
▪ Content Validity
▪ Criterion Validity
▪ Construct Validity
• Accuracy
• Credibility
• Generalizability
• Empirical Research - Real Life Experiments
• Systematic
• Controlled Factors
• Cyclical
• Logical
• Replicable
◦ Research Methodology is Combination of
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
 • Epistemology - Theoretical framework, Literature and
Research practice.
• Ontology - Assumption about the nature of reality and
knowledge.
• Axiology - Value System and ethical Principles
◦ Approaches
• Positivism - Factual Knowledge gained through observation is
trustworthy or Relied on Science or Experience or
Assumptions etc.
▪ Ontology is realistic and Epistemology is Objectivist
▪ Rules + Scienti c
▪ Deals in Quantity
▪ Deductive/Structured
▪ Fixed/Objective in Nature
▪ Use Probability Sampling
• Post - Positivism - Reality to Critical Reality, Meaning and
creation of new knowledge. Logical Empiricism
▪ Tradition of Con ict
▪ Utilitarian-rationalist tradition
▪ Holistic Tradition
▪ Micro-Interactionist
▪ Broad Research, Qualitative or Mixed Research,
▪ No Rules + Non Scienti c
▪ Deals in Quality
▪ Inductive/Unstructured
▪ Flexible/Subjective in Nature
▪ Use Non Probability Sampling
◦ Methods of Research
• Objectivity
▪ Descriptive
• Self Explanatory - situation, event, institution
• Answer the question - who, what, where, when,
how
• Quantitative research method
• Information collected without changing
environment (Not Experimental or Manipulated)
• National Sample Survey (NSS) and Census are
Examples
Descriptive Research can be two type
• Cross-sectional Study - One Time Data Collection
fi
fl
fi
• Longitudinal Study - More than One time data collection from same
Individual
• Types of Descriptive Research
• Survey, Correlational, Casual Comparative, Ex-post facto,
Historical, exploratory, and analytical research.
• Correlational - Relation between two
• Ex-Post Facto Research - deals with non-manipulated variables
• Analytical Research - Facts or Information already available
▪ Exploratory (Causal research)- At the beginning of research (explore an
area to investigate) to gain background information. Small Scale study.
• Gain background information, generate hypothesis etc
▪ Experimental - Independent Variable is Manipulated
• Three Characteristics
• Manipulation
• Control
• Random Assignment
• Types of Experimental Research
• Pre-Experimental
• One-Shot Case Study
• One-Group Pre-Test Post-Test
• Static Group Comparison
• True Experiment
• Pre-Test Post-Test Control Group
• Post-Test Only Control Group
• Solomon Four Group
• Quasi Experiment
• Time Series
• Multiple Time Series
• Statistical
• Randomized Blocks
• Latin Square Design
• Factorial Design
• Outcomes
▪ Fundamental (Basic or Pure) Reserach
• Addition to Knowledge
• Discovery or invention
• Mostly Academic
• Extensive in Nature
▪ Applied Research
• Solution to existing Problems
 • Innovation or application
• Practical use in solving problems
• Intensive in Nature
• Logic
▪ Deductive (Top Down or General to Speci c) Approach - Valid or
Invalid
• State the Hypothesis
• Collect data to test the hypothesis
• Make Decision to accept or reject the Hypothesis
▪ Inductive (Bottom-up) Approach - Strong or Weak
• Observe different phenomena in the world
• Search for a pattern what is observed
• Make a generalization about what is occurring
• Process
▪ Quantitative Research (Top-Down)
• Stating a testable Hypothesis
• Collection of Data
• Analysing the Data
• Accepting or Rejecting the Hypothesis
• Note
• Objective
• Top-Down
• Deductive
• Non-Random Sampling
• Result-Oriented Inquiry
• Testing of Hypothesis
• Results are Speci c
• More Statistical, shows relation with variables
▪ Qualitative Research (Bottom-Up)
• The Intended research area is not well de ned or Understood
