TOPIC 6: ANGULAR MEASUREMENT

1. Set up angular measuring devices

Autocollimator

Setting up an autocollimator as a measuring device involves several precise steps to ensure accurate
measurements. An autocollimator is an optical instrument used to measure small angular displacements with
high precision. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to set up and use an autocollimator effectively:

1. Understand the Components

 Autocollimator Unit: The main device that projects a light beam and detects its reflection.
 Target Mirror: A high-quality flat mirror that reflects the light beam back to the autocollimator.
 Surface Plate: A stable, flat surface to set up the autocollimator and the target.
 Mounting Stand: Holds the autocollimator securely.

2. Preparation

 Clean Environment: Ensure the setup is in a clean, vibration-free environment to avoid measurement
errors.
 Calibration: Calibrate the autocollimator according to the manufacturer's instructions before starting the
measurement process.

3. Setup Steps

Step 1: Positioning the Autocollimator

 Place the autocollimator on a stable mounting stand or directly on a surface plate.

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  Ensure the autocollimator is level. Use the built-in bubble level (if available) or a separate spirit level for
accuracy.

Step 2: Aligning the Target Mirror

 Position the target mirror at a specific distance from the autocollimator, directly in the path of the
projected light beam.
 The mirror should be perpendicular to the autocollimator's optical axis. Use an alignment laser (if
available) to help with initial rough alignment.

Step 3: Initial Alignment

 Turn on the autocollimator and project the light beam towards the target mirror.
 Adjust the position of the target mirror until the reflected beam is detected by the autocollimator. This
can be done using fine adjustment screws on the mirror mount.

Step 4: Fine-Tuning the Alignment

 Once the initial alignment is achieved, fine-tune the mirror's position to maximize the brightness and
clarity of the reflected image on the autocollimator's detector.
 Ensure that the reflected beam is precisely aligned with the optical axis of the autocollimator. This might
require iterative adjustments of both the autocollimator and the target mirror.

4. Measurement Process

 Zero the Instrument: Set the autocollimator to a zero reference position using a known flat reference
surface or calibration block.
 Measure Angular Displacement: Place the object to be measured (such as a precision mechanical part)
in place of the target mirror or use the target mirror to reflect changes in the angle of the object.
 Read the Measurements: Read the angular displacement directly from the autocollimator's readout.
Some autocollimators provide digital readouts, while others may have optical micrometers or vernier
scales.

5. Recording Data

 Record the angular displacement readings carefully.

 If multiple measurements are needed, ensure the autocollimator and the target remain stable and
undisturbed between measurements.

6. Post-Measurement

 Analyze Data: Use the recorded data to analyze the angular displacement of the measured object.
 Calibration Check: Periodically check the calibration of the autocollimator to ensure accuracy remains
consistent.

Tips for Accurate Measurements

 Environmental Control: Minimize environmental factors such as temperature changes, vibrations, and
air currents.
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  Regular Calibration: Regularly calibrate the autocollimator to maintain accuracy.
 Stable Setup: Ensure all components are securely mounted and stable.

By following these steps, you can set up an autocollimator as a precise measuring device to measure small
angular displacements accurately. Proper setup and calibration are crucial for obtaining reliable and repeatable
measurements.

Sine bar

A sine bar is a precision tool used in metrology for setting and measuring angles with high accuracy. It operates
based on the principles of trigonometry, specifically the sine function. Here’s how a sine bar is used for
measuring angles and setting up measuring devices in metrology:

Components of a Sine Bar

1. Main Body: A hardened, precision-ground bar, often made from high-grade steel.
2. Cylindrical Rollers: Two precisely ground cylinders fixed at each end of the bar, usually with an exact
distance (L) between their centers.

Working Principle

The sine bar works on the principle of the sine function. By raising one end of the sine bar to a known height,
an angle (θ) is created between the sine bar and the reference surface. The relationship is given by:

Sin (θ)=height/distance between rollers

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Steps to Use a Sine Bar

1. Setting Up the Sine Bar:

o Place the sine bar on a flat, precise surface plate.
o Ensure that the rollers are in firm contact with the surface plate.
2. Calculating the Required Height:
o Determine the angle (θ) you need to set or measure.
o Calculate the height (h) needed to achieve this angle using the formula: h=L⋅sin(θ), where LLL is
the distance between the centers of the rollers.
3. Setting the Height:
o Use gauge blocks (slip gauges) to build up the required height.
o Stack the gauge blocks under one of the rollers to raise it to the calculated height (h).
4. Measuring the Angle:
o Place the work piece or measuring device against the inclined sine bar.
o For precise measurement, use a dial indicator, micrometer, or other suitable measuring devices to
ensure the setup is accurate.
o Measure the deviation or alignment as needed to determine the angle.
5. Verifying the Setup:
o Check that the sine bar and gauge blocks are clean and free from debris.
o Ensure there is no movement or slippage of the sine bar and gauge blocks during measurement.

