CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Domestic violence is a pervasive and complex social issue that affects individuals of all ages,

genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds worldwide. Defined as any pattern of abusive behavior

used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner,

domestic violence encompasses a range of behaviors including physical, sexual, emotional,

economic, and psychological abuse (WHO, 2013). This form of violence occurs within the

context of intimate relationships, often in private settings such as homes, and can have

devastating consequences for victims.

2.1 Conceptual Review

2.1.1 Domestic Violence

Domestic violence refers to a pattern of abusive behaviors in intimate relationships that

involve one partner exerting control and power over the other. This abuse can take various

forms, including physical violence, emotional or psychological manipulation, sexual assault,

financial exploitation, and even social isolation. Domestic violence is a global issue,

transcending cultural, racial, and socio-economic boundaries. It affects individuals across all age

groups, genders, and orientations, though women and children are disproportionately affected. In

the context of adolescents, witnessing or experiencing domestic violence can severely impact

their psychological well-being, social development, and future relationships.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), domestic violence is not confined

to physical harm but encompasses any behavior intended to dominate and control the victim.

These actions may involve intimidation, verbal abuse, humiliation, or threats of violence. The

consequences of domestic violence are far-reaching and include both immediate physical injuries

and long-term psychological effects. Victims often suffer from anxiety, depression, post-

1
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), low self-esteem, and substance abuse disorders, and may even

attempt suicide (WHO, 2021).

In a broader legal context, domestic violence is defined as a violation of fundamental

human rights, which include the right to safety and security, dignity, and protection from harm.

Various legal frameworks exist to combat domestic violence, such as the Violence Against

Persons (Prohibition) Act in Nigeria, which criminalizes all forms of domestic abuse, including

spousal battery, emotional and psychological abuse, and economic deprivation (UN Women,

2020). However, the enforcement of these laws remains a challenge, particularly in rural areas

like Keffi, where cultural beliefs, poverty, and lack of education may undermine victims' ability

to seek legal protection.

Domestic violence against children and adolescents is of particular concern because of its

lasting effects on psychological well-being. Adolescents who grow up in environments where

domestic violence is prevalent are more likely to develop maladaptive coping strategies, such as

substance abuse, aggressive behavior, and delinquency. These individuals often struggle with

forming healthy relationships, as the trauma they experience shapes their worldview and

emotional responses. According to Dutton and Green (2022), children who witness domestic

violence often internalize these behaviors, either replicating them in their future relationships or

becoming victims themselves. Moreover, research shows that domestic violence can impede a

child’s cognitive development and academic performance, as the constant stress and fear

interfere with their concentration and ability to learn (Lansford et al., 2020).

The ecological model developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner (1979) provides a useful

framework for understanding the dynamics of domestic violence. According to this theory,

domestic violence is influenced by multiple interconnected systems, including individual, family,

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community, and societal factors. For instance, cultural norms that promote patriarchal values,

economic stress, and social isolation contribute to the prevalence of domestic violence.

Additionally, historical factors such as colonialism and ongoing conflicts in parts of Nigeria have

entrenched gender-based violence in certain communities (Afolabi, 2023). The breakdown of

extended family networks in contemporary African societies, coupled with rapid urbanization,

has further exacerbated the problem.

Recent studies have also emphasized the impact of digital technology on domestic

violence. With the rise of social media and smartphones, perpetrators are finding new ways to

abuse their victims through cyberstalking, online harassment, and digital surveillance. This new

dimension of domestic violence highlights the evolving nature of abuse, where control is

maintained even when physical proximity is absent (Campbell et al., 2022).

To address the complex nature of domestic violence, comprehensive intervention

strategies are required. These interventions should include not only legal measures but also social

support services, such as counseling and rehabilitation programs for victims and perpetrators

alike. Education and awareness campaigns play a crucial role in changing societal attitudes

toward domestic violence, challenging harmful stereotypes, and empowering victims to seek

help. It is also essential to engage men and boys in conversations about gender equality and

respect in relationships to reduce the cycle of abuse.