• A subject need to be studied in depth
• A holistic perspective is needed
• Behavioural aspects of people need to be studied
• Measurement techniques like questionnaires are not considered
suitable
• A researcher is more Interested in the Process not the Outcome
• Methods and Approaches used
• In-Depth Interview
• Focus Group
• Narrative Research
fi
fi
fi
 • Phenomenology
• Ethnography
• Case-Study Research
• Content Analysis
• Grounded Theory
• Note
• Subjective
• Bottom-Up
• Inductive
• Random Sampling
• Process-Oriented
• Generation of Hypothesis
• Very Descriptive
• Narrative
▪ Action Research
• Situational and Problem solving perspective
• Intervention in real world
• Adoption of alternative practices
• Immediate problematic situation
• Goals of Social Science
• Collaborative and Participatory
• Co-learning
• Self-Evaluative
• Action research is a process
• Planning
• Action
• Observation
• Re ection
• Inquiry Mode
▪ Structured - Quantitative research
▪ Unstructured - Qualitative research
• Idea or Concept
▪ Conceptual
▪ Empirical - Experience or Observation alone. Data based Reserach
◦ Steps of Research
• Step 1 - Formulation of Research Problem
▪ Literature Review
▪ Formulation of Objectives
▪ Identifying research variables and measuring scales
• Types of Variable
fl
 • Independent - Manipulated, Experimental or
Treatment Variable (Example Smoking)
• Dependent - (Example Lung Cancer)
• Extraneous Variable - (Age of the Person, Extent
of Smoke, Duration of Smoking)
• Measuring Variables
• Nominal Scale
• Ordinal or Ranking Scale
• Interval Scale
• Ratio Scale
• Attitudinal Scale
• Likert Scale
• Thurstone Scale
• Guttman Scale
▪ Formulating hypothesis
• Descriptive Hypothesis
• Relational Hypothesis
• Explanatory Hypothesis
• Null Hypothesis
• Alternative Hypothesis
• Step 2 - Preparing Research Design
▪ Problem Structure
▪ Study Design
▪ Experimental Study
▪ Non-Experimental Study
• Step 3 - Developing Data or Collection Instrument (Research
Instrument)
▪ Types of Data
▪ Methods of Data Collection
▪ Designing research tools
• Step 4 - Selecting Samples or Types of Samples
▪ Probability
• Simple Random
• Strati ed Random
• Cluster
▪ Non-Probability
• Convenience
• Judgement or Purposive
• Quota
• Accidental
fi
 • Snowball
▪ Determining Sample Design
• Step 5 - Writing a Research Proposal
▪ Need
▪ Bene t
▪ Types of Data
▪ Justi cation of Funds and other resources
• Step 6 - Collecting Data
▪ Observation
▪ Interviews
▪ Questionnaire
▪ Schedules
• Step 7 - Processing and Analysing Data
▪ Editing and Coding
▪ Classi cation of Data
▪ Tabulation
▪ Analysis
▪ Hypothesis Testing
▪ Generalization
• Step 8 - Writing a Research Report
▪ Title Page
▪ Table of Content
▪ Chapters
▪ Bibliography
▪ Appendices

• Communication
◦ 70% time of human being spent communicating with others
◦ Models of Communication
• Aristotle Model
▪ Three Elements - Speaker, Subject, audience
▪ He used "discovery of the available means of
persuasion"
• Schramm Model
▪ Talked about "Field of Experience" (type of orientation
or attitude)
• Katz's Model
▪ "Intermediary model of communication"
▪ The role of gatekeeper (Selective sharing of
Information)
fi
fi
fi
 • Shannon and Weaver Model
▪ "Mathematical Model of Communication"
▪ One way Communication Model or Linear without
feedback
▪ Described three problems
• Technical (Signal)
• Semantic (Interpretation of meaning)
• In uential (Effectiveness)
▪ Some other Concepts
• Entropy - "Degree of freedom of choice" to select
message
• Redundancy - amount of Information can be
eliminated or added communication in a noise less
channel
• Channel Capacity - The amount of Information
that can be transmitted per unit of time
▪ Limitation
• Mostly applicable to Interpersonal
Communication, not for Mass or Group
Communication.
