Angular Measurement

CHAPTER
Angular Measurement
Introduction
• The angle is defined as the opening between two
lines which meet at a point.
• Circle is divided into 360 parts, each part is called a
degree ( º).
• Each degree is divided in 60 minutes ( ') and each
minute into 60 Seconds ( “)
• Unit of angle derived from theoretical
considerations is the radian, defined as the angle
subtended at the centre of a circle by an are length
equal to radius of circle.
The general formula for converting from degrees to radians is to simply multiply the number of degree by Π /180°.
The general formula for converting from radians to degrees to simply multiply the number of degree by 180°/(Π)
Angle Measurement Instrument
Line Standard Angular Measuring Devices
• Protractors
• Universal Bevel Protractors
Face Standard Angular Measuring Devices
• Sine bar
• Sine Center
Measurement
• of Inclines
• Level
•Spirit
Clinometer
 Angle Comparators
• Autocollimators
Vernier Bevel
protractor
• The simplest instrument for measuring the angle
between two faces of component.
• Main scale on the protractor is divided into
degrees from 0 to 90 each way.
Vernier Bevel protractor
Measuring AcuteAngles
Measuring Obtuse Angles

• As shown in the main scale is

graduated in degrees of arc.
• The Vernier scale has 12 Divisions
each side of the centre zero.
• These are marked 0-60 minutes of arc, so that each division equals 1/12 of
60, that is 5 minutes of arc.
• These 12 divisions occupy the same space as 23 degrees on the main scale.
Therefore, each division of the Vernier is equal to
Optical bevel
•
protractor
A circle divided at 1.0 minutes intervals throughout the
circle is fitted inside the body.
• Small microscope is fitted through which the circle
graduations can be viewed.
• Adjustable blade is clamped to a rotating member which
carries its microscope.
Combination Set
Combination
Set
Combination
Set
Sine
• bars
A precision angle measuring instrument
used along with slip gauges
Sine
bars
Sine
bars
The sine bars inherently become increasingly impractical and

inaccurate as the angle exceeds 45° because of following reasons :
— The sine bar is physically clumsy to hold in position.
—The body of the sine bar obstructs the gauge block stack, even if
relieved.
— Slight errors of the sine bar cause large angular errors.
—Long gauge stacks are not nearly as accurate as shorter gauge
blocks.
—A difference in deformation occurs at the point of roller contact
to the support surface and to the gauge blocks, because at higher
angles, the weight load is shifted more toward the fulcrum roller.
—The size of gauges, instruments or parts that a sine bar can
inspect is limited, since it is not designed to support large or heavy
objects.
Sine
Sine bars
bars
• Height over the rollers can be measured by a vernier height gauge; using a dial test
gauge mounted on the anvil of height gauge to ensure constant measuring pressure.
• This is achieved by adjusting the height gauge until the dial gauge shows the same
zero reading each time
Fiducial dial indicator
Sine bars
• Advantages of sine bar
1. It is precise and accurate angle measuring device.
2. It is simple in design and construction.
3. It is easily available
• Disadvantages
1. It is fairly reliable at angles less than 15 but become
increasingly inaccurate as the angle increases. It is
impractical to use sine bar for angle above 45 .
2. It is difficult to handle and position the slip gauges.
3. The sine bar is physically clumsy to hold in position.
4. The application is limited for a fixed center distance
between two rollers.
5. Slight errors of the sine bar cause larger angular errors.
Sine Centre
• Sine center is basically a sine bar with block holding centers which
can be adjusted and rigidly clamped in any position. used for the
testing of conical work, centered at each end as shown.
• Extremely useful since the alignment accuracy of the centers
ensures that the correct line of measurement is made along the
workpiece.
• The centers can also be adjusted depending on the length of the
conical work piece, to be hold between centers.
Sine
Centre
Spirit Level:
Components of a Spirit Level:
Body:
Typically made of aluminum, plastic, or wood.
Designed to be rigid and stable to ensure accurate readings.
Vials:
Tubes filled with a liquid (usually ethanol or a similar spirit) and
a bubble of air.
The vials are slightly curved so that the bubble naturally moves
to the highest point.
How to Use a Spirit Level:
• Checking Level:
– Place the spirit level on the surface you want to check.
– Observe the bubble in the vial. If the bubble is centered
between the reference marks, the surface is level.
– Adjust the surface as needed until the bubble is centered.
• Checking Plumb:
– Position the spirit level vertically against the object you
want to check.
– Observe the bubble in the vertical vial. If the bubble is
centered between the reference marks, the object is
plumb.
– Adjust the object as needed until the bubble is centered.
Clinometer
Types of Clinometers:
Bubble Clinometers: Utilize a spirit
level bubble to determine angles.
Digital Clinometers: Provide digital
readouts for higher precision and
ease of use.
Pendulum Clinometers: Use a
pendulum mechanism to measure
tilt angles.
Laser Clinometers: Use laser
technology for high-precision angle
measurements over longer
distances.
Applications:
• Machine Tool Calibration: Ensuring that machine

