essay.

ESSAY
Thesis statement or Main Idea
What is an ESSAY?  It is the most important point of your
 An essay is a brief work of nonfiction that essay
discusses a focused topic and often  tells us what the essay is all about
includes the writer’s personal Example
experiences and opinions. Bullying is no trivial matter.

OVERVIEW OF AN ESSAY

BODY
PARTS OF AN ESSAY • The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th paragraphs make up
1.Introduction the body of the essay.
2.Body • The first sentence of every paragraph is the
3.Conclusion topic sentence and must be backed up with
pieces of evidences in the next
INTRODUCTION sentences.
• Begins with a grabber (quotation,
definition, or facts). Topic Sentence
• End with a thesis statement, an affirmative “What is the paragraph all about?”
sentence that expresses the important point
of your essay. Example
• Begins with a Verbal attack is a very common type of
grabber - line or lines which the writer uses bullying.
to grab the reader’s attention

Examples of Grabbers How to support your Topic Sentence

1. Quotations
- “With great power comes great 1. STATISTICS
responsibility”, Spiderman once said. - According to studies, one in every three
children experiences name calling.
2. Definitions
- Bullying is an act that uses superior strength 2. Expert Opinions
or influence to intimidate (someone), - Dr. X, a famous child psychologist, says that
typically to force him or her to do what one “verbal attacks can be one of the most
wants. painful forms of
bullying.”
3. Facts
- According to research, one in every three 3. Personal opinions
children is directly involved in bullying. - Personally, riding the modern jeepney
provides more comfort due to its
4. Personal experience airconditioning system to keep you cool while
- When I was a kid, I used to draw on our you travel to places.
white walls whenever I pick up a crayon…
4. Evidences
INTRODUCTION - In the CCTV footage of the establishment, it
• End with a was shown that the victim was approached
thesis statement, an affirmative sentence by the suspect.
that expresses the main idea of your
5. Reasons (facts, personal knowledge, etc.)
- Owning a physical book feels more real than EMOTIONAL APPEAL
having a digital one. There is no comparable …let’s show our care to our environment the
satisfaction when one hears the flipping of same way we care about our dear mothers
the page, and the roughness of the paper – who brought
owning a book is a true us life and has been nourishing us from the
reading experience. day we were born.

6. Personal experiences
- it was the first time I set foot on stage in
front of people. I felt the sweat running on
my back to my thighs. The clothes I wore
started to shrink that I couldn’t breathe…

TAKE NOTE!
Do not use first person or second person
pronouns (I, you, we, my, your, our, etc.).
Using third person pronouns (he, she, it,
they, their, etc.) make the essay impersonal
and rational.

TYPES OF ESSAY
CONCLUSION
• The 5TH paragraph is the conclusion. 1. NARRATIVE ESSAY
• It begins with a transition term  It tells a story of actual events or the life
(To summarize, In summary, or To conclude) experiences of an individual.
• After the transition term, write a
generalization ARRANGING YOUR STORY
 Chronological order. (Time events)
GENERALIZATION  In medias res. (start in the middle)
 A generalization is a broad statement  Plot elements (Introduction, rising action
about a subject based on provided with conflict, climax, falling incidents
information, observations, and (resolving conflict), exposition)
experiences.
Example NARRATIVE ESSAY EXAMPLE
To conclude, we must know the forms and  It was my second day on the job. I was sitting
targets of bullying as well as the ways on how in my seemingly gilded cubicle, overlooking
to stop bullying because bullying is a very Manhattan, and pinching my right arm to make
serious matter that needs immediate action. sure it was real. I landed an internship at
Condé Nast Traveler. Every aspiring writer I’ve
ever known secretly dreamt of an Anthony
QUESTION
Bourdain lifestyle. Travel the world and write
…..Which technique do you find useful in about its most colorful pockets. An hour before
your next masterpiece? my lunch break, my phone rang. It was Mom…
crying, telling me that Dad had a heart attack.
CALL TO ACTION He didn’t make it. I felt as though the perfectly
…We have been deaf long enough to ignore carpeted floors had dropped out from under
the call for help. With the reasons I discussed me. I asked my boss if I could take the time off
today, and he understood.
in this essay, I
believe it is now the right time to stand up for
2. DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY
what is right.
 aims at helping you illustrate something
to your reader in a way that they can
ADVICE
see, feel, or hear what you are talking
…These things are only suggestions and it still
about.
depends on how you use them in certain
situations. Again, always assess the problem
and choose what’s best for you.
- It builds an overall impression of a person, PERSUASIVE ESSAY EXAMPLE
an object, or an experience by describing it  Animals are an important feature of this earth
and using images that appeal to the senses. and the past decades have witnessed the
extinction of a considerable number of animal
species. This is the consequence of human
SENSORY WORDS encroachment on wildlife habitats, for example
BORING WORDS deforestation to expand human cities. Some
Dry, Delicious, Sour, Hard, Cold, Beautiful may argue that such loss of species is natural
and has occurred throughout earth's history.
EXCITING WORDS However, the current rate of species loss far
Dehydrated, Mouth-watering, Tongue-curling exceeds normal levels, and is threatening to
sourness, Indestructible, Frosty, Her lips were as become a mass extinction event sooner or
red as the finest roses the world has ever seen. later.

