This addition of gypsum controls the “setting of cement” by preventing the cement from setting

immediately upon the addition of water. Without gypsum, this hardening would occur so quickly that there
would be no time for the concrete to be placed and shaped
di and tri calcium silicate:
main components of cement
Portland pozzolana

Portland slag
 sulphate resisting Portland cement

tri-calcium aluminate
passes
 oven
dry
absorbed
moisture

air
dry
Total moisture
content

SSD

free moisture
or surface moisture
Moist

SSD - Saturated and surface dry

ground granulated blast-furnace slag
reduce the water content required to achieve a certain workability
Entrained air is intentionally added to improve workability and durability
in freeze-thaw environments, while entrapped air is generally
undesirable and results from poor mixing and handling practices.
 oware Aie srungith

Unixial xtteng
gRnthalincde af
in comphusim COmm.onky acceptcd
he
a a
coathute stenn

>OnCndte A nauliphae matehial

Interface between the aggregate and the cement
paste. The ITZ often serves as a preferred path for
(emea nahtah matix crack initiation and propagation.
The high water-cement ratio leads to a more porous
Coans aagthegate and weaker ITZ.

Tuterasial emdon ZoneLITz)

Snaall a9Agates aeuatd to uduce tha eiectIIz

failue plare heu Chacka et inteaonnettecl

To ipnOve Tha bhoeuh 21TZ-
Reduret Amall cony

factons aecing CCmpexve atreveth ot cochete

le natio
Ain etyainmea
Cemnt tye
Agghegate
Adixtu
Cuniug Laddha

ncAiach amout a4 uldon ulll fmm mon p0

iM h
in aaxix Wot o Lost ave behiadposeuoid
laplac md ouLe dechosig COmphediR 2renah.
 elAsSMAte
Date

Page

Duft Abham
Hula
hhana Laate-(euauthctlo

k,c
COm pmeAie r nath

kk = Enapiznical Cutant

2 days

days
Iday

W noathio

Ain Entrainmlut
O eweired auh

Non-cu entranmd
6
Aiv entval nedl

Sov 4SD 0eme-coe

350 ST 200
 elasSMAte
Date

Page

AT ven L naho ioh ahrengl conefeontojnih

lat ceiAsut coteut Au fo a cowidehalle teth
lOA uifhinhoaaiug aMnnuat of ntra ined di
heah fhe lo Axnsu coMdel atainaa Jo cauw
COatrat) Atnds toule aady litti a
Lan
O ay dcfually Cauia s0mAtul a haAult
AAh eurain not

5 Dyinghe uonlcoliltk as copachikilit,

Tencu to
ot fhe
mpm M
Contsete mtuha heeuhraiued a
ghe ngth t izespeciully in the miytuha coatainiag

lau uOteh R Ccat cotcut amel fhua ipha TL

hength af the Con Cote

Cemeat Type
TThe dagAke ceweu hydnotion hda dind- clect
aMd _cOneoueintly onthe sthenh
llceonOAl-
CGphOAlH

Aggnogte

Size, hape atate extune minunol004

Wc E0t0
401
0S5
20

10

+0 D
MSA (mm)
 Date
Poge

Wth With AamaLCNed tontent and cauittniy, Coathtte aia

Cntcuining langanag9 pahicla 22qunelsaraDunt y
IMixing wate fhan tho Containins Smallas a
faaticl

li On conkaz lahgeagg. tend to fohM wcake 1z

Cthntai nin aahe iCho-Chack
T0Mm MSA ZSmm MS
rdatad immstoe

25 mm mx.size

Hightn iutotadal btrd akength

atenag
wih linestbae a49 t
wing Cnditibn
Ih uing at COuCte invalea chmbihi o
condio ot phorate te hudhaio of_cen k
i, tenaponatunzk humdity inadictel,sten plactesst

Conde mirto ixto hefndmo

Conute
2Cnete
cast
cout
and
of
udtnpatte ame tupanunmal
diff but cuned at temp
3Contir coatd nohmal tenap. but tued at drit.tenpanatasu
 elAsSMAtee

Date

Case 1 Page

4C

duning Bzxt tuo hou yfe

OxineematuA TeMpehawnr
Phepahaion ot CMchete

with temp Casbina a nlahely

Ehom haithDs ccpt studles
Moh unthm micnOstmuctie a Hae hidaated cèmut paste

eApec iauy The pohe Aize distibuhina accDLinta tr the hm

CoT
1021°C 29'C
38e
 alsSmat
Date

Paga

Hdequate femp Muat be maintalad oa Aut ficle at pehit

of tina t
p the hequwhed activcbioa exo

30

Strain-

Staqa 1 Belaa 301 at ulimate load, 1IZ crockz hehaaih

stag 2 0 n
n50% Wh inthwang
ta inhoak in
withocyacka
AtrA
Mougti
fhe 1z
hold fh and
humb
hu,E 2atio inChzaes d
he cunve ei
todiviate appatciably1 trom aAkagh ie.
latil alout So1 ultinaadeloada atable Ayatena
ot mic0cY.ocksappeas to exl in far 112 cud
Atnx cYacEikais heaaigible.

Stage3 501 to 15 of ultimate load

At 5O to 60 udtimate toudCaatka begin tD
foh in Tha matax
 clASSMAte
Date

Page

W
Wih TWthe intheas
te
ih em leveupto 75 ulimata
lpad, na ondy chack tem inIz bacomA unafable
but alaD polifenatin and propaseion of oIackk in
Mataix tinc eut COing thas Cae to bend widrod
tOwanolb a axia
honizouial axia.