Applications in Metrology

1. Calibration: Calibrating other angular measuring tools and devices.

2. Inspection: Checking the accuracy of angles on machined parts.
3. Machining: Setting up work pieces at precise angles for machining operations.
4. Angle Measurement: Measuring unknown angles by setting the sine bar at different heights and using
the calculated sine values.

Example of Using a Sine Bar

Suppose you need to set an angle of 30 degrees using a sine bar with a 200 mm distance between rollers.

1. Calculate the height: h=200⋅sin(30∘)=200⋅0.5=100 mm

2. Setup:
o Stack gauge blocks to achieve the height of 100 mm.
o Place the gauge blocks under one roller of the sine bar.
3. Verification:
o Use a dial indicator to check for any deviations.
o Adjust as necessary to ensure precision.

Advantages

 High Precision: Provides very accurate angular settings.

 Simple Operation: Relatively easy to set up and use.
 Versatile: Can be used for a wide range of angles and applications.

Limitations

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  Length Restrictions: The accuracy can be limited by the length of the sine bar.
 Complex Calculations: Requires precise calculations and adjustments.
 Setup Time: Can be time-consuming to set up for complex angles.

By understanding and following these steps, a sine bar can be an invaluable tool in achieving precise angular
measurements and setups in metrology.

Sine table

In metrology, an angle table, also known as a sine table or sine plate, is a precision tool used to measure angles
accurately or to position work pieces at a specific angle. It leverages the principles of trigonometry, specifically
the sine function, to achieve high precision in angular measurement. Here's a detailed explanation of how it is
used in measuring devices in metrology:

Components of an Angle Table

1. Base Plate: The flat, stable foundation of the angle table.

2. Hinged Plate: The plate that can be inclined at an angle relative to the base plate.
3. Sine Bar or Sine Rollers: Cylindrical rollers attached to the hinged plate to help set the angle precisely.
4. Angle Adjustment Mechanism: A mechanism, often involving micrometer screws, that allows fine
adjustment of the angle.
5. Clamping Mechanism: To secure the work piece or measuring device in place.

Working Principle

The angle table works on the principle of the sine function. By adjusting the height of the hinged plate, the
angle (θ) between the hinged plate and the base plate can be determined using the relationship:

Sin (θ)=height/length of sine bar

Steps to Use an Angle Table

1. Setting the Angle:

o Determine the desired angle (θ) you need to set.

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 o Calculate the required height (h) using the sine formula: h=L⋅sin(θ), where LLL is the distance
between the sine rollers.
o Adjust the height of the hinged plate using the micrometer screws or height gauge to achieve the
calculated height.
o Verify the angle using a precision protractor or an angular measuring device if necessary.
2. Securing the Work piece or Measuring Device:
o Place the work piece or the measuring device on the hinged plate.
o Use the clamping mechanism to secure it firmly in place, ensuring there is no movement during
measurement or machining.
o
3. Measurement or Machining:
o Once the angle table is set to the desired angle, it can be used in conjunction with other
measuring instruments, such as dial indicators, Vernier calipers, or optical measuring devices.
o For machining, the angle table can be mounted on a machine tool like a milling machine or
surface grinder to perform operations at precise angles.

Applications in Metrology

1. Calibration: Used to calibrate other angular measuring devices or to check the accuracy of angles on
components.
2. Inspection: Precisely measures angles of machined parts to ensure they meet design specifications.
3. Machining Setup: Provides an accurate reference angle for machining operations, ensuring that features
are machined at the correct angle.

Advantages

 High Precision: Capable of setting very precise angles due to the sine principle and fine adjustment
mechanisms.
 Versatility: Can be used with various measuring instruments and in different machining setups.
 Ease of Use: Once the angle is set, it provides a stable and repeatable reference.

Limitations

 Complexity in Setup: Requires careful calculation and adjustment to set the desired angle accurately.
 Limited Range: The range of angles is typically limited by the length of the sine bar and the height
adjustment capability.

