Computer Graphics

COMPUTER GRAPHICS
1
DEFINITION
Computer graphics is an art of
drawing pictures on computer
screens with the help of
programming. It involves
computations, creation, and
manipulation of data. In other words,
we can say that computer graphics is
a rendering tool for the generation
and manipulation of images.
2
DEFINITION
Computer graphics involves display,
manipulation and storage of pictures
and experimental data for proper
visualization using a computer. It
provides methods for producing images
and animations (sequence of images).
It deals with the hardware as well as
software support for generating
images.
3
DEFINITION
Basically, there are four major operations
that we perform in computer graphics:
Imaging: refers to the representation of 2D
images.
Modeling: refers to the representation of 3D
images.
Rendering: refers to the generation of 2D
images from 3D models.
Animation: refers to the simulation of
sequence of images over time.
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INTRODUCTION TO IMAGE AND
OBJECTS
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OBJECTS
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COMPUTER GRAPHICS: RELATED
AREAS
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AREAS
Geometric modeling deals with the
problem of describing, structuring
and transforming geometric data in
the computer.
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AREAS
Visualization interprets the data
created by geometric modeling to
generate an image that can be
viewed using a graphical output
device.
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AREAS
Image processing deals with the
problem of describing, structuring
and transforming images in the
computer.
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AREAS
Computer vision extracts from an
input image various types of
information(geometric, topological,
physical etc.) about the objects
depicted in the image.
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OBJECTS
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OBJECTS
An image is basically representation
of a real world object on a computer.
It can be an actual picture display, a
stored page in a video memory, or a
source code generated by a program.
Mathematically, an image is a two -
dimensional array of data with
intensity or a color value at each
element of the array.
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OBJECTS
Objects are real world entities
defined in three dimensional world
coordinates. In computer graphics we
deal with both 2D and 3D
descriptions of an object. We also
study the algorithms and procedures
for generation and manipulation of
objects and images in computer
graphics.
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IMAGE REPRESENTATION
Image representation is the
approximations of the real world
displayed in a computer. A picture in
computer graphics is represented as
a collection of discrete picture
elements termed as pixels. A pixel is
the smallest element of picture or
object that can be represented on
the screen of a device like computer.
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IMAGE REPRESENTATION
PIXEL
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GRAPHICS PIPELINE
In computer graphics, the graphics
pipeline refers to a series of
interconnected stages through which
data and commands related to a
scene go through during rendering
process.
It takes us from the mathematical
description of an object to its
representation on the device..
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GRAPHICS PIPELINE
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GRAPHICS PIPELINE
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GRAPHICS PIPELINE
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GRAPHICS PIPELINE
The real world objects are represented in world
coordinate system. It is then projected onto a
view plane. The projection is done from the
viewpoint of the position of a camera or eye.
There is an associated camera coordinate
system whose z axis specifies the view direction
when viewed from the viewpoint. The infinite
volume swept by the rays emerging from the
viewpoint and passing through the window is
called as view volume or view pyramid. Clipping
planes (near and far) are used to limit the
output of the object.
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GRAPHICS PIPELINE
The mapping of an object to a graphic device
requires the transformation of view plane
coordinates to physical device coordinates. There
are two steps involved in this process.
(i) The window to a viewport transformation. The
viewport is basically a sub rectangle of a fixed
rectangle known a logical screen.
(ii) The transformation of logical screen coordinates
to physical device coordinates.
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GRAPHICS PIPELINE
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GRAPHICS PIPELINE
2D coordinate system to physical

device coordinates
transformation.
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GRAPHICS PIPELINE
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GRAPHICS - APPLICATION
Computer-Aided Design:
In engineering and architectural systems, the products

are modeled using computer graphics commonly
referred as CAD (Computer Aided Design).
In many design applications like automobiles, aircraft,

spacecraft, etc., objects are modeled in a wireframe
outline that helps the designer to observe the overall
shape and internal features of the objects. CAD
applications are also used in computer animations. The
motion of an object can be simulated using CAD.
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Presentation graphics:
In applications like summarizing of data of

financial, statistical, mathematical, scientific and
economic research reports, presentation graphics
are used. It increases the understanding using
visual tools like bar charts,line graphs, pie charts
and other displays.
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Computer Art:
A variety of computer methods are available for

artists for designing and specifying motions of an
object. The object can be painted electronically
on a graphic tablet using stylus with different
brush strokes, brush widths and colors. The artists
can also use combination of 3D modeling
packages, texture mapping, drawing programs
and CAD software to paintand visualize any
object.
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Entertainment:
In making motion pictures, music videos and

television shows, computer graphics methods are
widely used. Graphics objects can be combined
with live actions or can be used with image
processing techniques to transform one object to
another (morphing)
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Education and training:
Computer graphics can make us understand the

functioning of a system in a better way. In
physical systems, biological systems, population
trends, etc., models makes it easier to
understand. In some training systems, graphical
models with simulations help a trainee to train in
virtual reality environment. For example, practice
session or training of ship captains, aircraft
pilots, air traffic control personnel.
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Visualization:
For analyzing scientific, engineering, medical

and business data or behavior where we have to
deal with large amount of information, it is very
tedious and ineffective process to determine
trends and relationships among them. But if it is
converted into visual form, it becomes easier to
understand. This process is termed as
visualization.
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Image processing:
Image processing provides us techniques to

modify or interpret existing images. One can
improve picture quality through image processing
techniques and can also be used for machine
perception of visual information in robotics. In
medical applications, image processing techniques
can be applied for image enhancements and is
been widely used for CT (Computer X-ray
Tomography) and PET (Position Emission
Tomography) images.
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Graphical User Interface:
GUI commonly used these days to make a

software package more interactive. There are
multiple window system, icons, menus, which
allows a computer setup to be utilized more
efficiently.
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Computer Graphics

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COMPUTER GRAPHICS

2D coordinate system to physical

In engineering and architectural systems, the products

In many design applications like automobiles, aircraft,

In applications like summarizing of data of

A variety of computer methods are available for

In making motion pictures, music videos and

Computer graphics can make us understand the

For analyzing scientific, engineering, medical

Image processing provides us techniques to

GUI commonly used these days to make a

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