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY EXAMPLE 5. ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

 If I could speak about love, it would be the  It agrees or disagrees with something or
most beautiful thing of all. Love is like a someone, and tries to convince the
crescent moon. It is both sharp and curved and reader to accept your opinion using
firm and gentle. Its white glow is soft enough
scientific studies, statistics and quotes
to ignore if you choose it but bright enough to
make even broken glass glisten and shimmer
from experts.
like a treasure all its own.
BASIC STEPS IN WRITING AN
3. REFLECTIVE ESSAY ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
 It expresses the writer’s thoughts and 1. Choose an issue/concern/news
feelings in response to a personal 2. Choose a side (agree or disagree / affirm
experience or an idea. or oppose
3. Write your claims or opinions in each
THE HEART OF REFLECTIVE ESSAY paragraph
 Insights learned from the 4. Support your claims/opinions using facts
incident/experience
 Self-reflection, Self-evaluation, STRENGTHEN YOUR ARGUMENTATIVE
Realization, Moral lesson ESSAYS BY USING:
 Use credibility
REFLECTIVE ESSAY EXAMPLE  Use facts, information, statistics
 The day my younger brother was born, my  Appeal to authority, Analogy, Logic
mother took me with her to the hospital rather
than my father. It wasn't a planned move, my ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY EXAMPLE
father was feverish and we couldn’t risk his  As online learning becomes more common and
condition; Even though my relationship with more and more resources are converted to
my mother is stormy, I was the best digital form, local government officials
alternative. Sitting with her through every suggested that public libraries should be shut
contraction, I gained a new down and, in their place, everyone should be
respect for just how powerful and strong a woman given an iPad with an e-reader subscription. As
could be in what might be a supporter of modernization, I believe this
considered their weakest moment. Holding her idea will save local cities and towns money
hand and feeding her ice chips, I because libraries are expensive to maintain. In
gained a connection with my mother that I didn't a survey done by the National Statistics Office
realize we were lacking. (NSO) on 2018-2021, only 8% of teenagers
have visited their local libraries. In fact, the
4. PERSUASIVE ESSAY maintenance cost of keeping a library
 It attempts to convince the readers to presentable ranges to 8,000 to 15,000 a month
take a course of action or adopt the (NSO, 2021).
writer’s point of view - a heartfelt
emotional appeal or a well-defended 6. EXPOSITORY ESSAY
opinion  Written discourse that serves the
purpose of explaining, describing
PERSUASION TECHNIQUE and providing information to the
 Opinions reader. aka informative
 Appeal to emotions
 Make your readers feel worried, Some Types of expository essays
scared, happy, empowered. 1. Classification essays - you write about
various subjects within one category,
discussing each subject’s unique
characteristics alongside the characteristics  Queen Victoria as a young girl and as
that connect it with others in its category. queen. She took the crown when she
was 18 years old. Her reign lasted over
Example: You might write a classification 63 years , the longest of any British
essay about different kinds of herding dogs, monarch.
discussing a specific dog breed for each
paragraph  She was a popular queen,the first to take
residence in Buckingham Palace.
2. Definition essays - A definition essay  She spoke English,French,German,
defines its subject by presenting clear facts Italian, and Hindustani.
about it, debunking facts from myths. You  She became queen when the monarchy
also discuss relevant social, political, and was unpopular with the people, but she
economical trends. won them over with her modesty,
practicality, personality,and style.
Example: you could explore and define the
concept of success.  Victoria met Prince Albert, a cousin who
Consider examining various perspectives on was a minor German Prince, when she
success, how it is measured, and the factors was 16. Four years later at age 20 and
that contribute to achieving success in already queen, she fell in love with him
different areas of life. and married.