Stage4 IS HM ultinote Lasd a

|Above s at utimate loacd, wth incheosing are,Veu
hiah khrains anu develope o incicahing fuat hecack
atem la ketoming Cotinuousdu to hcupid papagh Du
racka both n he aaix omo T

Difaat Ipes o tlautic Moduli

keatathcmoduluu
0 COnMpKeMon i
g Elashk ty

calen by The Alope at -

oh amattnialnolsn feuin
CnR nd
Uniaxlal
Since
koadinh
th LuhAAe The Concte a hon-lineaA

fhhoe nathodl. fo commpiting te moduluu a uud

26MPa Eailweloadta 26MPa

O68Lo nsio

Sx 30 Cm tomtte yim dar

10
curwd ton 2 days

O 50 S00 100 1500 2000 2500M

Styain, x 10
 IasSMAte
Date
Page

angt Modulus
A given by t alope oa chawn tagut tothe

Stre- strain CUn ve a Omu poi

30
Ae
on tho
16 l8.2 afa
Tanget Mdubas
(1145-625)106
Secant MadulwM
E iA 9iven by Hae alope ot alo duaun bom fhe 0niGin ta a
point uuhene
polnt of 40% ultimate 401ste oL ofhe
h compressive strength thefailu
concrete.load
Secat Mddialuk, 10,4-0 24 4
GPa_

Chond Modulw
iA GMVen b he alopa ot a w ot cdhaLwn troma poit
upesinbiing a longitudinc atrain Soum/m Ao tho pai
that coMeApond to 401 ot fhe Mimatc lood Shithing

fe bam ng b S0mich0 ECAn ia hecOmhe nodod_ ToCoc

ia otten obanud ad the
to
iaing
fheMight
CHE ce COnCAVity lhed

Dynamic Moulu:
E conhespondb to a veny AMall inatantamam itaih Ond 4
apprDkinmately fn b tw
inihal temgut acdula,Le,

tameut modulA tar a line dnaan at he onigin.

Foh strem analua Otatructunu culbjected to eanthquake
Oh impact loaoing it iz Mohe appopi ote to wmduhamc
huodulh of doAtidty which can be olten muined nao^e
accuhote by a
A0vnic test
 clASSMAte
Date

Page

Shinkipe at Conchete

Shninkage ib Couxd by the lou ot waten duets

evaponcon
hyolaation a cemenk iala
Canbonadion

n psactite shainkag ismasunud as a linan atain.

Plastic Shxinkage

whil tHha cement paxte uia in ploic staute, it undargoa

a voluhaetnc cbtraction. lhia conrafionaEnooh
planc AWinkaga Tha magnitudeaf the olutric

volums otdny tenau

Plashikhninkagg cauuo cdu totha losat toate by

evopohcdiun tDm Auhftuce ot conchate oh by Auhi
by dhy Conchete below

Tho cotaachian indutex teille ateh in tha aueJaye

o Coxcyete eeccu thes mtraieert by hanoAhaineing-
comCnte clnd AKe Tha conchite h veau ueak
in
ihnh
plosticatde, plastic Chackihg can hiadilg occunak the
Aatace.

Plaatic ghainkag i qaeotn phan h nato evapohatim ol

wote h aigdhun, which intuwan dpends oah fepondt

Conchete tenmperadturie,lative humidity of ais anduwind apce
 A Complete preventiom ot evaponationinomttliatoly altes

Castinoheduces the plashic ahninkagg o Cchdte

Since it la the loss af wates from the paxnic pad tet

hat ia haponible fa ploshiciphainkattiqAotn
Buhtn th cemut Covtad ef Hhe aix highen and ows
uheh the agghtgate conteut(by volue) laqm i
Autoaenou shninka

tOccuhg whan fhwe is no moutuna moveent to

C ihom fh st Lionchute
icaukd-byie lo of watehi Conkumed in he
hydnanian haknof cennent AututnoL
ahnintage is
vy bmall Excepr in moiveConcnte suchies, t
a nat
isnat _dintinguisbed
conchcte duuo
omth shhinkoge of handahsd
lox of octen to buaide.1

Swellng=

fHhehe lb coinuouusupply of atea tothe contete

idwing hydhatibn tonchde kpanda dur toadsonphon of
wouen by the cett el. Th
procesiz knooh
telling Suielling i amallun than
o
shninkagg of sKonChate

Day chinkage

scaused due to wtthdnawa of waten

fom the hads
Cenchte atunsd iniimawhated ahA paat of hia
movemevw i jnhevogile
 in ha.covehad
even
Notallthe
Not all inihal dnying shniukage
atte polnged Atona in wateh.

baoibttuna
therevenible
Oh fhL wualhange af conchdtestupreaUwr abod 401 to
motnaen o tting expqnix
Hha thsdapendh
0 of donuimg ahninkageHouweven
of fist dnying
onThe dgebetoh Hhe onst
hdbnated
f he omChte to
ib Cned sohat itibtully
dayina, then te
ivonible_pooistu
betph ting expostd

mavt uill thm a 9d pwpnhon Ot dnyhg

actdmpanied
On he othen Andit duing ia
shainkae. no longth is
canbonatin, thi
ceneutpaste
byextenaive leadstohgho
movtet, which
Capáble:o paaisttne
heiiclual_oh imeveAlble sbninkag

is ásAOciated withthe bamation

amin kag
Iahevesile bonds in thecemet
of additional phyaical
andchamical
hos been mod
whm tha ackohbedwate

