Physics Investigatory

II
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
NAME: YASH JETHWA

STD: XII-A
ROLL NO.:
1
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ON “HUMAN EYE” HAS BEEN SINCERELY AND
SATISFACTORY COMPLETED BY YASH JETHWA OF
CLASS 12-A UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF PHYSICS
TEACHER MS.VIJAYLAXMI DASIRI .
__________________ ___________________
EXTERNAL EXAMINER’S SIGNATURE PRINCIPAL’S SIGNATURE
__________________ ___________________
INTERNAL EXAMINER’S SIGNATURE SCHOOL STAMP
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I EXPRESS MY SINCERE THANKS TO MS.KALPANA

DWIVEDI, PRINCIPAL, ST. JOESPH’S HIGH SCHOOL.
I PAY MY DEEP SENSE OF GRATITUDE TO MS.

VIJAYLAXMI DASIRI, PHYSICS TEACHER , TO
ENCOURAGE ME TO PREPARE THIS PROJECT . I AM
IMMENSLY OBLIGED TO MY PARENTS AND FRIENDS
FOR THEIR ENDLESS SUPPORT AND HELP
THROUGHOUT THE COMPLETION OF THIS PROJECT.
I AM EXTREMELY INDEBTED TO THE GOD ALMIGHTY

FOR PROVIDING ME WITH EVERYTHING I NEEDED.
YASH JETHWA
XII-A
3
INDEX
SR HEADING PAGE NO.

NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 5
2 STRUCTURE OF HUMAN EYE 6
3 POWER OF ACCOMODATION 10
4 FIELD OF VIEW 13
5 DEFFECTS OF EYE AND ITS 14

CORRECTION
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 19
4
INTRODUCTION
EVERY DAY YOU ‘SEE’ BEAUTIFUL THINGS AROUND

YOU . YOU DON’T JUST ‘SEE’ THINGS YOU OBSERVE
THEM, ANALYSE THEM . WHAT ENABLES US TO LOOK
AT THINGS AROUND US? “THE HUMAN EYE”. THE
HUMAN EYE IS A COMPLEX ANATOMICAL DEVICE
THAT DEMONSTRATES THE WONDERS OF THE
HUMAN BODY. LIKE A CAMERA , THE EYE IS ABLE TO
REFRACT LIGHT AND PRODUCE A FOCUSED IMAGE
THAT CAN STIMULATE NEURAL RESPONSES AND
ENABLE THE ABILITY TO SEE.
5
STRUCTURE OF HUMAN EYE
THE HUMAN EYE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ORGAN. IT