3. Process essays - A process essay walks the  Some believe he married her only to gain
reader through the steps involved in social status;however, their marriage
completing a task. A recipe has a lot in was a happy one.
common with a process essay.  They parented 9 children. He died in
1861 and from that time on she dressed
Example: you could write an essay about the only in black. For the next 40 years until
process of cleaning a bicycle properly. her death, she ordered that a fresh suite
of clothing be laid out for him daily.
READ THE ESSAY  She started the tradition of a bride
 The invention of the printing press in 1440 wearing white at her wedding.
changed this situation dramatically. Johannes
Gutenberg, who had worked as a goldsmith,  The Queen on the morning or her
used his knowledge of metals in the design of
the press. He made his type from an alloy of
coronation. After Albert’s death she
lead, tin, and antimony, whose durability wore widow’s black and a widow’s
allowed for the reliable production of high bonnet in public, never a crown.
quality books. This new technology allowed
texts to be reproduced and disseminated on a Positives
much larger scale than was previously possible. • Queen Victoria turned England into world’s
The Gutenberg Bible appeared in the 1450s,
leading military/economic power
and a large number of printing presses sprang
up across the continent in the following
• Period of intense change:
decades. Gutenberg’s invention rapidly • Railroads
transformed cultural production in Europe; • Postal system
among other things, it would lead to the • Improvements in medicine,sanitation
Protestant Reformation. • Gov’t-supported schools
• Political reforms (more could vote)
• Increase in industry
• Decrease in dependence on agriculture
• Increase in city populations