Revesi blek

i
Dryina
shvinkag
Irrevensbe
shainne

Suselling

Age
 alasSMAte
Date

Page

Stonel In wae
Stoad in aU

Reveulle
Bhankag

Moishune wDvemet inConthte

(a conthite which has died faomao a"until age t ard
wa then he-aatuncded
) COnthete uhic h has_dnied rom ag huntil
wa taènAubieceted to i
and
ycles of daying
a
whai-

Conbobcdim Shminkage

Diffuitn ot co,into conthete

Cot
in
disolved
ot
in conthute pohe Aolubion Ond huulh
tonmcdtion combonic hich
Ca(OH), o toam CatO
acid, heacta tith

A contomitant
Of Conthete
of he Phoessot cahbonation i a contxactian
knouoh a.canbon ation hinkag.
Canboraion phceeda fiom he Awtuce of Conçhte inwand
howeveA at a vehy_alouo iade
CO2 +H0 HcO
Actual hote c) canbonaion on
dapenob Oh A
Peameabilita amd o
cencute
moixtu tontet
CO contet,ahd nccie humdith of ambieat maciu
 Page

Canbonatibn afhe heoADn of conioaion a Ateel siibhc

COmchute

Total ainkay

wa ATWR ASW AA belA losimsd

Dryina

Shiake

ICanbainain
Shrinkage

DNT3s53

20 +0 60 80

Relcive Humidiy-

Petatmadhce Sndicatona
Wonkality
Comyesive stength
Dunalilit
 Mate
Hih Pe-fon mance cocte Date

Page

Clawihcah
Pabamete uh Strogth Veny
Strensth
H Ulta
Strewth
Hip

CompAiE Srnsh 42-100 100 1S0

Nmm2) >1s0

WAP)Tafio o O.45-0.30 O.30 0.24 20.24

wb hotio-

Chemital Admlte WPA/HKWRA HRWRA HRw RA

Fly aah
Minhal Admixtusaleombined
wtth
o SRcatume" Silica fune
silica fume

Pemeabili 10- 102 1o14

coefficient (cml)
Fseeze-thauw AA enha nne A}n entvcinn-at
No freezable
Pootection water

WRA UJaten Reducing Admiatune

HRWRA High Rano uates Reducing Admlxtuoa._

*May alo outain fly Ash

>Requinemuud ot oakhn high pentonmahte Loichute

Lou water-to- binclen (alb) hcdio

Smallen MSA 10 mm 12.5mm phctehhed

Eint ag9 with higher finene modulu.

CLse minchaladaixtunes
Use ochemical amite
Bindachamical acmixtioa ompaci lbilitu
Panope Culg
 clasSMAte

Date

Paga

Mix pnopohhiming of high pentohnmanceCcontste

Th x Phopoarionjng
neault and Matheotical
wmathod ia Cominahion ot empihical
colculohio amcd om absolute
volume mthod

T waten Cdntibuteo by sypenplas h ze is cowsidarnd as

paxdt oi mixing wate

Step1 Selechion fh nafo

Step 2 woten coleut
step 3 Supenploaiktzen daage

Step4 Coan agg.covteht

StepS Ain contést (Exbapprd ain cotet)

Step 6 fine agg. cottnt

 elasSMAte
Date

Page

w/ nathio wed e Supeplosticize Coan Aiv

Selectioon Cotet clonaoe aihegote Cotent
Conteut

Bindte cotent

FIne agegate
and Content

Tratbatth

Wor kability NAdjstsna

No Chene tob|
Strength
1ahin

Anal compoAthien

Supepl0Aticizeh

M=Mou Supeplosticizea
|VE Vo.luwe of Aupenpkaitizen wate
Cn pecibic gnavit,oupnplathitine
M=MaAosolida in Aupeplashteea
V= 4 Volu Aolich in
AcHve Solidu

Mwe Mam o ud h in

E Voum waten ln
S(= Aolida contet ot
M-Mut Mt
 M m)
Vem3)
SCT) MA40e-
M
MsEaxVas-
100

Mw ax V100S
Woo
M Bxd
100

B
x
V= Bxd
tatal lkindb Codent in conChete
d )lozaaf olidk of upenploaticizen aaatnation Poict

Beyond Batuhahm poit fhe iA nogniicaut uneae

M wOnkabii

Mash CC Muhod

Grout = temtWod

1.2 L

Ceconds)
60 Min

Saturattopoi
Mamh one
SMin
Supepkaicizer dosaoe

Elhe:Tn hequihed to fi
1Lo Gahout 1h Mashlane
 alASSMAte
Date

Pe Page.

=Vc+Vse t Vwt Vea +VeA t Va tVsdid

Vsup Vwt Volida-

Example

Loh ahigh peatmmance conchete mix tollowing intbnmaion

ACMaable
ah o 033

Bhapahion o binden sand and coan aahaqote

1:.48:223 aA
CompoAhon abihdin OPC407 Ailica tumelo bnau
c ta binden.

