Centrifugal Pumps

ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
PUMPS:
The function of pump is to leave the water or any fluid to higher elevation or at higher
pressure. Pumps are driven by electricity, diesel or steam power. They are helpful in
pumping water from the sources that is from intake to the treatment plant and from
treatment plant to the distribution system or service reservoir. In homes also pumps are
used to pump water to upper floors or to store water in tanks over the buildings. Based
on the mechanical principle of water lifting pumps are classified as the Following
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Centrifugal force is made use of in lifting water. Electrical energy is converted to
potential or pressure energy of water.
COMPONENT PARTS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Centrifugal pump consists of the following parts
1. Casing: The impellor is enclosed in the casing, which is so designed that kinetic
energy of the liquid is converted into pressure energy before it leaves the casing.
2. Delivery pipe
3. Delivery valve
4. Impeller
5. Prime mover
6. Suction pipe
7. Strainer and foot valve
DESCRIPTION
The pump consists of a Impeller is enclosed in a water tight casing. Water at lower level
is sucked into the impellor through a suction pipe. Suction pipe should be air tight and
bends in this pipe should be avoided. A strainer foot valve is connected at the bottom of
the suction pipe to prevent entry of foreign matter and to hold water during pumping .
Suction pipe is kept larger in diameter than delivery pipe to reduce cavitations and
losses due to friction. An electric motor is coupled to the central shaft to impart energy.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
When the impellor starts rotating it creates reduction of pressure at the eye of the
impellor, which sucks in water through the suction pipe. Water on entering the eye is
caught between the vanes of the impeller. Rapid rotation of the impellor sets up a
centrifugal force and forces the water at high velocity outwards against the causing
EN8491WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

convert the velocity energy into pressure energy which is utilized to overcome the
delivery head
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

Priming – Priming means filling up of the suction and casing completely with water.
Pressure and suction developed by the impellor is proportional to the density of the
fluid and the speed of rotation. Impellor running in air will produce only negligible
negative pressure on the head. Hence it is required that is the casing and impellor is
filled with water through a funnel and cock. Trapped air is released through pet cock.
Initially the delivery valve is closed and the pump started. The rotation impellor pushes
the water in the casing into the delivery pipe and the water in the casing into the
delivery pipe and the resulting vacuum is filled by water raising through the suction
pipe. The pass valve is opened while closing the bypass valve , while stopping the
pump delivery valve is closed first and the pump switched off. Maintenance may be
1) Preventive maintenance 2) Break down maintenance.
Preventive maintenance
Locates the sources of trouble and keep the equipment in good operating condition. It
involves oiling, greasing of stuffing boxes, observing the temperature of the motor and
the pump bearings, checking the valves, strainer, electrical contacts, earthings etc.
Break down maintenance
Involves replacement of worn out components and testing . Sufficient amount of spares
of impellors, bearings, slip-ring brushes, stater-contacts, gland packing, greases, oils,
jointing materials, valves are to be kept in stock to attend to the emergencies. It is usual
to have one stand by pump in addition to the required number of pumps.
RECIPROCATING PUMP
 A reciprocating pumps consists of a plunger or a piston that moves forward and
backward inside a cylinder with the help of a connecting rod and a crank. The
crank is rotated by an external source of power.
 The cylinder is connected to the sump by a suction pipe and to the delivery tank
by a delivery pipe.
 At the cylinder ends of these pipes, non-return valves are provided. A non-return
valve allows the liquid to pass in only one direction.
 Through suction valve, liquid can only be admitted into the cylinder and through
the delivery valve, liquid can only be discharged into the delivery pipe.
Working of Reciprocating pump

 When the piston moves from the left to the right, a suction pressure is produced
in the cylinder. If the pump is started for the first time or after a long period, air
from the suction pipe is sucked during the suction stroke, while the delivery
valve is closed. Liquid rises into the suction pipe by a small height due to
atmospheric pressure on the sump liquid.
 During the delivery stroke, air in the cylinder is pushed out into the delivery pipe
by the thrust of the piston, while the suction valve is closed. When all the air
from the suction pipe has been exhausted, the liquid from the sump is able to rise
and enter the cylinder.
 During the delivery stroke it is displaced into the delivery pipe. Thus the liquid is
delivered into the delivery tank intermittently, i.e. during the delivery stroke only.

Following are the main types of reciprocating pumps:

According to use of piston sides:
◦ Single acting Reciprocating Pump:
If there is only one suction and one delivery pipe and the liquid is filled only on
one side of the piston, it is called a single-acting reciprocating pump.
◦ Double acting Reciprocating Pump:
A double-acting reciprocating pump has two suction and two delivery pipes,
Liquid is receiving on both sides of the piston in the cylinder and is delivered into
the respective delivery pipes.
AIR LIFT PUMP

Its main function is to lift water from a deep well or sump by using compressed air. By
buoyancy the air, which has a lower density than the liquid, rises quickly. By fluid
pressure, the liquid is taken in the ascendant air flow and moves in the same direction as
the air.
The main components are:
1. Air compressor to supply compress air
2. Air pipe fitted with one or more nozzles
3. Delivery pipe
The lower portion of delivery pipe dips into well and water gets discharge from the
upper end of the delivery pipe.

Working:
The compressed air from compressor is bottom end of delivery pipe through air pipeline
as a fine spray. Then, air gradually mixes with water in delivery pipe, so from that
inside the delivery pipe density of air - water mixture decease. As soon as pressure in
delivery pipe of height H becomes less than the pressure due to the height of water
column h in outlet of the delivery pipe. As per this reason rising begins in the delivery
pipe above the level of water outside the delivery pipe. And other reason that the water
in delivery pipe lighter than outside of the delivery pipe.

Advantages:
The air lift pump is not having any moving parts below water level and hence there are
no chances of suspended solid particles damaging the pump.
This pump can raise water through a bore hole of given diameter than any other pump.
This pump is very suitable where decompressed air is available.
Disadvantages:
Conventional airlift pumps have a flow rate that is very limited.
Very low efficiency, only 20 to 40% energy available in form of useful water horse-
power.
It cannot lift water when the level of water in deep well goes down below limit.
The suction is limited.
Application:
Airlift pumps are often used in deep dirty wells where sand would quickly abrade
mechanical parts.
It is also sometimes used in part of the process on a wastewater treatment plant if a
small head is required (typically around 1 foot head).
POINT TO BE OBSERVED IN SELECTING A PUMP
1. Capacity and efficiency - The pump should have the capacity required and optimum
efficiency.
2. Lift - Suction head from the water level to the pump level
3. Head – It is also called delivery head. Generally the total head (suction and delivery
head) should meet all possible situations with respect to the head.
4. Reliability – A reputed manufacture or similar make pump already in use may give
the failure rate and types of troubles.
5. Initial cost: The cost of the pump and its installation cost should be minimum.
6. Power – Power requirements should be less for operation
7. Maintenance – Maintenance cost should be minimum. Availability of spares and cost
of spares are to be ascertained.

Centrifugal Pumps

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ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

EN8491WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

Working of Reciprocating pump

EN8491WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

Following are the main types of reciprocating pumps:

AIR LIFT PUMP

EN8491WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

EN8491WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

EN8491WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

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