By understanding and utilizing these principles and components, an angle table can significantly enhance the
precision and accuracy of angular measurements and setups in metrology

Angle gauges

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Setting up angle gauges for angular measurement involves careful handling and precise arrangement to ensure
accurate results. Angle gauges, also known as angle blocks or precision angle plates, are used to create or
measure specific angles. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to set them up:

Components Needed

1. Angle Gauges: Precision blocks with specific angular values.

2. Surface Plate: A flat, stable reference surface.
3. Gauge Blocks (Slip Gauges): For fine adjustments and achieving specific heights.
4. Clamping Devices: To hold the work piece or measuring device securely.
5. Dial Indicator or Micrometer: For precise measurement verification.

Steps to Set Up Angle Gauges

1. Select the Required Angle Gauges:

o Identify the angle(s) you need for your measurement or setup.
o Select the appropriate angle gauge(s) from your set. These are typically available in standard
angles such as 1°, 3°, 5°, 10°, 15°, etc.
2. Prepare the Surface Plate:
o Clean the surface plate to ensure there is no debris or dirt that might affect the setup.
o Place the angle gauge on the surface plate.
3. Combine Angle Gauges (if needed):
o If the desired angle is not available as a single angle gauge, you may need to combine multiple
gauges. For example, to achieve a 17° angle, you might combine a 10° gauge with a 5° gauge
and a 2° gauge.
o Ensure the gauges are stacked securely and are in firm contact with each other and the surface
plate.
4. Using Gauge Blocks for Fine Adjustments:
o If a precise angle is required that cannot be achieved with angle gauges alone, use gauge blocks
to make fine adjustments.
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 o Calculate the required height to achieve the desired angle using trigonometric relationships if
necessary.
5. Positioning the Work piece or Measuring Device:
o Place the work piece or measuring device against the angle gauge(s).
o Use clamping devices to hold it securely in place to prevent any movement during measurement.
6. Verification:
o Use a dial indicator or a micrometer to check the setup. This is especially important if combining
multiple angle gauges or using gauge blocks.
o Ensure that the angle is correct and that there is no deviation.

Example of Setting Up a Specific Angle

Suppose you need to set up a 37° angle:

1. Combination of Angle Gauges:

o Use a 30° angle gauge.
o Add a 5° angle gauge.
o Add a 2° angle gauge.
o Stack them on the surface plate in that order to achieve 37°.
2. Verification:
o Check the combined angle using a protractor or an angular measuring device to ensure accuracy.
o Adjust if necessary by using gauge blocks for minute corrections.

Tips for Accurate Setup

 Cleanliness: Always ensure that the angle gauges and surface plate are clean and free from debris.
 Handling: Handle angle gauges with care to avoid any damage that could affect accuracy.
 Calibration: Regularly check and calibrate angle gauges to maintain their precision.
 Stability: Ensure that the setup is stable and that all components are securely positioned.

Conclusion

Setting up angle gauges for angular measurement requires attention to detail and careful handling. By selecting
the appropriate gauges, combining them correctly if necessary, and verifying the setup with precision
instruments, you can achieve highly accurate angular measurements essential in metrology.

Clinometers

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Setting up a clinometer for angular measurement involves preparing the device, positioning it correctly, and
taking accurate readings. Here’s a detailed guide on how to set up and use a clinometer for measuring angles:

Components Needed

1. Clinometer: Manual or digital.

2. Reference Surface or Object: The surface or object whose angle you want to measure.
3. Tripod (Optional): For stability, especially with digital clinometers.
4. Measuring Tape or Ruler (Optional): For measuring distances if needed.

Steps to Set Up and Use a Clinometer

1. Understand the Clinometer:

o Manual Clinometer: Typically includes a sighting mechanism and a graduated scale.
o Digital Clinometer: Provides a digital readout of the angle.
2. Calibration:
o Calibrate the clinometer according to the manufacturer's instructions. This often involves placing
the device on a known level surface and setting it to zero.
o For digital clinometers, follow the on-screen instructions to calibrate.
3. Positioning the Clinometer:
o Manual Clinometer:
 Hold the clinometer in your hand or place it against the surface of the object.
 Ensure the clinometer is level and stable.
o Digital Clinometer:
 Place the device directly on the surface whose angle you want to measure.
 If using a tripod, mount the clinometer on the tripod and ensure it is stable and level.
4. Measuring the Angle:
o Manual Clinometer:
 Look through the sighting mechanism and align it with a reference point.
 Read the angle on the graduated scale where the sighting line intersects.
o Digital Clinometer:
 Simply place the device on the surface.
 Read the angle directly from the digital display.
5. Using a Tripod (Optional):
o Mount the clinometer on a tripod if increased stability is required.
o Ensure the tripod is on a stable, level surface.
o Adjust the tripod so that the clinometer is positioned correctly against the surface or object.
6. Taking Multiple Readings:
o For higher accuracy, take multiple readings from different points along the surface or object.
o Average the readings if necessary to obtain a more accurate measurement.

