Computer Graphics

Module 1: Introduction and Overview of Graphics System

Module wise weightage
Sr.
Module Hours Weightage
No.
1 Introduction and Overview of Graphics System(CO1) 02 05%
2 Output Primitives (CO2) 10 26%

3 Two Dimensional Geometric Transformations (CO3) 06 15%

4 Two-Dimensional Viewing and Clipping (CO4) 07 18%

Three Dimensional Geometric Transformations, Curves

5 08 21%
and Fractal Generation (CO5)
6 Visible Surface Detection and Animation(CO6) 06 15%
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 What is Computer Graphics?
• It is the combination of 2 words
Computer + Graphics

• Graphics Means:-

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 Computer Graphics

Display on
Generating of Manipulating Storage of
computer
images of images picture
monitor

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Computer Graphics-Definitions
• Computer graphics is the discipline of generating images with the
aid of computers.
• Computer graphics is an art of drawing pictures, lines, charts, etc
using computers with the help of programming.
• In other words, we can say that computer graphics is a rendering tool for
the generation and manipulation of images.
• Rendering or image synthesis is the process of generating a photorealistic
or non-photorealistic image from a 2D or 3D model by means of a
computer program.
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 Why use computer graphics?
Scenario 1

A shoe manufacturing
company wants to show the
sale of shoes for five years.

Presentation Graphics
• Charts & Graphs
Data are presented in pictorial
form

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Why computer graphics is important?

• Computer graphics is responsible for displaying art and image data

effectively and meaningfully to the consumer.
• It is also used for processing image data received from the physical
world, such as photo and video content

• Why?
• We need to produce appealing pictures.
• Humans respond better to pictorial information
• Human brain recognizes visual patterns
 Pixel

• Pixels: individual squares on a grid that makes up an image.

• Pixel is essentially the tiny building blocks that build your screen and any
image, font, or video you see.
• Let’s try and make a simple circle with these 25 pixels.

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• Let’s make a circle with twice as many pixels, so 10×10
with the same size pixel.

• More pixels allows you to help define the shape better, but it,
unfortunately, takes up more space.
Resolution
• How can you cram in more pixels without taking up more
space? The simple answer is make smaller pixels.

• This is the essence of what “Resolution” is.

• Resolution refers to the size of the pixel. The smaller the pixel,
the higher the resolution.
Difference between Pixel and Resolution(Study Material)

Pixel Resolution
A pixel is a unit of information displayed on a monitor. Resolution is determined by the size of the unit of information
representing an image.

Picture Element Image resolution

Pixels describe the amount of measurement of the screen Image resolution describes the amount of detail an image holds.
that can display the pictures.

Increase the number of pixels, the image size will Increase the pixel resolution, the quality of image will increase.
increase.

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Classification of Application Areas

Application Areas

Display of Information Design User Interface Simulation

Graphics CAD Video Game Education

Scientific Computer
Graphics Virtual Reality
visualization Simulation
Design
Digital Art Information
Physics Web Visualization
Design
Medical

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Computer
Aided Design
• Used in design of buildings,
automobiles, aircraft, watercraft,
spacecraft, computers, textiles &
many other products

• Objects are displayed in wire

frame outline form.

• Software packages provide

multi-window environment

Introduction to Computer Graphics 13

Computer
Aided Design
• Graphics design package
provides standard shapes
(useful for repeated
placements)
• Animations are also used in
CAD applications
• Realistic displays of architectural
design permits simulated “walk”
through the rooms (virtual-reality
systems)

Introduction to Computer Graphics 14

Presentation Graphics
Used to produce illustrations for
reports or generate slides for use
with projectors

Commonly used to summarize

financial, statistical, mathematical,
scientific, economic data for
research reports, managerial
reports & customer information
bulletins

Introduction to Computer Graphics 15

Computer Art

Introduction to Computer Graphics 16

Computer Art
Used in fine art & commercial art
• Includes artist’s paintbrush
programs, paint packages, CAD
packages and animation
packages

• These packages provides facilities

for designing object shapes &
specifying object motions.