=
Naphthalen
4-01(s
tape uptplasticizen Sg.=1.21G Solids cote

Dasage ot
Spechic gnavis
Solicds

=
ot
1
OPC=3.15
Superplasticize
a)
at Satunatidn peat

Silica tu,=221-
Sand C SSD)=260
Cooh o0g(SSD)=263
MS 12.Sm m
Volume c etapad ai 1.6
 Date

Page

Sol 100 kaBinde

ScCLnc =148
CoaR CLG 223
Ofc
SF 10
0 Ko-

0133
M LO0x L

n 121 VE Bxd
Gx

0x 1
25
+2 2.066
M GxVx 21 206bx40 0,4991 Kg
10
M 2lx 2.0666 = 1. +99 ka

1 M= _q0
3.15x10
10 2.21xl03
33
L03
4 6 0l03
223
24SD3 (D6

Valida

O.0286 00045 +O1033 t O:0569 + O.0848+ O016 V

0.62 Vsol}ds
 elassMAte
Date
B(412.22s Page

L 8 binde Content (
Ve BA =Rx1 m3-2 066x10SS
121x40 x10

Mw GVoD 1.21x 10x 2.066 x lo Bxo.6

100

V
V
- 001494

V
000

0.0 0S6Ex103
B =0.01440 x10 m
Cewet (OPC)=425.0025ka
Silica

and=
tum=442225k
64a.R93
CAe
VE etVee+Vw + 1053.0618k
VFA+ V¢tV+Vislids

0-5
0.48 03K -01444x10p+ 8
3,1SxID3 l0 2.6 xl0

2,23K
2.63XID
16 0.0oS678

0L
102 01 0Ol441
221
148
26 2,23
2.63
60.0oSs

000 0.286 +O.045 +00150 +0.5692 t0.RA2A+16t0QS

O00

180538-
 elassnate
Data

Poge

SF o.02.14 k4
Sand 0.614 3
CA 0.40.04 kalm

Supen ploh cizen d (1/) M-E 1o0

L30Skafms
M GV
Man were h bperpkestic= Zbgh- 10
Net wod a coteat=_L-g34-073
142, 7S6 k

M 1210x0 DO 75Ka40
4.721

70D
422
 con.Chete

43
Conhosion a alceleinfautemont in

Conhosidn of atec S.cinfonenment:an cletbo hmiLol pho

4n
n highl
highly alkalin chuinDaaak of conchte (pHa13),
Pauive layen is foned
On Alce2tace
Howe
Haweeh,bhcakdou o Hae paaiu ilm occ and
COnhOslon tianin tako place duo fo

Ccubcncuhion which huduceHa p VoAuslo o ion-prtu

Jauel
i)Phesiace ofsignihicant amount of chlonida itv astel
eintacemeut eval.
CouCuta

COH)

2e teel Lah

Codhade Ancde Codthosle

Fe fet? +2e (Analic huoan

+e +02 t2H,D 44OH) Coathaalu hean)
fefl +2OH feOH2
4 Fe M)+24,0 tDa- 4fe0H)-
hydndes ud ut.

CoAbonmatton incdured conhozion

Diffusi at CO io Concngte
O th dissaled in Conchedepas salutiom Omd neuh
infonmotion
Depuhion
Thw
Thw
a
Aowning
ol Canboni
hisnve leve of
the pH value
acid
abHi), ln cbachete
to dootut .
 h
AEAt TMIA AD pH, posie layen iA dlstroyed dud coxxoAio
inihabidn ot stca eintoncernont Takesplace

C-
HO O Fet?
OH COHCute

2e teelba

Couticcle Couthode
Anoate

ett +2cl- 2Fell

Fel t 21,0 Fe(CH +2HCL
ChWonda LOM aUe LOWAdead to be the phimamy caue of
Stee ointoncenmet cohhOaiDn in cohchwte
hdt_due o
Canlbeuuhon
nbnk
Canbohoin.
Genhaized cOhhoiom take plcqre in phisence_o
Pithing Localimd coxrosicon taku place in pacse ncec iow
Howeven in the phunce of lCnoa am0unt otCi0ma
genshalz ecl cOhhosion nks place.

Actual nate of canbonathion depends on:

PenmeabilityX mOistume content at comCnete

CO COtent & nelative humidity of ambicnt medium
 Page

Exted of canbonatin

Itcan be delemined by taeaing a frcly bhoken

Conchete Sunface with phenolphth&lin.

noCO Canbonated ponfitm -uncolouned

(free fremFree
Carbonath Ca(OH colowed pink

0-5mm 5-10mnm-till catr covE dopt

depth
25-30 mm)

Sounces d chlanicde in concnete

Eiesh condte

tanal Mixing waten

chWonide
-Chlanide contami noted aganegates
Admixtunes Comtaiing O4
1nide
Hahdend Concade

Extem
Gtnide Application otdeicing alt
Fhom Ra ulaen in manino structumes
fstm sil and ghound woteh COntaining Csalta.