Example: Measuring the Angle of a Roof

1. Preparation:
o Ensure the roof surface is clean and accessible.
o If using a digital clinometer, turn it on and calibrate it.
2. Positioning:
o Manual Clinometer: Hold the clinometer in hand, ensuring it is level, and align the sighting
mechanism with the roof's edge.

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 o
Digital Clinometer: Place the device directly on the roof surface.
3. Reading the Angle:
o Manual Clinometer: Look through the sighting mechanism and read the angle on the scale.
o Digital Clinometer: Read the angle from the digital display.
4. Verification:
o Take readings at different points along the roof to ensure consistency.
o Average the readings if needed.

Tips for Accurate Measurements

 Stable Positioning: Ensure the clinometer is stable and securely placed against the surface.
 Avoid Parallax Error: When reading a manual clinometer, make sure to read the scale at eye level to
avoid errors.
 Regular Calibration: Calibrate the clinometer regularly to maintain accuracy.
 Environmental Factors: Consider factors such as wind or vibrations that might affect the measurement.

By following these steps, you can effectively set up and use a clinometer to measure angles accurately, making
it a valuable tool in fields such as construction, surveying, and engineering.

Use of angular measuring devices

Calibrate a circular divided scale

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Calibrating a circular divided scale for use in angular measuring devices ensures accuracy and reliability in
measurements. The process involves checking and adjusting the scale to confirm it reflects true angular values.
Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to calibrate a circular divided scale:

Equipment Needed

1. Circular Divided Scale (e.g., protractor, rotary table, angle plate)

2. Calibration Standard (e.g., a precision angle gauge, sine bar)
3. Surface Plate: A flat, stable reference surface.
4. Dial Indicator or Micrometer: For measuring small deviations.
5. Calibration Certificate or Reference Data: For precision standards.

Steps for Calibration

1. Preparation:
o Clean the Equipment: Ensure the circular divided scale and calibration standard are clean and
free from dust or debris.
o Setup the Surface Plate: Place the surface plate in a stable and vibration-free environment.
2. Initial Inspection:
o Visual Inspection: Check for any visible damage or wear on the scale and its markings.
o Check Zero Position: Ensure the zero mark on the scale aligns with the reference point.
3. Setting Up the Calibration Standard:
o Place the calibration standard (e.g., a sine bar) on the surface plate.
o Ensure it is level and stable.
4. Aligning the Scale:
o Manual Alignment: If using a manual scale, align it with the zero mark of the calibration
standard.
o Digital Setup: If using a digital device, set it to zero according to the manufacturer’s
instructions.
5. Calibration Procedure:
o Measure Known Angles:
 Set the calibration standard to a known angle (e.g., 10°, 30°, 45°) using gauge blocks or
another precision instrument.

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  Align the circular scale with the calibration standard’s angle.
 Check the reading on the scale.
o Adjustments:
 If the reading deviates from the known angle, note the discrepancy.
 Adjust the scale’s mechanism (if adjustable) to correct the reading. Refer to the device’s
manual for specific adjustment procedures.
6. Repeat Measurements:
o Continue the process for several known angles (e.g., every 10° or 15° across the scale) to ensure
consistency.
o Record the readings and discrepancies for each angle.
7. Fine-Tuning:
o Use a dial indicator or micrometer to measure and correct small deviations.
o Adjust the calibration standard as necessary to ensure precise alignment.
8. Verification:
o After adjustments, recheck all measured angles to verify the corrections.
o Ensure that the scale now accurately reflects the known angles.
9. Documentation:
o Record the calibration results, including the original discrepancies and adjustments made.
o Create a calibration certificate if required, noting the date, conditions, and calibration standard
used.
10. Regular Calibration:
o Establish a regular calibration schedule based on usage and environmental conditions to maintain
accuracy.

Tips for Accurate Calibration

 Environmental Conditions: Perform calibration in a controlled environment to avoid temperature

fluctuations and vibrations.
 Precision Instruments: Use high-precision instruments for both setting the standard angles and
measuring discrepancies.
 Consistency: Ensure consistent pressure and alignment during the calibration process to avoid
introducing errors.

By following these steps, you can accurately calibrate a circular divided scale, ensuring its reliability and
precision in angular measurements.