• Examples : Cartoon drawing,

paintings, product
advertisements, logo design
Introduction to Computer Graphics 17
Computer Art
IT Elec 2

Electronic Painting
• Picture painted electronically
on a graphics tablet (digitizer)
using a stylus
• Cordless, pressure sensitive
stylus
Morphing
• A graphics method in which
one object is transformed into
another.
Introduction to Computer Graphics 18
Entertainment
Movie Industry
• Used in motion pictures, music
videos, and television shows.

• Used in making of cartoon

animation films

Introduction to Computer Graphics 19

Computer Graphics is about animation
(films)

Introduction to Computer Graphics 20

Entertainment
Game Industry
• Focus on interactivity
• Cost effective solutions
• Avoiding computations and
other tricks

Introduction to Computer Graphics 21

Education &
Training
• Computer generated models of
physical, financial and economic
systems are used as educational
aids.
• Models of physical systems,
physiological systems, population
trends, or equipment such as
color-coded diagram help
trainees understand the
operation of the system

Introduction to Computer Graphics 22

Education &
Training
Specialized systems used for
training applications
• simulators for practice sessions
or training of ship captains
• aircraft pilots

• heavy equipment operators

• air traffic-control personnel

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Introduction to Computer Graphics 23
Visualization

Introduction to Computer Graphics 24

Visualization
Scientific Visualization
• Producing graphical
representations for scientific,
engineering, and medical data
sets

Introduction to Computer Graphics 25

Visualization
IT Elec 2

Business Visualization
• Business Visualization is
used in connection with
data sets related to
commerce, industry and
other non-scientific areas
• Techniques used- color
coding, contour plots,
graphs, charts, surface
renderings & visualizations
of volume interiors.

Introduction to Computer Graphics 26

Image Processing IT Elec 2

Introduction to Computer Graphics 27

Image Processing IT Elec 2

• Image processing techniques

are combined with computer
graphics to produce many of
the data visualizations
• CG- Computer is used to create
a picture
• Image Processing – applies
techniques to modify or
interpret existing pictures such
as photographs and TV scans

Introduction to Computer Graphics 28

Image Processing IT Elec 2

Medical Applications
• Picture Enhancements
• Tomography
• Simulations of Operations
• Ultrasonics & Nuclear
Medicine Scanners

Introduction to Computer Graphics 29

Image Processing IT Elec 2

2 Applications
• Improving image quality
• Machine perception of
visual information (robotics)

Introduction to Computer Graphics 30

Graphical User Interfaces IT Elec 2

• Major components – Window manager

(multiple-window areas)
• To make a particular window active, click
in that window (using an interactive
pointing device)
• Interfaces display – menus & icons
• Icons – graphical symbol designed to look
like the processing option it represents
• Advantages of icons – less screen space,
easily understood
• Menus contain lists of textual
descriptions & icons

Introduction to Computer Graphics 33

Scan Conversion

• The process of representing continuous graphics object as a

collection of discrete pixels is called scan conversion.
• Example: A line is defined by its two end points & the line
equation, where as a circle is defined by its radius, centre
position & circle equation.

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 Types of Computer Graphics

Bitmap graphics / Raster graphics :

• It is pixel-based graphics.
• The position and colour information
about the image are stored in pixels
arranged in grid pattern.
• The Image size is determined based on
image resolution.
• These images cannot be scaled easily.
• Bitmap images are used to represent
photorealistic images which involve
complex colour variations.
• eg Photoshop
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 Types of Computer Graphics

Vector graphics:
• The images in vector graphics are
basically mathematically based
images.
• Vector based images have smooth
edges and therefore used to create
curves and shapes.
• Easily scalable due to use of
mathematical formulas.
• Long undo/redo list is possible
during image manipulation.
• eg. CorelDraw, Illustrator
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Types of Computer Graphics
• Interactive Computer Graphics:
• Interactive computer graphics involve real-time user communication and visual content.
• This technique enables users to interact with virtual environments by manipulating objects or navigating
virtual worlds.
• Interactive computer graphics rely on input devices like keyboards, mouse, touchscreens, or motion
sensors to capture user actions.

