Pumps - Rectified

 Machine that provides energy to a fluid in a
fluid system.
 Flow is normally from high pressure to low

pressure
 On the basis of mode of action of
conversion of mechanical energy to
hydraulic energy, pumps are classified as
◦ Rotodynamic pumps
◦ Positive displacement pumps
Rotodynamic
PUMPS
Positive
Displacement
 The rotodynamic pumps, operate on the principal
of the rise in pressure energy of liquid by dynamic
action of liquid.
 The dynamic action of liquid is carried by revolving
wheel which has curved vanes. This wheel is known
as impeller.
 The Positive Displacement pumps operate on the
principal that a definite quantity of liquid is
discharged due to positive or real displacement of
working element like piston, plunger, gear, vanes,
screws.
 In displacement pumps, liquid is sucked and then
displaced due to the thrust exerted on it by a
moving member that results in the lifting of liquid
to a desired height.
 1. According to the shape of the impeller and
casing
 a) Volute or Spiral casing type pump
 b) Vortex (whirlpool) casing type pump
 c) Diffuser type pump
 Such type of casing is of spiral for, and
has sectional area, which increases
uniformly from tounge to delivery pipe as Tongue
shown.
 More area is provided to accommodate
increased quantity of water as the water
moves towards the delivery pipe. Velocity
of whirl remains constant through out the
volute chamber at all cross-sections. Tounge
 Usually, the value of velocity of whirl in
the casing is about 0.4 times the velocity
at the impeller outlet.
 In volute casing there is a formation of
high eddy losses which decreases the
overall efficiency of the pump.
 In the vortex chamber or whirlpool
chamber, a uniformly increased area is
provided between the impeller outlet
periphery and the volute casing as shown in
the figure.
 Water on leaving the impeller becomes free

to adopt its path. This somehow helps in
reducing the eddy losses.
 But in vortex chamber there is still

instability of flow and eddy is formed.
 This reduces the efficiency of energy

transformation. However, a vortex chamber
is more efficient than a volute chamber.
 In diffuser pump, the guide vanes
are arranged at the outlet of the
impeller vanes. Water enters the
guide vanes without shock.
 As the guide vanes are of
enlarging cross-sectional area,
the velocity of water decreases
and pressure increases.
 Since these vanes provide better
guidance to the flow, eddy losses
are reduced which increases the
efficiency.
 2. According to type of Impeller
 A) Closed or shrouded impeller
 B) Semi-open impeller
 C) Open impeller
 It is an impeller without cover plate. When the
liquid contains some suspended matter i.e.
sand, paper pulp etc, the open typeof
impeller may be used.
 It has no chance of clogging.
 When one side of the impeller vanes is
covered with a plate, it is semi open impeller.
It can be used when the liquid handled is
highly viscous or there is liquid-solid
mixture. Such pumps have lesser number of
vanes.
 When vanes of the impeller are covered with
plates on both sides, it is called a closed
impeller. As it provides better guidance of
water, it is more efficient.
 It can be used when water is free from
external impurities or debris. Otherwise
clogging problem will arise.
 3. According to working head
 A) Low head centrifugal pumps (<15 meters)
 B) Medium head centrifugal pumps (15-40
meters)
 C) High head centrifugal pumps (>40 meters)
 Note: Head means the level difference in

between the ground level and the overhead
tank.
 4. According to number of stages (means in
how many stages the pressure of water is
increased to deliver it to overhead tank)
 A) Single stage centrifugal pumps
 B) Multi stage centrifugal pumps (Impeller in
series and in parallel)
 Single stage centrifugal pump means a single
pump with single impeller.
 Hence, only one pump is working and in
order to increase the head (more than the
maximum head the pump can deliver) or
discharge of the water this assembly will not
be of much use.
 Hence, mostly used for lower pressures and
lower discharges.
 If the two or more
impellers are
connected in a
series on a single
shaft, such
assembly is called
as impellers in
series as shown in
figure.
 Such assembly is
used when high
head is required.
 In this case
the shafts of
the pumps are
parallel to
each other.
 Two or more
pumps can be
assembled in
parallel so
that the
discharge can
be enhanced.
 5. According to direction of flow
 A) Radial flow pumps
 B) Axial flow pumps
 C) Mixed flow pumps
 6. According to number of entrances to the
impeller.
 A) Single suction pump
 B) Double suction pump
 7. According to specific speed of pump
 Low specific speed pump (10-80)
 Medium specific speed pump (80-160)
 High specific speed pump (160-500)
 Suction pipe
◦ Pipe connecting the inlet of the pump and the sump
is the suction pipe
◦ Dipping end is provided with a strainer and foot
valve
◦ To keep the velocity low in suction pipe (to avoid
cavitation) normally the diameter of the suction
pipe is kept more than the delivery pipe.
Strainer
is provided at the bottom of the suction pipe to
prevent debris from entering the pipe
 Foot valve is a one way valve opening in one
direction.
 When the pressure goes below the
atmospheric in suction pipe, the sump level
opens the valve upward.
 Water starts going into the impeller which
delivers it to upper tank through delivery
pipe.
 Impeller
a rotating wheel fitted with a series of
backward curved vanes or blades
mounted on a shaft. The shaft is
connected to an electric motor. The
impellers used can be closed, Semi-open and open
impellers. (already discussed)
 Casing
airtight passage surrounding the impeller
quite similar to the casing of a reaction
turbine. The material of the casing is
normally cast iron or cast steel.
The following three types of casing are normally
used (already discussed).
1. Volute casing
2. Vortex casing
3. Casing with guide blades