Determine error due to eccentricity of mounting

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Determining the error due to eccentricity of mounting when using angular measuring devices is essential for
accurate measurements. Eccentricity error occurs when the center of the angular measuring device (like a rotary
table, circular scale, or protractor) is not perfectly aligned with the axis of rotation of the mounting setup. Here's
a step-by-step guide to identify and correct for this error:

Equipment Needed

1. Angular Measuring Device (e.g., rotary table, circular scale, protractor)

2. Dial Indicator: For precise measurements of eccentricity
3. Surface Plate or Stable Mounting Base: To ensure a stable reference
4. Mounting Fixture: To secure the measuring device
5. Calibration Standard: For checking accuracy after adjustment

Steps to Determine Eccentricity Error

1. Setup the Device:

o Mount the angular measuring device on a stable surface plate or mounting base.
o Ensure the mounting fixture secures the device firmly to prevent movement during measurement.
2. Initial Zeroing:
o Set the angular measuring device to zero.
o Mark this initial zero position for reference.
3. Attach the Dial Indicator:
o Fix the dial indicator to a stable stand or an arm attached to the measuring device.
o Position the dial indicator’s probe so it touches the outer edge of the device's rotating part.
4. Measure Eccentricity:
o Rotate the Device: Slowly rotate the angular measuring device 360 degrees while observing the
dial indicator.
o Record the Readings: Note the maximum and minimum readings of the dial indicator. The
difference between these readings indicates the total eccentricity error.

Eccentricity Error=(Max Reading−Min Reading)/2

5. Identify the High and Low Points:

o The high point is where the dial indicator shows the maximum reading.
o The low point is where the dial indicator shows the minimum reading.

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 6. Adjust the Mounting:
o Loosen the mounting fixture slightly and adjust the position of the angular measuring device to
reduce the eccentricity.
o Re-tighten the fixture and repeat the measurement process until the eccentricity is minimized.
7. Verify Alignment:
o Once the eccentricity is reduced, rotate the device again and check the dial indicator readings.
o Continue adjustments until the readings are as consistent as possible throughout the full rotation.

Correcting for Residual Eccentricity Error

Even after careful alignment, some residual eccentricity error may remain. Here’s how to correct for it:

1. Calculate the Angular Error:

o Use the eccentricity error to calculate the angular error at specific points.
o For small angles, the error can be approximated by:

Angular Error (degrees)=(Eccentricity Error (mm)/Radius of Measurement (mm))×180/π

2. Apply Corrections:
o Apply these corrections to your angular measurements to account for the residual error.
o This can be done manually by adding or subtracting the calculated error, or by using software
tools if available.
3. Regular Checks:
o Regularly check for eccentricity errors, especially if the device is frequently mounted and
dismounted.
o Re-calibrate and adjust as necessary to maintain accuracy.

Example

1. Mount the Device:

o Secure the rotary table on the surface plate.
2. Attach the Dial Indicator:
o Place the dial indicator so it touches the outer edge of the rotary table.
3. Measure Eccentricity:
o Rotate the table and note the maximum and minimum readings (e.g., 0.10 mm and -0.05 mm).

Eccentricity Error=0.10−(−0.05)/2=0.075 mm

4. Adjust the Mounting:

o Adjust the table position to reduce the error, aiming for minimal dial indicator variation.
5. Calculate Angular Error:
o If measuring at a radius of 100 mm:

Angular Error=0.075/100 × 180/π≈0.043 degrees

By following these steps, you can determine and correct for errors due to eccentricity, ensuring accurate angular
measurements with your device.

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Check angles

Checking angles using angular measuring devices is a fundamental task in metrology and precision engineering.
Here's a step-by-step guide to help you measure angles accurately using various angular measuring devices:

Equipment Needed

1. Protractor (manual or digital)

2. Angle Gauge or Bevel Protractor
3. Sine Bar and Slip Gauges
4. Clinometer (manual or digital)
5. Surface Plate or Flat Reference Surface
6. Dial Indicator or Micrometer (for verification)

General Steps for Using Angular Measuring Devices

Using a Protractor

1. Preparation:
o Clean the protractor and the surface of the work piece to ensure there is no debris.
2. Aligning the Protractor:
o Place the protractor on the work piece with the baseline aligned with one side of the angle.
o Rotate the protractor arm to align with the other side of the angle.
3. Reading the Angle:
o Read the angle on the protractor scale where the arm intersects.
o For a digital protractor, read the displayed angle directly.

Using an Angle Gauge or Bevel Protractor

1. Preparation:
o Clean the angle gauge or bevel protractor and the work piece surface.
2. Aligning the Device:
o Place the bevel protractor on the work piece, aligning the base with one side of the angle.
o Adjust the rotating blade to align with the other side of the angle.
3. Reading the Angle:
o Read the angle on the scale of the bevel protractor.
o Some bevel protractors have Vernier scales for more precise readings.