Deicing halth NaCl,aCl,

 Jussvute
Dcta

Pre

Fohm ot chlonide in cmChete

recChlonide
laten olu.ble chlohide
Maidsy epouibl fon LoninDAiDn_ zteel nuintohternist

Bound Clomide

Cheracall bound uith hydnatzd CA tofoua Erizde

Salt
Phyaitelky boud aduabed oa H
Total chlaids instet

Sumsdf
Sume face Chlonide and Bound C LDt

Critical chlonide cuteut

Chloidle tentat steelheinfantemsut level that wula

in conhoim inutiotiom ot steel heintoreut

Caitcal Cr cataA depends cni

Cesut type
(GA cotet ot cemit
Lonchute mix phpantim
Steel tye
SoLne E dhhaide
 elassmate
Date

Page

OhmA o chlonicle in conchete

Free Chlonide

Waten soluble chlohide

Many pamibl fon conhOkicn teel nintohremint

Pound Chlomide-

Cheaikally bound with hydnated CAto foam Ericdelz

Salt
Phykitally bound adstibed on C-S-H

Tot chlaicle Chtet i

Sume at fnee Chlonide and BoundC citeutk

Critical chlonide coteut

Chloaicle Content at steel heinfonrenmsut level that uuta

in conhOi ntiaion oftateel heintoacemunt

Ciitcal C cmtest depends oni

Cemt type-
C2A ontet ot cemit
Lonchute mix phopontia

Steel tyPe
Sounce ot chbhide
 ( elASSMAte
Date.

Page

Covrozion Monitoming lechnique

ahniqueh ane the mot widely

Electrochenmical ud techngu

ton Hae Atudy Of hebah CohhOMOn._

KecasonIncheaxc numah astnctwes hequihedlilan assLaad

Dt thein heaidual health coacition due to phenmotune

detenioration caued b ateel neintoncenue n cohnobim

Commonly Used Techiniueh

Half-cell potearial measnenaul

Reaitivity miabunehaeat
Linzan p0lanization eAistance(LPR)terhnique
Electnchuica mpdanre apatoatop, (EIS)techniue
Tatel plat techniqie

>Half-

Haf-cell
(
Gravinmemc (maM AoM)_meaAnnali

Paleutial

potential
MacLAUOeael

is a mecAud at elechode potential

that sepheslntapotenhialoitlenente betueen the &teel
and adiacent e Concheteelecto lyte

t gives inditatim of helahive pokalbility OCCnente

0tCohhOsien activt.
Th half-all patewtial of steel hlintahce natnti
neawec
o
wth wfeno nce zandand utenQnteelectode

Foh Half -cel pofential MON t

A high input iapec.ae Volteter
 clasSMAte
Date

Paga

Rafeente elcchcda(RE
Wonking elecou. (wt) > Sfeel oinfoncenmen

ASTM C816 Cnitehiak

Vothwate
Rphasxndakit o Retesance electods
potoaial
Ccnute

untxed LoatNte

Specimen
sfeel ba

Rateunte elechod CohnoAlon dcivy

CLLCus04)

G13coter than 9O. thcdt no teel

S-200my phokol)lit
Feinfontemuut comoion OCCUun

200 ml/ -zsom CoyrOsi aciuty I uncetain

Gnecter hon 90 pohabiliby d occwhence o steel
2-3S0 mV uinforcemet coVYoLon

ypes ot eteaence eletcde

Standand hyduogen electrode (SHE)

Coppen- Coppen bulphate electrode (CulCuso4)
Satunatcd calomel electvode (SCE
Silve- ilven chlonicde electrade Agl AsCL)
Mencuy- MenCunOus Aulphate elechodeH S04)
 Half el potedial wuwiul
Ar
Locotjon
of Reloy
Peintovcing

0
Covhrt
4

-0.5

Rel eont olecdmde

Caskoun
uiprdeukiol map

Linean polanizoion .rtanceLPP) echniqu

A well etablizhed mut hod of demnin the iwtineou

Lorro id nate ol steel neintone ne t in Conchete

Jhe teel ncinibaccmnt in

pclanizeh by the applicahitn.cta

per twnkation fron the cauilibriura #ah

Imall fotevtia
an auxiliony electode (AEJ.

Stec) veinfoacemand in
polhnied sto t(40 to 30 mV)from the
equilibium potential
al a ceytain scan nate..

Polanizaion hestue asteel (Pe)

AE AE chan in potential

A hasuHin cwant
 alassMAte
Date

Page

Stehn-neahyq

LoxY=
R
oox COnhOLOm Chent donutu

B-Sten-neahy COnAtant

B-(ff)23(f B=26my fon steelinConcii

activ

B=52mv fon steel in pakive

a Anodit Totfel cbwtt
C Ondition

Cathadic Tatel cmstaut

ExteanalL pentunboahion
Polarzohon Cuive
AE AT

equilbiua Potetial
tial

Cunen dausit

loqscale)

Covdto ot equalpatenial taiouga poia oleual oz

Lten

Maxium oDuh 100m

 LPR Techniqu

Auxttesy Retettnje
elec tode
elechrodE Senson electndes
Cuohd ing
electroo

Conclete
AWTtRce

Cue-s
flePath

Polaizrct xgth o
2teel ba

Steel ban (wonkig electroda)

Dianostex of teel ba=d

Polahized longth ot zteel mh= lp
Polanizecd suatare aha o Ateel bah Hp= TIdlp
2
Jcor o
Ap

A cbnHnmoat hetiaitaied by Gnuancd Rina Elech

Th cex wt uhht phevtdä fhe pentenbati.o wvet

opplied bton dhe auxillahy elecboda trnm Apuading beyeud
d khown aHIO

Ta oclen touled an approphiute Jevel funth conininsat Cunaal

two unon electrodu plare betwten th ed innen auxilany

elkchod 0md thoOLuteh quand
V
ing electxoda
 Date

Page

The patential diff. the on electrades is naonitned

to nnaintain
Ond aachn tinenauatcanheat iselected
Hais atential ditfenante thiougha.t th LPR maand