▪ Source - Transmitter - Noise source - Receiver -
Destination
• Leagan's Model
▪ Focused on - Communicator, message or content,
channel of communication, treatment of message,
audience, and audience response/feedback.
• Helical Model
▪ 3D spring like curve in the shape of a cylinder or a cone
• Constitutive Meta Model or Berlo's Linear Communication
▪ S-M-C-R (Sender, Message, Channel, Receiver) Model
▪ One way communication or linear
▪ No feedback, No Noise, No barrier of Communication
• Alex Fish's Three Model
▪ Transmission/Linear Model
• One way, no feedback
▪ Interactive Model or Convergence Model
• Field of experience is a communication pattern -
culture, social, psychology, situation, and channel
use.
▪ Transactional Model
fl
 • Communication in integrated in our internal
realities.
▪ Note
• Transactional Language - Transfer of Information
• Interactional Language - Social relation and
personal attitude
• Mass Media Model
▪ "Attention-Gaining Model" - TRP

• Types of Communication
▪ Intrapersonal Communication
• Talking to Oneself
▪ Interpersonal Communication (Dyadic Communication)
• Face to Face Communication, Emotional appeal
• Formal or Informal (Grapevine)
• Verbal or Non-Verbal
• Effective Communication - Immediate Feedback or Message
• Group Communication
• Primary Group
• Intimate, Personal relations, etc.
• Example - Family, Clan, Play Ground
• Secondary Group
• Formal, Impersonal and Status relationship
• The best size in terms of total interaction and greatest
ef ciency is somewhere between 5-7 members
• Participation and Sharing of Information is central to
the Group.
• Mass Media and Society
• Decision Makers - Mass Media - Society
• Four Ways to represent Media
• Media Reach
• Media Access
• Media Exposure
• Media Effects
• Media, fourth Pillar of Democracy
• Article 19 of COI
• Evolution of Mass Media
• Print - Recordings - Cinema - Radio - Television -
Internet - Mobile Phone
• Internet and Mobile - Digital Media
fi
 • Theories of Mass Media
• Hypodermic or Bullet Theory - Fear of
Propaganda (Manipulation)
• Psychological or Individual Difference Theory
• Selective Exposure
• Selective Perception
• Personal In uence Theory - Interpersonal
relations not Mass Media
• Two Step Flow - Information received from
other (Opinion leader)
• Multi Step Flow - Opinion leader interpret
the media message for audience
• Sociological Theories of Mass Communication -
De nite relationship between mass
communication and social change
• Cultivation Theory
• Agenda Setting Theory
• The Uses and Grati cation Theory
• Dependency Theory
• Normative Theories
• Authoritarian Theory
• Free Press Theory
• Social Responsibility Theory
• Communist Media Theory
• Development Communication Theory
• Democratic-Participant Media Theory
• Mass Society Theory
• Political Economic Media Theory
• Hegemony Theory
• Culture and Semiotic Theory
• Concerns faced by Society
• Manipulation
• Privacy
• Security
• Democratic Process
• Isolation
• Communication based on Members
• Intrapersonal - Reading Newspaper, Meditation,
Introspection
• Interpersonal - Conversation with colleague
fi
fl
fi
 • Apersonal - use of mass media, Publicity,
advertisement
• Communication Types on the Basis of Channel
▪ Verbal
• Oral Communication
• Pitch and Volume
• Rate or Speed
• Clarity in speaking and articulation
• Small Group - Conversation, Telephone
• Large Group - Lectures, Meetings, Radio, Short Circuits
• Written Communication
• Small Group - Letter/Memos, Telex
• Large Group - Circular, Newsletters, Handbooks/
Manuals, Posters/Bulletin Board
▪ Non-Verbal
• Appearance
• Body Language
• Sounds
• Two Features
• Static
• Distance
• Orientation
• Posture
• Physical Contact
• Dynamic
• Gesture
• Looking
• Types of Non-Verbal Communication
• Proxemics - Personal and Physical Space (Intimacy,
affection, aggression, Dominance)
• Paralinguistic - we speak other people 'read' (Timing,
pace, tone, loudness, pitch, volume rate, quality,
intonation, in ection, vocalized pauses etc.)