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Using a Sine Bar and Slip Gauges

1. Setup:
oPlace the sine bar on a flat surface plate.
oClean the surface plate and sine bar.
2. Calculating Required Height:
o Determine the angle to be measured.
o Calculate the required height using the sine formula: h=L⋅sin(θ), where L is the distance between
the centers of the sine bar rollers.
3. Stacking Slip Gauges:
o Use slip gauges to build up the required height calculated.
o Place the stack of slip gauges under one roller of the sine bar.
4. Measuring the Angle:
o Place the work piece against the sine bar.
o Use a dial indicator to ensure the work piece is level with the sine bar.
5. Verification:
o If needed, use a micrometer or dial indicator to verify the setup.

Using a Clinometer

1. Preparation:
o Ensure the clinometer is calibrated and the surface is clean.
2. Positioning:
o Place the clinometer on the surface to be measured.
o Ensure it is stable and correctly positioned.
3. Reading the Angle:
o For a manual clinometer, align the sighting mechanism with the reference line and read the angle
on the scale.
o For a digital clinometer, place it directly on the surface and read the angle from the display.

Example: Measuring the Angle of a Machined Part Using a Bevel Protractor

1. Clean the Part and the Bevel Protractor:

o Remove any debris or oil from the machined part and the bevel protractor.
2. Position the Bevel Protractor:
o Place the base of the bevel protractor along one side of the angle on the machined part.
o Adjust the rotating blade to align with the other side of the angle.
3. Read the Angle:
o Read the angle on the protractor scale.
o For more precision, use the Vernier scale if available.
4. Verify Accuracy:
o To ensure accuracy, measure the angle at multiple points along the edge of the part.
o Record the readings and take the average if necessary.

Tips for Accurate Angle Measurement

 Calibration: Regularly calibrate your measuring devices to ensure accuracy.

 Cleanliness: Always clean the work piece and measuring devices before use.
 Stable Setup: Ensure the measuring device is stable and properly aligned.

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  Environmental Conditions: Perform measurements in a controlled environment to avoid temperature
and vibration effects.
 Repeated Measurements: Take multiple measurements and average them for better accuracy.

By following these steps, you can accurately check angles using various angular measuring devices, ensuring
precision in your measurements

Calibrate precision polygons

Calibrating precision polygons (also known as optical polygons) involves ensuring that the angles between the
faces of the polygon are accurate. These polygons are often used in conjunction with high-precision angular
measuring devices like autocollimators, theodolites, or angle dekkors. Here’s a step-by-step guide to calibrate
precision polygons using an angular measuring device:

Equipment Needed

1. Precision Polygon: The polygon to be calibrated.

2. Autocollimator or High-Precision Theodolite: For measuring angles.
3. Surface Plate: A flat and stable reference surface.
4. Stable Mounting Fixture: To secure the precision polygon.
5. Calibration Standard or Reference Angle Device: Known accurate angles for comparison.

Steps for Calibration

1. Setup the Equipment:

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 o Surface Plate: Place the surface plate in a stable and vibration-free environment.
o Mounting Fixture: Secure the precision polygon in the mounting fixture on the surface plate,
ensuring it is stable and does not move during measurements.
2. Initial Alignment:
o Align the Autocollimator: Position the autocollimator or theodolite so that it is aligned with one
face of the polygon. Adjust the instrument to ensure it is level and aimed precisely at the face of
the polygon.
o Zero the Instrument: Set the autocollimator or theodolite to zero degrees when it is aligned
with the first face of the polygon.
3. Measure Angles Between Faces:
o First Face: Align the autocollimator or theodolite with the first face of the polygon and note the
reading (should be zero if initially zeroed correctly).
o Rotate the Polygon: Rotate the polygon to the next face and align the instrument with this face.
o Record the Reading: Note the angle reading shown by the autocollimator or theodolite.
4. Repeat for All Faces:
o Continue this process for all faces of the polygon, rotating it to align with each face in turn and
recording the angle readings.
5. Calculate Deviations:
o Compare the measured angles with the theoretical angles of the polygon. For an n-sided polygon,
each internal angle should ideally be((n−2)×180∘) degrees.
o Calculate the deviation for each measured angle from its theoretical value.
6. Adjustments (if applicable):
o If the polygon is adjustable, make the necessary adjustments to correct the angles. This might
involve fine-tuning screws or adjusting the mounting of the polygon faces.
o Re-measure the angles after making adjustments to ensure accuracy.
7. Verification:
o After adjusting and re-measuring, compare the new measurements with the theoretical values to
verify the accuracy.
o Repeat the calibration process to ensure consistency and accuracy.
8. Documentation:
o Record all measurements, deviations, and adjustments made during the calibration process.
o Create a calibration report detailing the accuracy of the polygon and any corrective actions taken.