In conclusion, domestic violence is a pervasive issue with profound implications for the

psychological well-being of victims, particularly adolescents. While legal frameworks and social

interventions exist to combat domestic violence, more needs to be done to ensure that victims,

especially in rural areas, have access to the support and protection they need. Efforts to address

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domestic violence must be holistic, targeting the root causes of abuse and creating a culture of

respect and non-violence in intimate relationships.

2.1.2 Psychological Wellbeing

Psychological well-being is a multifaceted construct encompassing various aspects of mental

health, including emotional, cognitive, and social functioning. It is an integral component of

overall health, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), which asserts that health is

not merely the absence of disease but a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

(WHO, 2004). Psychological well-being involves a range of positive functioning indicators such

as life satisfaction, happiness, and a sense of purpose and meaning in life.

Emotional well-being is one core aspect, characterized by the presence of positive emotions such

as happiness, joy, and contentment, as well as the absence of negative emotions like sadness,

anger, and anxiety (Ryff & Keyes, 1995). Positive emotional states are associated with better

health outcomes, including lower rates of chronic illness, improved immune function, and

greater longevity (Diener & Chan, 2011). The ability to regulate emotions effectively and cope

with stress is crucial for maintaining emotional well-being and overall mental health.

Cognitive well-being, another critical dimension, involves the processes of perception, memory,

and thinking that contribute to an individual's understanding and interpretation of their

environment. High cognitive well-being is linked to attributes such as optimism, self-efficacy,

and resilience. Individuals with positive cognitive well-being are more likely to approach

challenges proactively and are better equipped to find solutions to problems, contributing to their

overall mental health and life satisfaction (Bandura, 1997).

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Social well-being reflects the quality of relationships and social interactions that an individual

experiences. It includes feelings of belonging, social integration, and the perception of support

from family, friends, and the community (Keyes, 1998). Strong social connections are a

significant predictor of psychological well-being, as they provide emotional support, enhance

feelings of security, and foster a sense of belonging (Cohen, 2004). Conversely, social isolation

and loneliness are significant risk factors for mental health problems, including depression and

anxiety (Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010).

Ryff’s (1989) model of psychological well-being outlines six key dimensions: self-acceptance,

positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal

growth. Self-acceptance refers to having a positive attitude towards oneself and one’s past life.

Positive relations with others involve having warm, satisfying, trusting relationships. Autonomy

is the ability to make independent decisions and resist social pressures. Environmental mastery

entails the capacity to manage life situations effectively. Purpose in life is the sense of having

goals and direction, while personal growth signifies a feeling of continued development and

realization of one’s potential. These dimensions collectively contribute to a holistic

understanding of psychological well-being.

Research indicates that various factors influence psychological well-being, including genetic

predisposition, environmental conditions, and individual lifestyle choices. Positive psychology

interventions, such as mindfulness meditation, gratitude practices, and strengths-based exercises,

have been shown to enhance psychological well-being by promoting positive emotions,

resilience, and life satisfaction (Seligman et al., 2005). Additionally, regular physical activity,

5
adequate sleep, and a balanced diet are essential lifestyle factors that support mental health

(Smith & Puczynski, 2016).

Mental health policies and interventions play a crucial role in promoting psychological well-

being at a societal level. Effective mental health promotion strategies include increasing access

to mental health services, reducing stigma associated with mental illness, and implementing

community-based programs that foster social support and resilience (WHO, 2013). Schools,

workplaces, and community organizations are pivotal settings for implementing these

interventions and creating environments that support mental health.

2.1.3 Adolescents

Adolescence is a critical developmental stage that marks the transition from childhood to

adulthood, typically occurring between the ages of 10 and 19, although the exact age range can

vary across cultures and contexts. This period is characterized by rapid physical, emotional, and

cognitive changes as adolescents develop their sense of identity, autonomy, and social

relationships. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines adolescence as a phase of life

marked by significant growth and development, where individuals experience heightened

emotional sensitivity, explore new social roles, and begin to form a personal identity (WHO,

2020).

Biologically, adolescence begins with the onset of puberty, a period of hormonal changes

that lead to physical maturation. These changes include the development of secondary sexual

characteristics, growth spurts, and increased reproductive capacity. The physical transformations

experienced during adolescence often influence self-image and can have a profound impact on

the adolescent’s mental and emotional well-being (Steinberg, 2014).