• Kinesics - Interpretation of body motions or non-
linguistic body movemnet (Facial Expressions and
gesture etc)
• Haptics - Communication by Touch
• Phonemics - linguistic ability based on unit of sound
(One word different meaning based on sound)
• Dress and Appearance
fl
 • Chromatics - Use of Colour (LGBTQ)
• Iconic - Emojis
▪ According to Mehrabian's % of Communication 7/38/55 Rule (3Vs -
Verbal, Vocal, Visual)
• Word - 7%
• Tone of Voice - 38%
• Body Language - 55%
▪ In Teaching Attention is the starting point
• Attention by Portion
• Seeing - 87%
• Hearing - 7%
• Smell - 3.5%
• Touch - 1.5%
• Taste - 1.0%
▪ Purpose of Communication
• Formal
• Informal (Grapevine)
▪ Direction of Communication
• Vertical
• Horizontal or Lateral
• Diagonal - free ow of Information
▪ Communication Network
• Chain Network
• Wheel Network or Star Network
• Circle Network
• All Channel Network - No Formal Leader
▪ Barriers in Communication
• Psychological
• Linguistic and Cultural
• Semantic - Disagreement about the words used (Problem
arising from expression)
• Mechanical
• Organizational
• Physical
▪ 7 Cs in Communication
• Clear
• Concise
• Concrete
• Correct
• Coherent
fl
 • Complete
• Courteous

• Teaching Aptitude

◦ Basic Teaching Models

• Pedagogy - Teacher-Centered
▪ Preparation
▪ Presentation
▪ Association
▪ Generalization
▪ Application
• Andragogy - Learner-Centered
• Heutagogy - Learner is Highly Autonomous
▪ "Double loop Learning"
◦ Nature of Teaching
• Teacher - Student - Content or Material
◦ Levels of Teaching
• Autonomous Development Level
▪ Student-Centered
• Memory Level of Teaching (MLT)
▪ "Stimulus-Response" (S-R)
▪ Rote Memorization
▪ Evaluation - Oral, Written, and Essay Type
▪ Teaching - Subject-Centered
▪ Passive Role of Learner
▪ Teacher Motivation - Extrinsic
▪ Learner Motivation - Intrinsic
▪ Learner is at the Pre-Operational level of cognitive
development
• Understanding Level of Teaching (ULT)
• Re ective Level of Teaching (RLT)
▪ Learner-Centered Teaching
▪ Interaction between teacher and Learner
◦ Bipolar Process
• Teacher - Learner
◦ Tripolar Process
• Teacher - Learner - Curriculum
◦ Quadri-polar Process
• Teacher - Learner - Curriculum - Physical Climate
fl
◦ Methods of Teaching
• Teacher-Centered (Large Group)
▪ Lectures
• Brainstorming
• Backchannel
• Just in Time Teaching
• Team Based Teaching
▪ Team Teaching
• Group Discussion
▪ TV or Video Presentation
▪ Dialogical Teaching and Direct Teaching
• Learner-Centered (Individualized)
▪ Tutorial
▪ Assignment
▪ Project work
▪ Case Study
▪ Programmed Instruction
▪ Computer-assisted learning
▪ Interacting video
▪ Open Learning
▪ Personalized system of Instruction
▪ Heuristic method
• Mixed (Small Group)
▪ Group Discussion
▪ Seminar
▪ Panel Discussion
▪ Brainstorming
▪ Project method or work
▪ Tutorial
▪ Case Study
▪ Role Play
▪ Simulation
▪ Demonstration