Example: Calibrating a 6-Sided Polygon Using an Autocollimator

1. Setup: Place the polygon on the surface plate and secure it.
2. Zero the Instrument: Align the autocollimator with the first face and set it to zero degrees.
3. Measure First Angle: Rotate the polygon to the second face, align the autocollimator, and record the
angle.
o Theoretical angle for each face of a hexagon: 120°.
4. Record Readings: Repeat for all six faces.
5. Calculate Deviations:
o Assume the recorded angles are 0°, 120.1°, 240.2°, 360.1°, 480.3°, 600.2°.
o Deviations: 0.0°, 0.1°, 0.2°, 0.1°, 0.3°, 0.2°.
6. Adjust and Verify:
o If possible, adjust the polygon to correct the deviations.
o Re-measure and ensure that the corrected angles are as close to 0°, 120°, 240°, 360°, 480°, 600°
as possible.
7. Document Results: Record the final measurements and any adjustments made.

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Tips for Accurate Calibration

 Environmental Control: Perform calibration in a temperature-controlled environment to minimize

thermal expansion effects.
 Stable Setup: Ensure all equipment is stable and secure to prevent movement during measurement.
 Regular Calibration: Calibrate the angular measuring device itself regularly to ensure its accuracy.
 Clean Surfaces: Ensure all surfaces and equipment are clean to prevent measurement errors caused by
dirt or debris.

By following these steps, you can accurately calibrate precision polygons, ensuring their angles are precise and
suitable for high-accuracy angular measurements in various applications.

Perform alignment tests on bores and surfaces

Performing alignment tests on bores and surfaces using angular measuring devices involves several steps to
ensure precision and accuracy. These tests are critical in applications where precise alignment of components is
necessary, such as in machining, assembly, and quality control processes. Here’s a detailed guide on how to
perform these alignment tests:

Equipment Needed

1. Angular Measuring Device (e.g., autocollimator, alignment telescope)

2. Dial Indicator or Test Indicator: For fine measurement of misalignment.
3. Precision Levels: To ensure surfaces are level.
4. Surface Plate: A flat reference surface.
5. Straight Edge: For checking straightness.
6. V-Blocks or Support Stands: To support cylindrical components.
7. Gauge Blocks or Slip Gauges: For precise measurements.
8. Spirit Level: For initial leveling.

Steps for Performing Alignment Tests

1. Preparation

1. Clean the Surfaces and Equipment:

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 o
Ensure that all surfaces, tools, and measuring devices are clean and free from debris.
2. Set Up the Surface Plate:
o Place the surface plate in a stable, vibration-free environment.

2. Initial Leveling

1. Check and Level the Surface Plate:

o Use a precision level to check that the surface plate is level. Adjust as necessary.
2. Level the Work piece:
o Place the work piece on the surface plate and use a spirit level or precision level to ensure it is
level. Use support stands or V-blocks to stabilize cylindrical components.

3. Alignment of Bores

1. Set Up the Angular Measuring Device:

o Align the angular measuring device (e.g., autocollimator) with the axis of the bore. Ensure it is
securely mounted and stable.
2. Align the Device to the Bore:
o Place the device so that its optical axis is collinear with the bore's axis.
3. Measure Angular Deviation:
o Direct the beam of the autocollimator through the bore.
o Measure the reflected beam to determine angular deviation from the bore axis.
o Adjust the alignment of the bore or work piece to minimize deviation.
4. Use Dial Indicator for Fine Adjustment:
o Attach a dial indicator to the bore and measure at several points along the bore length.
o Record the readings to identify misalignment.
o Adjust the position of the bore or workpiece to achieve uniform readings.

4. Alignment of Surfaces

1. Set Up the Straight Edge:

o Place the straight edge on the surface to be tested.
o Ensure it is positioned securely and is in full contact with the surface.
2. Check Straightness with Dial Indicator:
o Attach a dial indicator to a stable stand.
o Slide the indicator along the straight edge, measuring any deviation in surface height.
o Record the readings and identify any high or low spots on the surface.
3. Measure Angular Deviation with Autocollimator:
o Place the autocollimator at one end of the surface.
o Direct the beam along the surface and measure the reflection to determine any angular deviation.
o Adjust the surface or work piece to minimize angular deviations.
4. Use Precision Levels:
o For large surfaces, place precision levels at various points to ensure the entire surface is level.
o Adjust the surface or work piece as necessary.