Negatives
• Changes to traditional British society were
disturbing and frightening:
• Increased urban poverty
• Challenge to British Empire’s power
VICTORIAN PERIOD through foreign wars
• Workers fighting for power
Victorian England (1832-1901)
• Women entering work force Setting
Catacombs
Victorian Literature - are humanmade subterranean
 The telegraph, telephone, photography passageways for religious practice.
(Victoria was the first royal to have her
portrait “taken” rather than “painted”)  The setting in this story has a special
the advent of the automobile and purpose: Fortunato is eventually trapped
electric lighting changed not only the in a space that represents the opposite
way people lived, but their view of the of freedom: he’s chained up and bricked
world in which they lived. inside a crypt with no air and no way out.
- All in all, Victorian literature is about change What Montresor wishes to do is tell this
and a culture’s reaction to change. story. Which means that the story has
him trapped. He can’t forget it, and he
The Cask of Amontillado has to talk about it. In his mind, he’s still
down there in the hole with Fortunato.
By Edgar Allan Poe
Plot
Unlocking Difficult Words! ·
 The story is logical, Fortunato and
1. connoisseurship
Montresor have a history, and a painful
- expertise in a particular subject
one. Fortunato has insulted Montresor a
2. virtuoso
thousand times and he never complains.
- a person who is extremely skilled at
But one day, Fortunato goes too far, he
something
insults Montresor, and he vows revenge.
3. motley
- the particolored costume of a jester
Point of View
4. roquelaire
 Montresor is the narrator. He is
- a knee-length cloak worn especially in the
dedicated to his own point of view,
18th and 19th centuries.
which is cold. He doesn’t mind telling us
5. flambeaux
about his torture to Fortunato; indeed,
- a flaming torch, especially one made of
he thinks what he did was the right way
several thick wicks dipped in wax.
to handle the situation. Montresor’s
point of view also involves poetry and
6. fettered
writing.
- restrained with chains
EA Poe wanted each story to be a little
What is a Cask of Amontillado?
puzzle, with hidden pieces
Amontillado
- is a very expensive dry, white wine.
Tone
Cask
 Montresor describes the mounds of
- a barrel used to store wine.
bones and stench of human remains so
elegantly, it almost sounds beautiful.
Thesis Statement
An example:
 Edgar Allan Poe develops, the theme that “We passed through a range of low arches,
loftiness is a destructive force by descended, passed on, and descending again,
showing the cruelties that Montresor will arrived at a deep crypt, in which the foulness of the
go to in order to exact revenge of air caused our flambeaux rather to glow than
Fortunato. flame.” The sound makes us believe that everything
is going to be okay.
Characters
Fortunato Conclusion
- a respected and feared man, an italian  “The Cask of Amontillado” makes the
friend of Montresor’s, is a connoisseur of reader reflect upon the importance that
wine, and at least on the night of the story, when we stop to think about our actions,
he clouds his senses and judgment by as Montresor did not, we would realize
drinking too much of it. that violence is never a good way to
solve our problems.When we want to act
Montresor with violence, we must pause and reflect
- a cold, ruthless, and calculating man. on the cruelty of violence in the past and
in the present, and we should always
 remind that there are better ways to
solve our conflicts.

In pace requiescat

EXPOSITION
 During a Carnival in Italy, Montresor runs
into Fortunato, and offers to share a very
nice bottle of Amontillado wine with him.
However, this bottle is in his catacombs.
It is late at night and Forunato seems ill.

CONFLICT
 The narrator, Montresor, claims that
Fortunato has gravely insulted him, and
is plotting to get his revenge. Although,
he doesn’t tell the reader what
Fortunato has done, he makes it known
that it was unforgivable.

RISING ACTION
 Montresor lures Fortunato down into the
dark and eerie wine vault. As suspense
builds, Montresor keeps asking if
Fortunato would like to turn back
because he seems ill. Fortunato
continues to drink wine to ease his cough

CLIMAX
 When they reach their destination, there
is no Amontillado, but there is a hole in
the wall. Montresor shackles Forunato
inside, and begins to seal up the wall
with bricks.

FALLING ACTION
 As the few bricks are laid, Forunato
screams for Montresor to stop, but it’s
too late. Montresor has enacted his
revenge.

RESOLUTION
 Montresor walks away with only the
sound of Fortunato’s jingling jester bells
echoing in the tomb. he replaces the
bones of the crypt. In the end, he claims
that no one has disturbed them for 50
years; he has gotten away with his plot. VERBALS
Is it a verb or a verbal?

Our helpers waxed the floors.

(waxed as a verb – this shows action “what
are the helpers doing?”)

The waxed floors were slippery and

dangerous.
(waxed as a verbal – this describes a state of
being “what kind of floor?”)
 The infinitive “To see” is used in the object
Water was flowing over the rocks in the position which functions as a noun.
stream. To see the mountain = is an infinitive phrase
(flowing as a verb – this describes an action.
“what was the water doing?”) Infinitives used as nouns. (to enjoy)
 I am trying to enjoy the movie.
Flowing water carries a great deal of
potential energy. Subject Verb Object: noun
(Flowing as a verbal – this describes a state of
being. “What kind of water?”) The infinitive “To enjoy” is used in the object
position which functions as a noun.
VERBALS To enjoy the movie= is an infinitive phrase
 Verb forms (looks like verbs or could be
verbs in other sentences) that are used ADJECTIVES
as noun, adjective, or adverb. Infinitives used as adjectives. (to see)
Note: A verbal can never be the verb of the  “Oppenheimer” is a great movie to see
sentence. this year.