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Cognitively, adolescence is marked by the development of higher-order thinking skills. During

this time, individuals become capable of abstract thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving,

which allow them to engage in more complex decision-making processes. The development of

the prefrontal cortex, which continues into early adulthood, plays a crucial role in these cognitive

advances, particularly in areas such as impulse control, risk assessment, and long-term planning

(Blakemore & Robbins, 2012).

Socially and emotionally, adolescents strive for independence from their parents and

other authority figures, while placing greater importance on peer relationships. This period is

often associated with a search for identity, where adolescents experiment with different social

roles, beliefs, and values in an attempt to define themselves. Erik Erikson (1968), in his theory of

psychosocial development, referred to adolescence as a stage of “identity vs. role confusion,”

where individuals face the challenge of establishing a clear and coherent identity.

The concept of adolescence is shaped not only by biological and psychological changes

but also by cultural, social, and economic factors. In some societies, adolescence is seen as a

prolonged period of exploration and growth, while in others, economic pressures or societal

norms may lead to earlier transitions to adulthood responsibilities such as marriage or work.

Adolescence is a complex and multifaceted developmental stage that encompasses

physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes. It is a time of exploration, growth, and

identity formation that sets the foundation for adult life.

2.2 Theoretical Review

2.2.1 Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is one of the most comprehensive

frameworks for understanding the psychological growth of adolescents. According to Erikson,

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adolescence is characterized by the stage of identity versus role confusion, which occurs between

ages 12 and 18. During this period, adolescents are engaged in the process of exploring and

forming their personal identity. They experiment with different roles, beliefs, and values,

attempting to integrate these experiences into a coherent sense of self (Erikson, 1968).

This stage is critical because it sets the foundation for future psychological wellbeing and social

relationships. Successful resolution of this stage results in a strong sense of identity and direction

in life, whereas failure leads to role confusion and uncertainty about one's place in the world.

Erikson emphasized that identity formation is influenced by both individual choices and societal

expectations, making it a dynamic interplay between personal agency and external influences.

Erikson’s theory also highlights the importance of social interactions and relationships in identity

formation. Peer groups, family, and social institutions all play significant roles in shaping an

adolescent's self-concept. Positive interactions with these groups can foster a healthy sense of

identity, while negative experiences can lead to identity diffusion and difficulties in future stages

of development (Erikson, 1968).

2.2.2 Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory

Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory provides a comprehensive framework for

understanding how different environmental contexts influence adolescent development.

Bronfenbrenner proposed that human development occurs within a complex system of

relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment, from immediate

settings to broader societal influences (Bronfenbrenner, 1979).

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The theory comprises five interconnected systems: the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem,

macrosystem, and chronosystem. The microsystem includes the immediate environments in

which adolescents interact, such as family, school, and peer groups. The quality of these

interactions directly affects their development. For instance, supportive family relationships and

positive peer interactions can promote psychological wellbeing and healthy social development

(Bronfenbrenner, 1979).

The mesosystem refers to the interconnections between different microsystems, such as the

relationship between family and school environments. Consistency and support across these

settings can enhance adolescent development. The exosystem includes broader social systems

that indirectly influence adolescents, such as parental workplaces and community resources. The

macrosystem encompasses cultural and societal norms, values, and laws that shape the broader

context of development. Finally, the chronosystem includes the dimension of time, accounting

for the impact of life transitions and historical events on development (Bronfenbrenner, 1979).

Bronfenbrenner’s theory underscores the importance of considering the multifaceted and

interactive nature of the environments in which adolescents develop. It highlights the need for

comprehensive approaches to adolescent wellbeing that address multiple layers of influence,

from family dynamics to societal structures.

2.2.3 Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

Albert Bandura's social learning theory offers valuable insights into how adolescents acquire

behaviors, attitudes, and skills through observation and imitation of others. Bandura proposed

that learning occurs in a social context and can happen purely through observation, even without

9
direct reinforcement (Bandura, 1977). This theory emphasizes the role of modeling, imitation,

and vicarious reinforcement in the learning process.