WE
At

RE

Th polazized suhface o to steel haniafaken to that lis e

inclena cihcle inteaecting thehuid poiiut blw Ihe two
and nohmally
Sens01_electyoder ho lop half kuntace ansa
of ihe steel ban ia assunmed o ke palanizedl

aavimehnc )
(mak los meaemtat fo cOnhoALOn hae

-Fohsteel heintohcCheia

Veaning peclune as Speciticol in ASTM G1-03

V CLeamiia &oluhon

S00m HCL
3.5 Hexamdhylene tetahaine
1000ml
Ragunt_wto to make
K a cont
K=
Connosion nake = Kx W w mos foM th gw
AxTxD A COclacl Auntate aua ofateel
4iM toneewed n cm

D=Dewty oy Aeel in g/cm3

ConnOsion hatc kW
ATDm
Cm
h
Unitcalh
Denaity efconnde 2400kalm3

Numbe Ot cleanina cycles

Ma loy due to co1OAiOauuill

opoint e ombeapnad D appanx ti
it COmaidA Cuhont dansty= MA/m
Fanack/ Lao
m= EF Fn
E equvalat wt F=
Faaday (t
atomi
n
weght -96 500 C
No o exchanged inth
CovrOaiOn phoess
 lAsSMAt

M a Exn
Ita
Fxnx AtD
a
Axtxp A nfD

aa n FD
E
Cohh.0610n
COYrOsitn
hade
cwnhest danuib

Rexisiuih Measuhmet

VElemta hsiAtiibs 0 ConcCnefe 2-m)

VResistivita at Concrde i itlunced by wfe nahio, moibtuns
cOntent, cCpoitionas cmmchte teaptnatuetc

Four electvoc mthed

Wenner tou ppbe

Cenehete fate-

Rezithvity MwaMwlut o wina

(ovathute

fDU electndes methad

ZI E
4E= Poteial dhop acnOm th nne ele trodas

CWvuA owig bw th oder electyodas

E electroda Apacing
 aniefnom 10 t sos
Elechdtal uihvhys4 chnchate

Pnevcantiveand phctection mauh decns.asi

tosdcchi.asinq c
Dt aleel hcintonceimud

hevtdtive maLh
LoL wje haho
Sutable type of.cent
Misaladixtoak (fly.auh, Ailica fussastt
Lohhaioa 2ktavd teel zintonc.enatenAtzinlea ste

apoxytoakinggalvanišcd ateel,
Ptecibn zOunLs
CoOaicm nhibitonA

Cothodiphotechiom
d as acmixtune, uhtace oppluck inkib

Ditfeud typs cf Aumdace taaatraatton conchete

Admixtun Sodium ibrie Cadcium nitnte

Sutdace appied inlubito SodiummanotluaKophaaphse

Saerifrial
Ancele

Coynhm eletholyie
Reitpnenmu
Ba
Sataiciak Anda Ayzltm
 classmate
Date.
Page

fowtn

Anoclo
Coiaua
Eleuhode
Bab Cag

Tmphd cwhit Aystein

ek ng lale tal wuean aOe Qaive opin ciAluAlpatenna
Ea Alloya o Zinc Aluainaina

wt anadla o Mpheheal chhLut AyAtem iA an activated

titanium expancdao mLash with a suntace coahna ot
phetious mtal oxicdes

DHfenwd type, o ALa faie teatment fon conchate

Ohganic canhe
coatincs wwd ton AR wy caructed atuctue

faatmu
Hydnophat
Thnant fhat SM fh2 capllay ones n CoMCnet
 alsSMate
Data

Page

MasDna
a cmutxuciom matencl luhichi
MaOnhy 2cfento unith
manohrny
tan by COmbining indivicual
at
Atane, btick, itha
bihding ehial ie,re

MaAonry imainly Led

Masonr to buuld wal, uahich sAve hAve
Chclore oh divide a
zpae and toAuppan0odh troe orA

otho ebimanta.

Manutactunt of clay bhicE

Uays fuh manufachune ot brilkh dtten wlclelyih Cr

1hDmplace to pla.ce Even fhe 20na ite,claydiau
in

rom on past ah depth aaay vany sigaiticantly fEhom that

bhna dnothu pahtodipth

Claya ah compoAd maialy o ailita (hain 0nd,olueo

lin iron mangane T
zulfunand phozphadtes

ype day
Th bpts ot clay wd in the manutactuna ot bhich a
a tollus
Sundate clay
skal
Fine dlog

Manufuctuning of day baicta

Bhick ane manutarfuna by onihding c

Chuuhing the clay la
Cnd aixinagit hwafen to mbke it
plasthTe haixi
cay wlth waten iá Cmhied aut inpug mill The plash
 clASSMAte
Date

Page

Clay ibThen moulded Cin any af tha thneepx

fDhaing e tiff-mud pxoceAM, Aott-mud paesanddd
R OL
s
possspao.ceA)textuned, dned and
ihina teapehatune
At en bunning h
high a
1315 a
unita ano cooled
finally fid.Th
in bunning iln