IS USED TO SEE THE BEAUTIFUL NATURE AND THE
NATURAL PHENOMENA . THE MAIN PARTS OF AN EYE
AND THEIR FUNCTINS ARE GIVEN BELOW:
 CORNEA :
THE EYE IS ESSENTIALLY AN OPAQUE EYEBALL
FILLED WITH A WATER-LIKE FLUID. IN THE FRONT
6
OF THE EYEBALL IS A TRANSPARENT OPENING
KNOWN AS THE CORNEA. THE CORNEA IS A THIN
MEMBRANE THAT HAS AN INDEX OF REFRACTION
OF APPROXIMATELY 1.38. THE CORNEA HAS THE
DUAL PURPOSE OF PROTECTING THE EYE AND
REFRACTING LIGTH AS IT ENTERS THE EYE.
 PUPIL:
AFTER LIGHT PASSES THROUGH THE CORNEA , A
PORTION OF IT PASSES THROUGH AN OPENING
KNOWN AS THE PUPIL . THE PUPIL IS THE BLACK
PORTION IN THE MIDDLE OF THE EYEBALL.
 IRIS:
THE IRIS IS THE COLOURED PART OF THE EYE , IT
IS A DIAPHRAGM THAT IS CAPABLE OF
STRETCHING AND REDUCING THE SIZE OF THE
OPENING . IN BRIGHT LIGHT SITUATIONS, THE
IRIS ADJUSTS ITS SIZE TO REDUCE THE PUPIL
OPENING AND LIMIT THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT
THAT ENTERS THE EYE . AND IN DIM LIGHT
SITUATIONS THE IRIS ADJUSTS SO AS TO
MAXIMISE THE SIZE OF THE PUPIL OPENING AND
7
INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT ENTERS THE
EYE.
 CRYSTALLINE LENS:
LIGHT THAT PASSES THROUGH THE PUPIL
OPENING , WILL ENTER THE CRYSTALLINE LENS.
THE CRYSTALLINE LENS IS MADE OF LAYERS OF A
FIBROUS MATERIAL THAT HAS AN INDEX OF
REFRACTION OF ROUGHLY 1.40. UNLIKE THE
LENS ON A CAMERA , THE LENS OF THE EYE IS
ABLE TO CHANGE ITS SHAPE AND THUS SERVES
TO FINETUNE THE VISION PROCESS.
 CILLIARY MUSCLES:
THE LENS IS ATTACHED TO THE CILIARY MUSLES .
THESE MUSCLES RELAX AND CONTRACT IN
ORDER TO CHANGE THE SHAPE OF THE LENS. THE
CILIARY MUSCLES ASSIST THE EYE IN THE
CRITICAL TASK OF PRODUCING AN IMAGE ON
THE BACK OF THE EYEBALL.
 RETINA:
THE INNER SURFACE OF THE EYE IS KNOWN AS
THE RETINA . THE RETINA CONTAINS THE RODS
8
AND CONES THAT SERVE THE TASK OF DETECTING
THE INTENSITY AND THE FREQUENCY OF THE
INCOMING LIGHT. AN ADULT EYE IS TYPICALLY
EQUIPPED WITH UP TO 120 MILLION RODS THAT
DETECT THE INTENSITY OF LIGHT AND ABOUT 6
MILLION CONES THAT DETECT THE FREQUENCY
OF LIGHT.
 OPTIC NERVE:
THESE RODS AND CONES SEND NERVE IMPULSES
TO THE BRAIN. THE NERVE IMPULSES TRAVEL
THROUGH A NETWORK OF NERVE CELLS THIS
NETWORK OF NERVE CELLS IS BUNDLED
TOGETHER TO FORM THE OPTIC NERVE ON THE
VERY BACK OF THE EYEBALL.
9
Power of accommodation
THE ABILITY OF THE EYE TO FOCUS OBJECTS
LYING AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES IS CALLED THE
POWER OF ACCOMODATION OF THE EYE.
HOW DOES AN EYE FOCUS OBJECTS AT VARYING

DISTANCES ?
10
TO FOCUS ON DISTANT OBJECTS THE CILIARY
MUSCLES RELAX MAKING THE EYE LENS THIN. AS A
RESULT THE FOCAL LENGTH OF THE EYE LENS
INCREASES AND WE SEE THE DISTANT OBJECTS. BUT
TO FOCUS ON NEARBY OBJEDCTS THE CILIARY
MUSCLES CONTRACT MAKING THE EYE LENS THICK.
AS A RESULT , THE FOCAL LENGTH OF THE EYE LENS
DECREASES AND WE SEE THE NEARBY OBJETCS
IN SHORT IT IS THE ADJUSTMENT OF THE FOCAL
LENGTH OF THE EYE LENS WHICH ENABLES US TO
FOCUS ON OBJECTS SITUATED AT DIFFERENT
DISTANCES.
 NEAR POINT OR LEAST DISTANCE OF

DISTINCT VISION
NEAR POINT OR LEAST DISTANCE OF DISTINCT
VISION IS THE POINT NEAREST TO THE EYE AT
WHICH AN OBJECT IS VISIBLE DISTINCTLY. FOR A
NORMAL EYE THE LEAST DISTANCE OF DISTINCT
VISION IS ABOUT 25 CENTIMETERS. HOWEVER, IT
VARIES WITH AGE OF THE AGE OF PERSON . FOR
EXAMPLE , FOR INFANTS IT IS ONLY 5 TO 8 Cm.
11
 FAR POINT
FAR POINT OF THE EYE IS THE MAXIMUM
DISTANCE UP TO WHICH THE NORMAL EYE CAN
SEE THINGS CLEARLY. IT IS INFINITLY FOR A
NORMAL EYE.
12
Field of view
THE APPROXIMATELY FIELD OD VIEW OF AN EYE
(MEASURED FROM THE FIXATION POINT, i.e., THE
POINT AT WHICH ONE’S GAZE IS DIRECTED ) VARIES
BY FACIAL ANATOMY, BUT IS TYPICALLY 300 SUPERIOR
(UP, LIMITED BY THE BROW), 450 NASAL (LIMITED BY
THE NOSE ), 700 INFERIOR , AND 1000 TEMPORAL(
TOWARDS THE TEMPLE). FOR BOTH EYES COMBINED
VISUAL FIELD IS 1350 VERTICAL AND 2000
HORIZONTAL.
ABOUT 150 TEMPORAL AND 1.50 BELOW THE
HORIZONTAL IS THE BLIND SPOT CREATED BY THE
OPTIC NERVE NASALLY , WHICH IS ROUGHLY 7.50
HIGH AND 5.50 WIDE.
13
DEFFECTS OF EYE AND ITS
CORRECTION
THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF DEFECTS OF VISION IN THE

