# Electromagnetic Field: Electrically Charged Objects

# Electromagnetic field
An electromagnetic field (also EMF or EM field) is a physical field produced by electrically charged objects. It affects the behavior of charged objects in the vicinity of the field. The electromagnetic field extends indefinitely throughout space and describes the electromagnetic interaction. It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature (the others are gravitation, the weak interaction, and the strong interaction). The field can be viewed as the combination of an electric field and a magnetic field. The electric field is produced by stationary charges, and the magnetic field by moving charges (currents); these two are often described as the sources of the field. The way in which charges and currents interact with the electromagnetic field is described by Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force law. From a classical perspective, the electromagnetic field can be regarded as a smooth, continuous field, propagated in a wavelike manner; whereas from the perspective of quantum field theory, the field is seen as quantized, being composed of individual particles.
#TE Transverse Electric Field

This kind of wave that the Electric field is perpendicular to the direction of the wave propagation and the magnetic filed has a component in the direction of propagation.
# TE Transverse Magnetic Field
The magnetic filed if perpendicular to the direction of the propagation and the electric field has a component in the direction of propagation.
#TEM Transverse Electric Magnetic Field

Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) is a mode of propagation where the electric and magnetic field lines are all restricted to directions normal (transverse) to the direction of propagation. Plane waves are TEM; however, we are more interested in what types of transmission lines can support TEM. There is plenty of information on the worldwide web about TEM versus non-TEM, some good, some bad. We aim to appeal to the lowest common denominator. But we invite everyone to comment on this subject, especially if you think we are in error! College textbooks start by explaining how Maxwell's equations can be used to derive conditions of TEM propagation. If someone wants to explain this in their own words, be our guest!
Benefits of TEM is that the media is non-dispersive, that is, the phase velocity and characteristic impedance are constant over a wide band (at least until the TEM mode cuts off). TEM mode is the preferred mode in coax. Under proper conditions, all of the Efield lines run radially, while magnetic field lines run in circles around the center conductor.
strip line, ideally, offers TEM mode. Parallel plate waveguide also supports TEM. One of the conditions for TEM mode is that all of the field lines exist within a homogeneous medium. This is usually true for coax and strip line, but not always. Coax can have multiple dielectrics. Strapline often uses two different dielectric materials; in these cases, true TEM is not achieved. Actually, in no physical case is TEM achieved, but don't get depressed about this, we can come close!
# Group and Phase Velocity
Group Velocity
The group velocity vg is defined by the equation
where: is the wave's angular frequency (usually expressed in radians per second); k is the angular wave number (usually expressed in radians per meter). The function (k), which gives as a function of k, is known as the dispersion relation. If is directly proportional to k, then the group velocity is exactly equal to the phase velocity Otherwise, the envelope of the wave will become distorted as it propagates. This "group velocity dispersion" is an important effect in the propagation of signals through optical fiber and in the design of high-power, short-pulse lasers. Note: The above definition of group velocity is only useful for wavepackets, which is a pulse that is localized in both real space and frequency space. Because waves at different frequencies propagate at differing phase velocities in dispersive media, for a large frequency range (a narrow envelope in space) the observed pulse would change shape while traveling, making group velocity an unclear or useless quantity.
Phase Velocity
The phase velocity of a wave is the rate at which the phase the wave propagates in space. This is the speed which the phase of any one frequency component of the wave travels. For such a component, any given phase of the wave (for example, the crest) will appear to travel at the phase velocity. The phase velocity is given in terms of the wavelength (lambda) and period T as
Or, equivalently, in terms of the wave's angular frequency , which is amount of oscillations per unit of time, and wavenumber k, which is amount of oscillations per unit of space, by
To understand where it comes from, imagine a basic sine wave, Acos (kx-wt). Given time t, the source produces wt oscillations. At the same time, the initial wave front propagates away from the source through the space to the distance x to fit the same amount of oscillations, kx = wt. So that propagation speed v = x/t = w/k. The wave propagates faster when higher frequency oscillations are distributed less densely in space. Formally, value = kx-wt is the phase. Since = d/dt and k = d/dx, the wave speed v = dx/dt = w/k.
# Dispersion
Dispersion occurs when pure plane waves of different wavelengths have different propagation velocities, so that a wave packet of mixed wavelengths tends to spread out in space. The speed of a plane wave, v, is a function of the wave's wavelength : The wave's speed, wavelength, and frequency, f, are related by the dispersion relation Dispersion relations are more commonly expressed in terms of the angular frequency = 2f and wave number k = 2 / . Rewriting the relation above in these variables gives The use of (k) to describe the dispersion relation is standard because both the phase velocity /k and the group velocity d/dk have convenient representations via this function. The elementary sorts of waves being considered can be described by
where A is the amplitude of the wave, A0 = A(0,0), x is a position along the wave's direction of travel, and t is the time at which the wave is described.

# Electromagnetic Field: Electrically Charged Objects

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

# Electromagnetic Field: Electrically Charged Objects

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

# Electromagnetic Field: Electrically Charged Objects

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

# Electromagnetic field

#TE Transverse Electric Field

#TEM Transverse Electric Magnetic Field

# Group and Phase Velocity

The group velocity vg is defined by the equation

You might also like