5. Verification and Adjustment

1. Verify Alignment:
o After initial adjustments, re-measure using the dial indicator and autocollimator.
o Ensure that readings are within acceptable tolerance levels.
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 2. Final Adjustment:
o Make any final adjustments needed to achieve precise alignment.
o Verify measurements again to confirm alignment.

6. Documentation

1. Record All Measurements:

o Document the initial readings, adjustments made, and final readings.
o Note any deviations and the corrective actions taken.
2. Create an Alignment Report:
o Summarize the alignment process and results in a detailed report.
o Include diagrams or photos if necessary for clarity.

Tips for Accurate Alignment

 Environmental Control: Perform alignment tests in a temperature-controlled environment to avoid

thermal expansion effects.
 Stable Setup: Ensure all equipment and work pieces are securely mounted to prevent movement during
measurement.
 Regular Calibration: Calibrate all measuring devices regularly to maintain accuracy.
 Multiple Measurements: Take multiple measurements at different points to ensure comprehensive
alignment.

By following these steps, you can accurately perform alignment tests on bores and surfaces using angular
measuring devices, ensuring the precision and reliability of your components and assemblies

Caring and maintaining angular measuring devices

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Proper care and maintenance of angular measuring devices are crucial to ensure their accuracy, reliability, and
longevity. Here are some best practices for caring for and maintaining these devices:

General Care and Handling

1. Handling:
o Always handle angular measuring devices with care to prevent drops or impacts.
o Use both hands to handle larger instruments and ensure a secure grip.
2. Storage:
o Store devices in their protective cases when not in use to avoid dust and physical damage.
o Keep them in a clean, dry, and temperature-controlled environment to prevent corrosion and
degradation.
3. Environmental Control:
o Avoid exposing devices to extreme temperatures, humidity, or direct sunlight.
o Use devices in a clean environment to prevent dust and debris from affecting their accuracy.

Cleaning

1. Regular Cleaning:
o Use a clean, lint-free cloth to wipe down devices regularly.
o For stubborn dirt or oil, use a mild solvent like isopropyl alcohol on a cloth. Avoid abrasive
materials and harsh chemicals.
2. Optical Components (for devices like autocollimators):
o Clean optical lenses and mirrors gently with lens cleaning solution and a microfiber cloth.
o Use a blower or brush to remove loose particles before wiping to avoid scratching.

Calibration

1. Routine Calibration:
o Schedule regular calibration according to the manufacturer’s recommendations or usage
frequency.
o Use certified standards and follow precise calibration procedures to maintain accuracy.
2. Calibration Records:
o Maintain detailed records of calibration dates, results, and any adjustments made.
o Keep a logbook for each device to track its performance over time.

Usage Practices

1. Pre-Use Inspection:
o Before each use, inspect the device for any signs of damage or wear.
o Ensure all components are securely attached and functioning correctly.
2. Proper Setup:
o Ensure the measuring device is properly set up and aligned according to the manufacturer’s
instructions.
o Use a stable, vibration-free surface for measurements.
3. Avoid Overloading:
o Do not apply excessive force or load to the device, especially for delicate instruments like
micrometers or optical components.

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Specific Maintenance for Common Angular Measuring Devices

Autocollimators

1. Optical Alignment:
o Regularly check and adjust the alignment of the optical components to ensure accurate
measurements.
o Ensure the light source is functioning correctly and replace it if necessary.
2. Protective Covers:
o Use lens caps or covers when the device is not in use to protect optical components from dust
and damage.

Sine Bars

1. Surface Condition:
o Keep the surface of the sine bar clean and free from scratches.
o Use a thin layer of oil to prevent rusting when storing the sine bar for extended periods.
2. Flatness Check:
o Periodically check the flatness of the sine bar using a surface plate and a dial indicator.

Bevel Protractors and Angle Gauges

1. Scale and Vernier Cleanliness:

o Ensure the scale and Vernier are clean and free from debris for accurate readings.
o Lubricate the moving parts lightly to ensure smooth operation.
2. Locking Mechanisms:
o Regularly check and maintain the locking mechanisms to ensure they hold the angle securely
during measurements.

Documentation and Training

1. User Training:
o Train all users on proper handling, usage, and maintenance procedures for the devices.
o Ensure users understand the importance of care and calibration.
2. Maintenance Schedule:
o Develop and follow a regular maintenance schedule for each device.
o Document all maintenance activities, including cleaning, calibration, and repairs.

Summary

By following these care and maintenance guidelines, you can ensure that your angular measuring devices
remain accurate and reliable for years. Proper handling, regular cleaning, routine calibration, and careful storage
are essential practices to maintain the precision and functionality of these instruments

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