Law of re ection is valid for all types of re ecting surface.

9 8 2 0 Ci Lr 5 9 219 Ñ Ñ
Deviation by re ection
8 180 21 or 180 21 do 2dam do
Principle of reversibility- light ray retraces it’s path if it is
re ected by normal incidence.
Diverging incidence real object.
Diverging re ected virtual image.
Re ection in mirror is at silver surface which add 180 phase.
Plane mirror is perpendicular bisector of object & image.
Lateral inversion 4 12 00 8 20 3 40
P
Minimum length plane mirror needed to see full length H/2
Velocity of image in plane mirror
Is
Vosby parallel plane mirror
V52 image
KIF Vmi Vol
Multiple

aa
I.it axo2 max
Ir
fi
n odd α β
ⁿfif1 Dst 360

Ray having small angle of incidence are paraxial.

Paraxial ray not parallel to principle axis after re ection
meet at focal plane. h to 0in radian
Inability to focus all parallel ray at single point is spherical
aberration. R 1
f
Inability to focus all colour at single point. Tosi
Parabolic mirror remove spherical aberration.
4am
** Rules to draw ray diagram. y
** image formation of spherical mirror

Ff
38ictf.FI
** Extended object image
a

u = -ve for real object. u = +ve for virtual object

v = - ve for real image. v = +ve for virtual image
w.net minor
VI m
Uo UzjmVo
Snell’s law
misindi Mesi.no
Mid Mad

f0 hIma
M
f FO
parallel slab MisinOC
for
deviation angle 8 4 a our con it
latteral shift
it
1 t I
1
Apparent depthd 1 Normalshift
Ad
 TIR is re ection denser to rarer without phase change.
180 20
Sinde Edit
Prism 87 1
f ite A
QIA.EE for a

t.ie
Jmax
1
nand
C2
t
iii
e it
i im

A QC

I fI
d no Tirata'd

and A 29
always Tirat
if
at minimum deviation ri ra

msn.EE
dispersion of
a
Ed
because depend
lightA is
devision
in

on S M 1
A
Angular dispersion DO Mv Mr A
dispersive power w

0 8W Miff of
Combination of prism
01 02 0 Nodespension
AT
0
Δ 5
*Re ection by curved surface
5 82 0 No deviation

Ee E Ed fu r n
Us CE 82 4 5 2

IT
and

biconvex equicanvex
217
Plano Convex 1M

Convexo Convex
1
**Image formation by convex lens
M 1

3
**Image formation by concave lens
6
I p
*Lens 5
I I I E Eu
m

UI m 0011
OIL my
longitudinal magnification m
die du
my If
*Displacement method mi Mz I no Th
02T D f

Power of lens Pmine Ifm

Combination oflens Mirror Mirror

Im Im
Mi
Yan Tt Yi If MEI targe
*Myopia ( near sightedness) because of thick eye lens or
large eye ball, image of distant object form before retina this
can be removed by concave lens. FL a
*Hypermetropia (hyperopia)(far sightedness) is due to thin
lens or small eye ball in this image of near object form
beyond retina this can be remove by convex lens.
*Presbyopia - both myopia and hyperopia can be remove by
bifocal. * Astigmatism is due to radius of curvature
of lens remove by cylindrical lens.
*Microscope and telescope both increases visual angle
microscope by increasing size of image and telescope by
making nal image near.
• Magnifying power is factor by which visual angle on eye
is increased.
Simple Microscope M

It Mo
1M MD 1T
Mp
to
m is roughly up
Compound Microscope me g Eu
Mo Mp erotic
t t.ro
elescob m
E Mo
fe MD

L fotte LD to
Galilean telescope have concave eye picec. g f
Telescope have large aperture and focal length of objective.
• Terrestrial telescope have length 4f more.
• Cassegrain is re ecting type telescope.
2 É erE
Resolvingpower
Microscope Resolving limit
Resolving power
Telescope To
ad
f
an any
Primary Rainbow form by refraction, TIR and refraction it
has high intensity then four step secondary rainbow.
40,42

ta

RI 4

Rayleigh scattering (a<< λ) proportional to

But for large object (a>>λ) all wavelength
scattered nearly equally so that cloud & ice are
white.
Locus of continuous surface having same phase is wave front.
Coherent source have constant phase di erence.
YDSE - des D an dsino
if
I for constructive interference
and Sino In
Edsino for small O p
_p y I m p
for distinctive E B
I n
y
Angular sefrationaffring dog Bp 3
Intensity
I 4I.GL A9 25t 2ndfino
IitIzt2F 2qg
FIzGsd I
Imax VI TED incoherent
Imine F F for I I ZI
 at some
Multiple Colour point
M B Me Be B
i
E Ma 2 Be
index
on
changing refractive
D B Bae
slit Dt
Path difference by at
optical bath Da
shifting offering y Im
caff
Lloyd mirror
f for min

ItHorizontal Yn Th B
dark
It g
slit ti

and aso

light at an
angle an d sins d Sino
p
I P I Diane

fores nd bibrism
d 2 a M 1 a D a tb Ed
Di raction An a Sind nd min

Limit I n
dat
construction
lip so In ICE dad
Central 2
max
dat
I

Thin lm
Jospigd ad
2041

EE
An 2Mt n max

Circular
C E min
2Mt

hole diffraction
radius
fly t.az
or

Central ofmax
a

law diffraction
Bragg
IMI
2d Sind m
d
o glance angle
Polarisation occurs only in transverse wave.
ai
ATTEND too a
Brewster's angle
Polarisation by Scattering
at go
loot polarisation
É I ixor
Doppler effect
in
light
fit f IB

T only for
fo t
I B
If of I B
 Modern physics
E 40 I
5 129
D
noof
kettron
stobbing potential d
of
e 18 d
Photo current
i 7
21
ICMA Iz

depend
Stobbing potential frequency
on

Saturation current depend Mi

on
Intensity
Mr
Vo Vo
22 K
158sec

it not fossils to absorbe whole Photon

is
for electron
Radiation pressure
P 650
Itr
I
Matter wave depend on frame have no colour
J E EAE.FI g fE
Davisson and germer exp was rst
experimental proof of De broglie. An Ab Z

Atomic physics
John Dalton- atom is indivisible sphere.
JJ Thomson- electron is embedded in positive
charge lump.
Earnest Rutherford- ( gold foil exp )

Bohr hydrogen like atom L mat

64
0 2.19
10437 82
or 0.529 E mon
3
T E 13 Ger
142 K E Ima
K E IT E I
p E 2T E 12.09
of Photon 2 1
if
no
t.gg
lyman Series 94mm 122 V.V
410 656 Visible R
Balmer
I Z
1

Paschen loge Infrared

1875
Brackett Pfund Humbhory I 097 1 Emt

Sameenergyt Ent E
Reduced mass
or or Ma El ECE
X ray
I Moe K E IE

12
7min 8 Rt 65Gt ta
t

Z b
F a

Fnc
Eta 9 4.98
107