Adolescents are particularly susceptible to social learning because they are in a stage of

exploring and adopting new behaviors and identities. They observe the actions of parents, peers,

teachers, and media figures, and these observations significantly influence their own behaviors

and attitudes. For instance, adolescents who observe aggressive behavior in their environment

may be more likely to exhibit similar behaviors, especially if these behaviors are seen as

rewarded or unpunished (Bandura, 1977).

Bandura introduced the concept of self-efficacy, which refers to an individual's belief in their

ability to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific outcomes. High self-efficacy can

enhance motivation and resilience, enabling adolescents to pursue and achieve their goals despite

challenges (Bandura, 1997). This concept is crucial in understanding how adolescents develop

the confidence to navigate their social environments and overcome obstacles.

Bandura's theory also highlights the importance of cognitive processes in social learning.

Adolescents not only imitate observed behaviors but also consider the consequences and

potential outcomes of these behaviors. This cognitive appraisal helps them decide which

behaviors to adopt and which to avoid. Social learning theory thus provides a framework for

understanding the mechanisms through which adolescents develop social and cognitive skills, as

well as the importance of positive role models in this process (Bandura, 1977).

2.3 Empirical Review

2.3.1 Domestic Violence and Psychological Wellbeing

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The empirical literature on the relationship between domestic violence and psychological

wellbeing is extensive, revealing significant adverse impacts on the mental health of victims.

Domestic violence, encompassing physical, emotional, sexual, and economic abuse, has

profound and long-lasting effects on psychological wellbeing, manifesting in a range of mental

health issues such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and low self-

esteem.

A key study by Campbell (2002) highlights the pervasive impact of intimate partner violence

(IPV) on women’s health, noting that victims of IPV are at a higher risk of developing mental

health disorders compared to non-victims. Campbell’s research, which reviewed multiple

studies, found that the prevalence of depression among battered women ranged from 50% to

75%, significantly higher than the general population. This elevated risk of depression among

IPV victims underscores the severe emotional toll of sustained abuse.

Further empirical evidence comes from a study by Coker et al. (2002), which utilized data from

the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to examine the association between

IPV and various health outcomes, including psychological wellbeing. The study found that

women who experienced physical or sexual IPV reported significantly higher levels of

depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms. This large-scale study provided robust evidence of the

detrimental effects of IPV on mental health, emphasizing the need for targeted mental health

interventions for victims.

The longitudinal study by Johnson and Leone (2005) provided insights into the long-term

psychological impact of domestic violence. Tracking women over several years, the study found

that the psychological effects of IPV persisted long after the cessation of physical abuse. Women

11
who had been victims of IPV reported sustained symptoms of depression and PTSD, even after

they had left abusive relationships. This finding highlights the enduring nature of psychological

trauma caused by domestic violence and the importance of long-term support services for

survivors.

Another significant contribution to this field is the research by Golding (1999), which conducted

a meta-analysis of 18 studies on the mental health consequences of IPV. Golding’s meta-analysis

revealed a strong correlation between IPV and various mental health disorders, with victims

exhibiting higher rates of depression, PTSD, substance abuse, and suicidality compared to non-

victims. The study also found that the severity and duration of abuse were key factors

influencing the extent of psychological harm, with more severe and prolonged abuse leading to

worse mental health outcomes.

Children exposed to domestic violence also suffer significant psychological consequences, as

evidenced by research from Kitzmann et al. (2003). Their meta-analysis of 118 studies found that

children who witnessed domestic violence exhibited higher levels of emotional and behavioral

problems, including anxiety, depression, aggression, and difficulties in social functioning. These

findings underscore the intergenerational impact of domestic violence and the critical need for

interventions that address the needs of both adult and child victims.

The relationship between domestic violence and psychological wellbeing is further complicated

by socioeconomic factors, as highlighted by a study by Carlson et al. (2002). This research found

that women with lower socioeconomic status who experienced IPV reported worse mental health

outcomes than their higher-income counterparts. The study suggested that economic dependence

on the abuser and lack of access to mental health services exacerbated the psychological impact

12
of IPV, pointing to the need for integrated interventions that address both economic and mental

health needs.