Baick-tonmingPuee
Stif-m uc pxoces
Soft Mud pdK
Phy poc paocess

SHt-mud pce3swNe-Cut Protes

CaycoMauing a mininum amountof water qunualy 12-15

b weisth istontcd thzauala adit

Te dje moldls fhe maxs into dosiggad ahapeh and bizeb

he coutinuos bnd of clay tHhat I fahred out iscat iatn bicta

by a wiže frame

End toc britk Side-cudt britk

Side End
 Page

Saft -mud phaces

Sutable Tox clayg Containing too much of waten
natuial ztute (20-30 a waden by weinnt )
Hancmade baitke ama_aade ine hia mathod

lays a placediw he teel moulda

Typeof stecl moulds

Sand Siuck bahitka laten-zdnuck baicka

Sutable foh clays poMeKAinglow plaaticity

lay iA Mixed wuith about 7-10 waten by weisht
Dy patZAPaLe fohming achnea bmicks ane moldal
unden lowohenathingpCALADL.

Pnoponbie of clay bricka

Phyaicalphopentie) Mechanical phopentie

Colou
COmpacAive shengih
Textwe
Meslulus ct auptang
Size
Mocdulua ot elashitit
DenAity Tebilo sthrength

Absonpin
heanan concduchivitu
ihe nehiatance
 alasSMAte
Date
Page

5tk ahesubccted t dauiu PxoceK to enswne lex SR

oeaU1gy toh heaingfbunhing

Dying
Dryen chamben
Teapehatune abat 43 -150'C ton 2448hou

Buningihina
hing kilns (Ruhning Eiina)
lempintwna aahigh as 1315' for 40-150hou
Caaling Cydle bout42-2 hoLuhA
 clasSMAte
Date
Page

Backame suubjcted todaving psoces to ensur les M

ol enu19y oh heahinaf hunning

Dnying.

DYyen chamben
lempenotne about 43-150'C ton 24-48hou

Bwnng Fihina

hning kilns (Buhning lna)

AA
Tempnatune a high as 1315c for 40-150houn
Coaling cycle about 48-12 houha

Dimensionsot Bnick

Speitied dimension

Nomina dimQnaion
Cnuaten than peiheel dimaaion
by Ha hicsnesMo aontun jDit.

JhicknaA mOntan jointk jn bcka maLohy vanies betweeun

10Mm o 12.5 ma

Dinio IS 224-:1992)
Tu standand mocdulan lzee bnic
LadhL) WictWN) Heigt-CH)
mm mm
110 90
190 g0 40
 land and non- nmodulan lze o bock

L
mm
W
mm
H
10
230 110
230 30

Tolenances

oimemions bhick when tested in aCCOmdance uih

talole Ahall within t tollwing limn pen 20bri

a)on modulan A2e Modular Bricks: Follow standardized sizes

Non-Modular Bricks: Have custom sizes
Lenth(L) 3420 to 388D mm 3800t80 mm
widdth W) 1160 to 184o mm(1800 +40
m
Heisth (H) 1760 to 1840 m (1800 40mm
fo 9p mm high bich
160Ao 840mm 00t 40mna
Fox 4D_mm igh bnch)

b ohnon-mpdiulcuhize
L 4520to4680mm 4G00E80rMm
W 2240 to 2160mm 2200 t40mm).
H 1440 to 130 mm1400 t40mm)
fox toMm high
uch
2
640 toS60mmS00140mh)
Fon 30mm high b1cka)
 Date

Mge

Waten abaanptin tothe nearext o1:1)

Ma-Ma
M tb0

wh M,= SSD MaAskept in waten fan 24bn

amd aten takiug out pcd ath
uod
cloth amel
M Ovndy Mas
medatnec wlhin Altes)
Sstuunation cocf icict (to the nuahest a.01)

Thunaio af 24h immeuitncold

aten absorpthimto the
Sh boiing wates absonption i& aiuetn b the fdlowing
fohmula:

Ma-Mi
Mz-M

Mz mas o bnick boiled

f ShssD beaick i
placed, in beiling wat

Waten absanphina bu bailina ()o the neanest 011)

M-Mi100
M
M=mas bnick atu 5h bailing
bnck i
( Dvin coy
plased inboilingoaten
 Rage

Montah bh maAonh
Maxtai a mixtw cemnhiboub wmotenial
plaahic
Aand ond waten, ano it bincs togethen indliuidunl
Masonny uni MantanUvts aus a
bedling naatexio
fon fi maAony nihamd allowh the lave
place nwt af th unita..
Linme mONtah mixtue ot lime and and Loatea
CemIntEMme mahta ah cent montA Mxtune ot cerd
ineAand ancd ates

hewmahtan can be paezchiped uuin d thi tolhai

hwo atchnotive typea of Apecihtabos t
i)Phopontian peciticactio

iPnopeaty Apeciticatioas

Mdnta
in maAanny
ceea t a hydnaulc ceyant pzimanly ued
ChnAtuchionlt coIAts atamixtma ot
Pontlanel oh Llendecdhydbnaulic cemint andl platicizing
mateials (uchan liuone on hycbiatec oh hydnauli
limetogkthen oith othun matenias itaodueclfo enbon
On o mon pxopentie Auch asaetting time,ohkobility
/aten nutention and dunability

Covuitesta ot Mozda
Pont land Cemant
Hychoted Lime
Sand
Wt er
 Poxtlcand

ItLontibutes
Ceunt

and duhabilihy ofmontan

o canly handunina, Compseive strngth

Hydhaded lime
1 contibutes to plaatihy wankailih te hetentivit
amd 2edute shhinkage hanact.enizics