• Non-Interactive Computer Graphics:

• Non-interactive computer graphics utilize pre-generated visual content without real-time manipulation.
• This technique is commonly used in the entertainment, advertising, and architecture industries.

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Rasterization
• Rasterization is the task of taking an image described in vector graphics format
(shapes) and converting it into a raster image (pixels) for output on video display
or printer or to store it in bitmap file format.

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Rendering

• Rendering is the process of adding shades, colour, lamination to a 2D or 3D

wireframe in order to create real-time images on a screen.

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Types of Display Devices
• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitors
• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
• Light Emitting Diode (LED) Monitors
• Plasma etc…
Raster Scan Display
• In this, the beam moves all over the screen and does one scan line at a time. So it
actually moves from top to bottom, it may also moves from back to top.
• This kind of display moves around and over the entire screen.
• It is used to display areas, areas filled with the Solid colours or patterns, smooth
lines, boundaries of curve shaped primitives, polygons and more.
• Graphics primitives can be shown by approximating them with the pixels on the
raster grid.
• For raster scan display, Scan conversion hardware is compulsorily needed.

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Raster scan display

• Horizontal and vertical deflection signals are created to move a beam all over the
screen in a pattern for displaying any image.
• The beam is on, while it moves from left to right and off, when it moves back
from right to left. This phenomenon is called horizontal retrace.
• As soon as the beam reaches the bottom of the screen, it is rapidly retraced back
to the top to start again. This is called the vertical retrace.
• Raster-scan displays maintain the steady image on the screen by repeating
scanning of the same image. This process is known as refreshing of screen.

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Raster Scan Mechanism

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Architecture of Raster scan display

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Random Scan Display

• Random-scan display unit, has an electron beam directed only to the parts of the
screen where picture is to be drawn.
• If monitors draw a picture one line at a time this is referred to as vector displays
(or stroke-writing or calligraphic displays).
• The component of a picture can be drawn and refreshed in any specified order.
• Picture definition is stored as a set of line-drawing commands in an area of
memory called refresh display file.
• Random scan systems are designed for line-drawing applications.

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Random Scan Display

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Architecture of Random Scan Display

Lecture 3:-Architecture of Raster and Random Scan System 54

Random Scan Display

• In this kind of display the beam is actually moves between the endpoints of
the graphic primitives.
• Random Scan Display mainly draws continuous and ultimately it becomes
smooth lines.
• This kind of display only draws “Characters and Lines”.
• There is no need of Scan Conversion hardware to this kind of random scan
display.

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 Difference between Raster scan and Random scan display
• Raster Scan System • Random Scan System
It has poor or less  It has High Resolution because it stores picture
definition is stored as a intensity definition as a set of line commands.
Electron Beam is directed from top  Electron Beam is directed to only that part of
and one row at a time on screen, screen where picture is required to be drawn, one
beam is directed to whole screen. line at a time so also called Vector Display.
Refresh rate is 60 to 80 frame per  Refresh Rate depends on the number of lines to be
It Stores picture displayed i.e 30 to 60 times per second.
Buffer also called Frame Buffer.  It Stores picture definition as a set of line
Zig – Zag line is produced because commands called Refresh Display File.
are discrete.  Smooth line is produced because directly the line
It uses Pixels along scan lines for path is followed by electron beam .
image
 It is designed for line drawing applications and
uses various mathematical function to draw

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Puzzle
Additional Study Resources
• Donald Hearn & M. Pauline Baker, "Computer Graphics", Pearson
Education, 3/E, 2004.

• James D. Foley, Andries van Dam, Steven K Feiner, John F. Hughes,

“Computer Graphics Principles and Practice in C”, 2 Edition, Pearson nd

Publication

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106/102/106102065/

Lecture 3:-Architecture of Raster and Random Scan System

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