KINDS OF VERBALS Subject Verb Direct object: noun

INFINITIVES The infinitive “to see” is an modifies the noun

 The simple infinitive is made up of “movie.” Therefore, the infinitive functions as
“to” + the base verb (base form of the verb). an adjective.
Acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb. To see this year = is an infinitive phrase
• to + see (base verb) = to see
• to + stand (base verb) = to stand Infinitives used as adjectives. (to give)
• to + stare (base verb) = to stare  Flowers are lovely gifts to give to your
• To + enjoy (base verb) = to enjoy parents.
• to + give (base verb) = to give
Subject Verb Direct object: noun
NOUNS
Infinitives used as nouns. (to stand) The infinitive “to give” is an modifies the gifts
 To stand awkwardly is fun. “gifts.” Therefore, the infinitive functions as
an adjective.
Subject Verb Predicate To give to your parents = is an infinitive
phrase
The infinitive “To stand” is used in the subject
position which functions as a noun.
To stand awkwardly= is an infinitive phrase

Infinitives used as adjectives. (to enjoy)

 The beach is a perfect place to enjoy
your vacation.
Infinitives used as nouns. (to see)
 To see the mountain is my dream Subject Verb Direct object: noun

Subject Verb predicate The infinitive “to enjoy” is an modifies the

noun “place.” Therefore, the infinitive
The infinitive “To see” is used in the subject functions as an adjective.
position which functions as a noun. To enjoy your vacation = is an infinitive
To see the mountain = is an infinitive phrase phrase

 Bob wants to see the mountain. ADVERBS

Infinitives used as adverbs. (to stand)
Subject Verb Object: noun  The teacher told me to stand outside.
Subject Verb Direct object: noun PARTICIPLES
 Participle works as an adjective in a
The infinitive “to stand” adds more sentence.
information to the verb “told.” present participle: The -ing forms
Therefore, the infinitive functions as an past participle: the -ed/-en forms the; and
adverb. perfect participle: having (been) -ed/en
To stand outside = is an infinitive phrase forms

Infinitives used as adverbs. (to stare) PRESENT PARTICIPLES

 Sheila bought a mirror to stare at herself. Example:
Smoking chimney
Subject Verb Direct object: noun (smoke + ing = smoking which is used to
describe the noun “chimney.” Therefore, it
The infinitive “to stare” adds more functions as an adjective)
information to the verb “bought.”  My house has a smoking chimney.
Therefore, the infinitive functions as an
adverb. Snoring spouse
To stare at herself = is an infinitive phrase (snore + ing = snoring which is used to
describe the noun “spouse.” Therefore, it
Infinitives used as adverbs. (to give) functions as an adjective)
 Rick works hard to give himself a better  I couldn’t sleep well last night because of
life. my snoring spouse.

Subject Verb Adverb Buzzing noise

(Buzz + ing = buzzing which is used to
The infinitive “to give” adds more describe the noun “noise.” Therefore, it
information to the verb “works.” functions as an adjective)
Therefore, the infinitive functions as an  Sheila enjoys listening to that buzzing
adverb. noise.
To give himself a better life = is an infinitive
phrase PAST PARTICIPLES
Example:
Infinitive special rules Inspired student
A. The infinitive may have a subject or an (Inspired= is the past participle of “inspire”
object or both. which is used to describe the noun “student.”
• The speaker tells us to enjoy the beauty of Therefore, it functions as an adjective)
nature.  The inspired student actively participates
• I wanted him to have ambition. in class.