In addition to these empirical studies, qualitative research has provided valuable insights into the

lived experiences of domestic violence victims. A study by Anderson et al. (2012) used in-depth

interviews to explore the psychological impact of IPV on women. Participants reported feelings

of entrapment, fear, and helplessness, with many describing how the abuse eroded their self-

esteem and sense of identity. This qualitative evidence complements quantitative findings by

providing a nuanced understanding of how domestic violence affects psychological wellbeing.

In conclusion, the empirical literature overwhelmingly demonstrates that domestic violence has

severe and multifaceted impacts on psychological wellbeing. Victims of domestic violence are at

a heightened risk of developing mental health disorders, with the effects of abuse persisting long

after the violence has ended. These findings underscore the importance of comprehensive

support services, including mental health care, economic assistance, and legal protection, to

address the complex needs of domestic violence survivors.

2.3.2 Domestic Violence in Nigeria

Domestic violence in Nigeria is a pervasive issue that has garnered increasing attention from

researchers, policymakers, and human rights activists. Empirical studies highlight the widespread

nature of domestic violence and its multifaceted impacts on victims, particularly women and

children. Understanding the scope and dimensions of domestic violence in Nigeria requires a

detailed examination of various empirical studies that document its prevalence, causes,

consequences, and the effectiveness of interventions.

13
One significant study by Oyediran and Isiugo-Abanihe (2005) investigated the prevalence of

domestic violence among married women in Nigeria. Using data from the Nigeria Demographic

and Health Survey (NDHS), the researchers found that approximately one in three married

women had experienced some form of domestic violence. The study revealed that physical

violence was the most common type, followed by emotional and sexual violence. Factors

contributing to domestic violence included low educational attainment, unemployment, and

witnessing parental violence during childhood. This study underscores the importance of socio-

economic and cultural factors in perpetuating domestic violence in Nigerian society.

Another empirical study by Aihie (2009) explored the cultural dimensions of domestic violence

in Nigeria. This research highlighted the role of traditional gender norms and patriarchal beliefs

in sustaining domestic violence. The study found that societal acceptance of male dominance and

female subservience often justifies the use of violence as a means of control. Aihie argued that

cultural practices such as bride price and polygamy further entrench gender inequality, making it

difficult for women to leave abusive relationships. This research emphasizes the need for cultural

reorientation and education to challenge harmful norms and promote gender equality.

The health implications of domestic violence are profound, as evidenced by a study conducted

by Fawole et al. (2002). This research examined the physical and psychological health outcomes

of domestic violence among women in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study found that victims of domestic

violence often suffer from a range of health issues, including injuries, chronic pain,

gastrointestinal disorders, and mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. The

researchers highlighted the lack of adequate healthcare services and support systems for victims,

14
calling for improved medical and psychological interventions to address the health needs of

abused women.

In terms of interventions, empirical evidence suggests that legal and policy frameworks in

Nigeria are inadequate to effectively combat domestic violence. A study by Adebayo and

Kolawole (2013) evaluated the implementation of the Violence Against Persons (Prohibition)

Act (VAPP) in Nigeria. The study revealed that while the VAPP Act represents a significant step

forward in providing legal protection for victims of domestic violence, its enforcement remains

weak due to factors such as limited awareness, insufficient training for law enforcement officers,

and lack of political will. The researchers recommended comprehensive training programs for

police and judicial officers, as well as public awareness campaigns to ensure the effective

implementation of the law.

Community-based interventions have shown promise in addressing domestic violence. A study

by Iliyasu et al. (2011) assessed the impact of community sensitization programs in northern

Nigeria. These programs aimed to educate community members about the harmful effects of

domestic violence and promote gender equality. The study found that community sensitization

led to increased reporting of domestic violence cases and greater community support for victims.

However, the researchers noted that sustained efforts and continuous engagement with

community leaders are necessary to achieve long-term changes in attitudes and behaviors.