HUMAN EYE: MYOPIA, HYPERMETROPIA ,
PRESBYOPIA AND ASTIGMATISM.
14
 MYOPIA:
A MYOPIC EYE PERSON HAS CLEAR VISION WHEN
LOOKING AT OBJECTS CLOSE TO THEM , BUT
DISTANT OBJECTS WILL APPEAR BLURRED. THIS IS
BECAUSE LIGHT IS FOCUSED IN FRONT OF THE
RETINA AND, BEING TOO FAR FORWARD IN THE
EYE, THINGS IN THE DISTANCE LOOK BLURRED.
CORRECTION: SHORT-SIGHTEDNESS CORRECTED
USING A CONCAVE (CURVED INWARDS) LENS
WHICH IS PLACED IN FRONT OF A MYOPIC EYE,
MOVING THE IMAGE BACK TO THE RETINA AND
MAKING IT CLEARER.
15
 HYPERMETROPIA:
IF YOU ARE HYPERMETROPIC , THE IMAGE OF A
NEARBY OBJECT IS FORMED BEHIND THE RETINA.
THIS MEANS THAT LIGHT IS FOCUSED TOO FAR
BACK IN THE EYE, CAUSING THINGS WHICH ARE
CLOSE UP TO APPEAR BLURRED.
CORRECTION: LONG SIGHTEDNESS IS CORRECTED
USING A CONVEX LENS. THIS IS PLACED IN FRONT
OF HYPERMETROPIC EYE, MOVING THE IMAGE
FORWARD AND FOCUSING IT CORRECTLY ON THE
RETINA.
16
 ASTIGMATISM:
ASTIGMATISM IS ATYPE OF REFRACTIVE ERROR IN
WHICH THE EYE DOES NOT FOCUS LIGHT EVENLY
ON THE RETINA. THIS RESULTS IN DISTORTED OR
BLURRED VISION AT ALL DISTANCES.
CORRECTION: FOR A PERSON WITH ONLY A
SLIGHT DEGREE OF ASTIGMATISM , CORRECTIVE
LENSES MAY NOT BE NEEDED AT ALL. IF THE
ASTIGMATISM IS MODERATE TO HIGH ,
HOWEVER , CORRECTIVE LENSES ARE PROBABLY
NEEDED.
17
 PRESBIOPIA:
PRESBYOPIA IS A CONDITION ASSOCIATED WITH
AGING OF THE EYE THAT RESULTS IN
PROGRESSIVELY WORSENING ABILITY TO FOCUS
CLEARLY ON CLOSE OBJECTS.
CORRECTION: CORRECTIBE LENSES PROVIDE A
RANGE OF VISION CORRECTION, SOME AS HIGH
AS +4.0 DIOPTRE.
18
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. NCERT PART-2
2. Http://cbsescience.wordp
ress.com/2007/01/02/defect
sofvision&theircorrection/
3. wikipedia
19

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II

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

NAME: YASH JETHWA

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

I EXPRESS MY SINCERE THANKS TO MS.KALPANA

I PAY MY DEEP SENSE OF GRATITUDE TO MS.

I AM EXTREMELY INDEBTED TO THE GOD ALMIGHTY

SR HEADING PAGE NO.

2 STRUCTURE OF HUMAN EYE 6

5 DEFFECTS OF EYE AND ITS 14

EVERY DAY YOU ‘SEE’ BEAUTIFUL THINGS AROUND

THE HUMAN EYE IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ORGAN. IT

HOW DOES AN EYE FOCUS OBJECTS AT VARYING

 NEAR POINT OR LEAST DISTANCE OF

THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF DEFECTS OF VISION IN THE

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