• He asks God to help him. Broken window

Subject verb object (Broken = is the past participle of “break”
which is used to describe the noun
B. The infinitive is sometimes used without “window.” Therefore, it functions as an
“to” when it follows the preposition but, adjective)
except, and besides.  That broken window needs to be fixed.
• The couple did nothing but stare at the
lovely sunset. Written essay
• Grandmother does nothing except knit all (Written = is the past participle of “write”
day long. which is used to describe the noun “essay.”
Therefore, it functions as an adjective)
C. The infinitive without “to” is used  Sir Allen is waiting for our written essays.
following such verbs as let, help, make, see,
watch, hear, feel, have, and observe. PERFECT PARTICIPLES
• Sometimes we just let time pass by. Example:
• Erica saw the moon rise. Having completed
• Zhian helped the old lady cross the road. (Having + (past participle of complete =
Having completed we can add more
information to this participle to form a
“participial phrase.”)  Most participle phrases have commas
setting them off.
 Having completed the project, the group
decided to rest. This is especially true when they open a
sentence and modify the subject.
(Having completed the project modifies the  Running at full speed, the athlete raced
noun “group.” Therefore, the participial twenty yards for a score.
phrase functions as an adjective.)  Crying loudly, the baby wanted some
attention.
Having prepared  Jumping high, Alexander hit his head on
(Having + (past participle of prepare) = the ceiling.
Having prepared we can add  The chemist, blinded by smoky fumes,
more information to this participle to form a stumbles.
“participial phrase.”)  Scanning the book, Justin spotted the
answer.
 Gordon Ramsay, having prepared the  The box wrapped in orange is for you.
ingredients, was ready to cook the lamb
sauce.

(Having prepared the ingredients modifies

the noun “Gordon Ramsay.” Therefore, the
participial phrase functions as an adjective.)

Having explored
(Having + (past participle of explore) = Having
explored we can add more information to
this participle to form a “participial phrase.”)

 After having explored various places,

Tom wants to stay home during the
holidays with his family.

(After having explored various places

modifies the noun “Tom.” Therefore, the
participial phrase functions as an adjective.)

 Participles can appear in several places in GERUNDS

the sentence, but they are most  The gerund is the present continuous
commonly found describing/ modifying form of the verb.
the subject. It is formed by adding –ing to the base form
 Participle phrases are always used as of the verb.
adjectives. It is used as a noun.

 My house has a smoking chimney. SUBJECT

A. Gerunds can be in the subject position (can
Subject (noun) adjective noun be a subject).

 The inspired student actively participates  Swimming is my favorite sport.

in class.
Subject: noun verb predicate
Adjective Subject (noun)
 Skiing can be very dangerous to
 Having completed the project, the group beginners.
decided to rest.
Subject: noun verb predicate
Participial phrase Subject (noun)
 Playing football makes him alive.

Subject: noun verb predicate

DIRECT OBJECT
B. Gerunds can be in the object position (can
be a direct object).

 Ramon avoided paying the jeepney fare.

Subject verb Object position

 Tina stops writing books because

of her busy schedule

Subject verb Object position

OBJECTS
C. Gerunds can have objects of their own.

 Franky loves building pirate ships.

Subject verb Object position

OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION

D. Gerunds can be objects of the preposition
(OP).

Subject verb Preposition

 The job consists of typing, filing, and
answering phone.

OP OP OP

KINDS OF SENTENCE
ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE
➢ 2 PARTS OF A SENTENCE-
● SUBJECT
● PREDICATE

➢ 2 TYPES OF CLAUSES-
● DEPENDENT CLAUSES
● INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

➢ 2 TYPES OF CONJUNCTION-
● COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
- FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).

● SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION
SIMPLE SENTENCE
 A simple sentence has the most basic
elements that make it a sentence: a
subject, a verb, and a completed
thought.
Subject + Predicate
Many subjects + Many predicates
Many predicates + One subject/
Many subjects + one predicate

COMPOUND SENTENCE
 A compound sentence consists of two or
more independent clauses joined with a
semicolon and coordinating conjunction,
also known as the
- FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
IC + IC + CC

COMPLEX SENTENCE
 They are made up of an independent and
dependent clause connected by a
subordinating conjunction.
IC + DC + SC

COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCE

 They are made up of compound
sentences and a simple sentence
connected by a subordinating
conjunction
IC + IC + DC + SC + CC