Empirical studies also highlight the role of economic empowerment in reducing domestic

violence. An empirical investigation by Okenwa, et al., (2009) explored the relationship between

women's economic empowerment and their experience of domestic violence. The study found

that women who were economically independent were less likely to experience domestic

15
violence compared to those who were financially dependent on their partners. Economic

empowerment programs, such as vocational training and microfinance initiatives, were identified

as effective strategies to reduce women's vulnerability to domestic violence.

In conclusion, empirical research on domestic violence in Nigeria underscores the complexity of

the issue and the interplay of various socio-economic, cultural, and legal factors. The studies

reviewed highlight the high prevalence of domestic violence, the significant health impacts on

victims, and the challenges in implementing effective interventions. Addressing domestic

violence in Nigeria requires a multi-faceted approach that includes legal reform, cultural

reorientation, economic empowerment, and community-based interventions. Continued empirical

research is essential to inform policy and practice, ensuring that interventions are evidence-based

and effective in protecting and supporting victims of domestic violence.

2.3.3 Studies on Adolescents Affected by Domestic Violence

Domestic violence has far-reaching consequences, not only for the immediate victims but also

for those who witness or live in an environment where such violence occurs. Adolescents who

are exposed to domestic violence experience significant psychological, emotional, and social

impacts that can affect their development and well-being. Empirical studies have explored these

effects in detail, shedding light on the multifaceted ways in which domestic violence influences

adolescent lives.

A key study by Edleson (1999) reviewed multiple empirical studies and found that adolescents

exposed to domestic violence are at a higher risk of experiencing a range of psychological issues,

including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The constant exposure

to violence creates a stressful and unstable environment that disrupts their sense of security and

16
emotional well-being. These psychological impacts can persist long into adulthood, affecting

their ability to form healthy relationships and maintain mental health.

Margolin and Gordis (2000) conducted a comprehensive study on the impact of domestic

violence on children and adolescents, emphasizing the role of family dynamics and parenting

practices. Their research demonstrated that adolescents who witness domestic violence often

experience inconsistent and harsh parenting, which further exacerbates their emotional and

behavioral problems. The study highlighted that these adolescents are more likely to exhibit

aggressive behavior, substance abuse, and delinquency. The hostile environment created by

domestic violence undermines positive parental involvement and support, which are crucial for

healthy adolescent development.

Another significant empirical study by Kitzmann, et al., (2003) conducted a meta-analysis of 118

empirical studies examining the effects of domestic violence on children and adolescents. They

found that adolescents exposed to domestic violence exhibit more significant emotional and

behavioral problems compared to their peers from non-violent homes. These problems included

increased aggression, lower self-esteem, and academic difficulties. The meta-analysis

underscored the importance of early intervention and supportive measures to mitigate these

negative outcomes.

Further empirical evidence is provided by a study conducted by Wolfe, et al., (2003), which

focused on the long-term effects of witnessing domestic violence. Their longitudinal study

followed adolescents into adulthood and found that exposure to domestic violence during

adolescence was linked to higher rates of adult intimate partner violence and continued

psychological distress. This study highlights the cyclical nature of domestic violence, where

17
exposure during adolescence increases the likelihood of both perpetrating and experiencing

violence in future relationships.

In the context of educational outcomes, a study by Fergusson and Horwood (1998) examined the

impact of domestic violence on academic performance among adolescents. They found that those

exposed to domestic violence had significantly lower academic achievement and higher rates of

school dropout. The stress and trauma associated with witnessing violence disrupt cognitive

functioning and concentration, making it difficult for adolescents to perform well academically.

The study also noted that the lack of a supportive home environment contributed to poor school

engagement and motivation.

A more recent study by Holt, et al., (2008) explored the social impacts of domestic violence on

adolescents. They found that these adolescents often struggle with peer relationships and social

isolation. The fear and stigma associated with domestic violence can lead to withdrawal from

social interactions, resulting in loneliness and reduced social support. The study emphasized the

importance of creating safe and supportive environments in schools and communities to help

these adolescents build positive social connections.