tools are properly aligned and calibrated for
precision manufacturing.
• Structural Alignment: Checking and setting the
angles of structural components in construction
and engineering projects.
• Geodetic Surveying: Measuring the angles of
slopes in land surveys to determine topography.
• Alignment of Optical Systems: Precision
alignment of optical components in telescopes,
cameras, and other optical instruments.
 Measurement Accuracy:
• High-precision clinometers can measure angles to
within seconds of arc, making them essential tools in
precision engineering and metrology.
• Digital clinometers often come with features such as
data logging and connectivity to computers for analysis
and record-keeping.
 Advantages:
• High Accuracy: Essential for tasks requiring precise
angular measurements.
• Ease of Use: Digital clinometers offer user-friendly
interfaces and advanced features.
• Versatility: Suitable for a wide range of applications in
various fields.
Autocollimator
• Operating Principle:
Applications:
• Angle Measurement: Determining small angular

deviations, typically in arc seconds or milliarc seconds.
• Component Alignment: Ensuring precise alignment of
optical, mechanical, and electronic components.
• Flatness and Straightness Testing: Checking the
flatness of surfaces and the straightness of lines or
edges.
• Calibration of Angular Scales: Calibrating rotary tables,
polygons, and other angular measurement devices.
• Surface Plate Calibration: Assessing the flatness of
granite or cast iron surface plates used in precision
measurement.
 Advantages:
• High Precision: Critical for applications requiring
precise angular measurement and alignment.
• Non-Contact Measurement: Allows for the
measurement of angles without physically touching the
object.
• Versatility: Suitable for a wide range of metrology
applications in various industries.
 Limitations:
• Environmental Sensitivity: Autocollimators can be
affected by temperature changes, vibrations, and air
currents.
• Cost: High-precision autocollimators can be expensive
due to their sophisticated design and components.
Angle Dekkor:
Working Principle: The

working principle of
an Angle Dekkor,
which is a type of
electronic
autocollimator,
involves the precise
measurement of small
angular deviations
using optical and
electronic
components.
Working
• Setup
• Initial Calibration
• Measurement
• Data Analysis
• Adjustment (if necessary)
• Verification:
Practical Application:
• Calibration of Machine Tools: Ensuring that

the tool is set at the correct angle.
• Measurement of Surface Flatness: Checking
that a surface plate is flat.
• Alignment Tasks: Aligning optical components,
machine parts, and other precision
instruments.

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CHAPTER

Measuring Obtuse Angles

• As shown in the main scale is

The sine bars inherently become increasingly impractical and

• Machine Tool Calibration: Ensuring that machine

• Angle Measurement: Determining small angular

Working Principle: The

• Calibration of Machine Tools: Ensuring that

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