 Delivery pipe
◦ Used for delivery of liquid.
◦ One end is connected to the outlet of the pump
while the other end delivers the water at the
required height to the delivery tank.
◦ The velocity in the delivery pipe is kept slightly
higher than the velocity in the suction pipe.
◦ A valve is provided on the delivery pipe to regulate
the flow of liquid in the delivery pipe is known as
delivery valve.
 Works on the principle that when a certain mass of
fluid is rotated by an external source, it is thrown
away from the central axis of rotation and a
centrifugal head is impressed which enables it to
rise to a higher level.
 First step toward the operation of the pump is

primming
 Suction pipe, pump and portion of delivery pipe up

to the delivery valve is filled with water to remove
any air or vapour pocket.
 Done by pouring water through the inlet and
releasing the air through release pin.
 Pump is started by electric motor to rotate the

impeller keeping the delivery valve still closed.
 Rotation of impeller in casing full of water

produces forced vortex which creates a centrifugal
head on the liquid and hence an instant partial
vacuum is created at the eye of the pump.
 This helps the liquid to rush through the suction
pipe towards the impeller eye, to take place of
liquid which has left the impeller vanes.
 After the impeller attains its normal speed, the
delivery valve is opened and liquid is allowed to
flow through the impeller vanes and it attains
higher velocity at the outer periphery.
 Since this results in the flow of liquid in an

outward radial direction with high velocity and
pressure enabling the liquid to enter the
delivery pipe.
 Partial vacuum is created at the centre of the

impeller which makes the sump water at
atmospheric pressure to rush through the pipe
 Delivery of water from sump to delivery pipe
continues so long as the pump is on.
 It is normally considered as the reverse of a

radially inward flow reaction turbine.
 To find an expression for the work done,
velocity triangles at the inlet and outlet are
drawn.
 Water enters the impeller radially with α=90

and the Vw at inlet =0.
 Let N be the rotation of the impeller in rpm.
 D and D1 are the pipe diameters of impeller at

inlet and outlet respectively.
 As it is the reverse of reaction turbine so the
work done by the impeller on water per unit
weight of water striking per second is given
by
Since   1 V u  V u   1 V u  V u 
g w w1 1  w1 1 w
  g
Vw  0
work done by impeller per unit weight per second
1
V w 1 u 1 
g
Discharge Q = area x velocity
Q  DBV f  D1 B1V f 1

B and B1 are the widths of the impeller at
inlet and outlet and Vf and Vf1 are the
velocities of flow at inlet and outlet
Speed ratio
u1

2 gH m
Flow ratio
Vf1
2 gH m
 Suction head is the vertical distance from
sump level to the centre line of pump (hs)
 Vertical distance from centre line of pump to

water surface in delivery tank is delivery head
(hd)
 Sum of suction head and delivery head is static

head.
H s  h s  hd
 Manometric head is the head against which the
pump has to work
 For zero losses, manometric head is given by
Vw1u1
Hm 
g
But losses do occur in the impeller and casing so
Vw1u1
Hm  -(loss of head in impeller and
g casing)
Hm = total head at outlet of pump- total head
at inlet of pump
 p 0 V02   pi Vi 2 
H m     z 0      z i 
  2g   2g 
where p0
 hd

2
V0 Is the velocity head at outlet
2g
2
V
 d
2g
Zo is the vertical height of outlet from
datum
pi
 hs

and
2
Vs
2g
 Power is shifted to the shaft from electric
motor and from the shaft pump to impeller
and finally from impeller to water
 Following efficiencies are involved

Manometric efficiency
 Actual or Total Head Developed/Input Head of the Pump
Hm gH m
 mano  
Vw1u1 Vw1u1
g
 Power given to the water at the outlet of
pump is
WH m
 kW
1000
 Power at the impeller is
work done by impeller per second/1000
W Vw1u1
 kW
g 1000
W Vw1u1 gH m
 mano  (WH m / 1000) / kW 
g 1000 Vw1u1
 Mechanical efficiency =(power at

impeller)/(power at shaft).
W Vw1u1
m  kW / S .P( Kw)
g 1000
 Overall efficiency = (weight of water lifted x
Hm)/power supplied by motor to shaft.
Hm
W kW / S .P(kW )
1000
 o   mano  m

Pumps - Rectified

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Pumps - Rectified

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 Machine that provides energy to a fluid in a

 Flow is normally from high pressure to low

 Water on leaving the impeller becomes free

 But in vortex chamber there is still

 This reduces the efficiency of energy

 Note: Head means the level difference in

3. Casing with guide blades

 First step toward the operation of the pump is

 Suction pipe, pump and portion of delivery pipe up

 Pump is started by electric motor to rotate the

 Rotation of impeller in casing full of water

 Since this results in the flow of liquid in an

 Partial vacuum is created at the centre of the

 It is normally considered as the reverse of a

 Water enters the impeller radially with α=90

 Let N be the rotation of the impeller in rpm.

 D and D1 are the pipe diameters of impeller at

Q  DBV f  D1 B1V f 1

 Vertical distance from centre line of pump to

 Sum of suction head and delivery head is static

 Following efficiencies are involved

 Actual or Total Head Developed/Input Head of the Pump

 Mechanical efficiency =(power at

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