Finally, empirical research by Moylan et al. (2010) highlighted the protective factors that can

mitigate the negative impacts of domestic violence on adolescents. Their study identified factors

such as positive peer relationships, supportive adult figures, and access to mental health services

as critical in buffering the adverse effects of domestic violence. These protective factors can help

adolescents develop resilience and coping strategies, reducing the long-term impact of their

traumatic experiences.

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In conclusion, empirical studies consistently demonstrate that adolescents exposed to domestic

violence face significant psychological, emotional, and social challenges. These impacts can

affect various aspects of their lives, including mental health, behavior, academic performance,

and social relationships. The evidence underscores the need for comprehensive interventions that

address the immediate and long-term needs of these adolescents, providing them with the support

and resources necessary to overcome the adverse effects of domestic violence.

2.4 Summary of Literature Review

Chapter Two provides a comprehensive literature review on the influence of domestic violence

on the psychological well-being of adolescents, focusing on empirical studies and theoretical

frameworks relevant to the context of Keffi Local Government Area in Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

The chapter is organized into several sections that collectively offer a detailed understanding of

the issue.

Domestic violence is explored broadly, highlighting its pervasive nature and the various forms it

takes, including physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Empirical studies are cited to show the

widespread prevalence of domestic violence in Nigeria, with significant contributing factors such

as socio-economic conditions, cultural norms, and patriarchal beliefs. The review emphasizes the

detrimental impacts of domestic violence on victims, underscoring the urgent need for effective

interventions and policy measures.

The section on psychological well-being delves into the concept's definition and dimensions,

covering aspects like emotional stability, mental health, and overall life satisfaction. The review

19
discusses how exposure to domestic violence disrupts the psychological well-being of

adolescents, leading to issues such as depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),

and behavioral problems. Empirical evidence from various studies underscores the long-term

psychological consequences of domestic violence exposure during adolescence.

This part of the chapter examines the developmental stages of adolescents, emphasizing the

critical nature of this life period for identity formation, emotional regulation, and social

development. The review highlights how domestic violence can severely disrupt these

developmental processes, leading to long-lasting adverse effects. Empirical studies are discussed,

illustrating how adolescents in violent environments often struggle with self-esteem, academic

performance, and forming healthy relationships.

The chapter reviews three key theoretical frameworks: Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

Theory, Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, and Bandura’s Social Learning Theory.

Erikson's theory is used to explain the identity versus role confusion stage and its implications

for adolescents exposed to domestic violence. Bronfenbrenner’s theory provides a

comprehensive look at how different environmental systems interact to affect adolescent

development, highlighting the need for multi-faceted intervention strategies. Bandura’s theory

emphasizes the role of observation and imitation in learning behaviors, explaining how

adolescents may internalize and replicate violent behaviors observed in their environment.

The empirical review section provides a detailed analysis of studies on domestic violence within

Nigeria. It highlights the prevalence, causes, and consequences of domestic violence, with

specific attention to the Nigerian context. Studies reveal the significant impact of domestic

violence on women's physical and mental health, the inadequacy of legal frameworks, and the

20
cultural factors that perpetuate violence. The review underscores the need for comprehensive

legal reforms, cultural reorientation, and effective support systems for victims.

This section focuses on the specific impacts of domestic violence on adolescents. Empirical

studies show that adolescents exposed to domestic violence are at higher risk for psychological

issues such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, and behavioral problems. The review discusses how

exposure to violence affects academic performance, social relationships, and long-term mental

health. It also highlights protective factors and interventions that can mitigate these adverse

effects, emphasizing the importance of supportive relationships and access to mental health

services.

Chapter Two synthesizes a wide range of theoretical and empirical literature to provide a

thorough understanding of how domestic violence affects the psychological well-being of

adolescents. The review highlights the complexity of the issue and the interplay of various socio-

economic, cultural, and environmental factors. It sets the stage for the subsequent chapters by

identifying key areas for further research and intervention, aiming to improve the well-being of

adolescents in contexts similar to Keffi Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

21
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Blakemore, S. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2012). Decision-making in the adolescent brain. Nature
Neuroscience, 15(9), 1184-1191.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and

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Campbell, J. C., Glass, N., Sharps, P. W., Laughon, K., & Bloom, T. (2022). Intimate partner
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