Sand
1tact as a fillex matenial and heduo theshintag
detasmatiom

Woten
Requinud fon plDAticit

Maoniy cemat Hiaa hydnaulic cemunt, paimanil ud in

maaony and plasteim cnstuchiwk. It cnaistr at a mixtne
of Poatiand o blended hydnaulic cement and plashciaing

Matenials (zuch as lietouhychated onhydraulicLinme),

togethen with athen matenialsintroducd to enbance one o
MOhe Phopehtiea uch as Lething bime wonkailit watex
setcntionandduhability

Heade A bnicklaid oith ika length accorR thewall

Stethen A bick Jaidwith ita leth in thedixcctim
wcull
 elssMate
Date
Pege

Efflonexcence

VClay bhicke contain soluble salt whidh.mieate bi

Autate with wateh. A wate evapohotes t
along
outaidea,thuecallh ant collected as padchusof
chacl
lhte cystalki on the face ot bhickuoh Thuuire
and unAigdnthu ane knouon
padchn as.effoxcscente0

lhemokt common aalts ahe calcium Audphote andd

magaalum ukfate although vahicus Aalth ctsodiu
and patnxiuim ahe alo found. Ihe salh oniganate
tronn th haw lay and inxa caer ahe toawd
duning H Th
Alfate in baicka
tpctheh saltz.
s
huhning prccea
gentnally
poateat ot calciúna
vety high a COrmpaad

Thi extet_ot efflbrckente dapenda on the tape andl.amcunt

of Aalta (alcium Nulfte isl aoluble and tabaa
longn timm toleach ou af th bicks The 0lubilit
of nagaium Aulfete 6ohaater ancdmay cauw flak
of hick face. Magnesium Aultate iAtha wost destuete
BDluble sglt in t cay units

EFtlsyekcence ib mhe
phonounced in ex poed wallssuch a
panapeta, Chimneyh, and boenmetwalls.

To psevtnt ettloxcacence hewalb must be potected from

o
Mignatiou wateh Any method to p2eve wat
michahon into the welaishelpful incontrolling the
etflorscence
 lassmta.
afe

Timber

Annlo viny

TILTELR
Camblumlay

Sapwood

Heutwood
Pith

Bark
rOM- sectfon ot log ox tyUnk
Bank ina2elactively-thin rough and dant Covthing that
hCunhoundh the frunk

Cambium layen: t 2a thin (michoACOi)Jo yo al wood cel

thad cxistA inside the bark, in which the qnowth af wood
takeaplate continuousl.Thu qhowth evCntdally 203uilk in a
hinq-ike slyuctuws retered to asan anntalaing (ot annulan ire
qpdoth aing oh dxce ning

Rapidly 9rouwing trcs haue Iwideannual inga wth genenally

2-4ringpe inch and paduce COUMeqnained wcccd, Slouo

hOwiho tees havenanhou Cunnualiings ith gntnaly

-12 ingspe inch and produce. tine-naiedwood.

Pith Theicewten ol logi coallad as pith, which ial utiCuNdld

by annual 2ings
 Date

Page

have
hing appecdhs to
annual
Lh moAt pecie, each layeh.Iho inneh
laye

an_ ihheh layeh and an Oucteh

qDwh_
qADwth i Od
Cd it
mahe rapid spring heoute
repheintz fhe oh edHly_ wod.
Ihe outeh

aefewed to_aspxing.uwoad
handeh and
Atongn mateial
aye repxcsentz aheavieh,
oh latewocd
Callaod A
Summenwood
aifectzthe
OLAummehuood to Apanquwcod
lh paDpohhiom

wOoc dansity, uhich

intutan affeta ma tcnathol wodd
timue
maole up of deacl
lheinnen pant o he
taunk
of thia pat into
Co celluy, Theprimany

povide haechanical
anchon
suppaht to the tree.Thapant sabd
cbieh and handon thon
aA heatuoocl,uuith jadankeh, which contain1
theoden paat kndwn aapupod,
ving cell

Typesat woDd
Wooc i bstadly clasaitied intotuoo.categohies:

Handwcod (from deciduoustcex)

vSoftwbod (from coniteya3)

The teex with booad leaves, whch ane shed in winten

ake hancdwood.
Examplesot handwoad Cak Maple,Aspen,etc
Softwcodk ane anyspedes which hae ineedlelike leavej

and ahe qenenaly everoheen

Examplea ofattuood Douglaa fir, Cedon,Lanch, Pine,ete

 StyuctA uacod

.cell cdvit

Fiben

Cell wall

MaiaHane cowtent Dad

Maistune exist in wO0ol ethA a ound wodten_on tsee cchea

Baund waten iu hald within the celle wall ylwen
acsopkion tubte,
wheheQh ree wateh exiAtA eithen as conclenscd Ox watenVapouh

In the cell cavities

La geen u100d_ fhecellwallaae Acctuhaded

maN nat e
,
hnueven the ce

CaViie aay aH Contai u2afeh

fiben Aatuhahbn pointESP) he levelat aduashion cdwhiih

Hhe cellwalls ahe Conapletely aatunated bu no tee wpen
ita in the Cell cauihiehik calld as tben Aatwadrion poL
The maiktua coate ut atfibe satuhation poiut upitally
UOie
m 25-30 dapoadina a te Apecieh

Fiben satunatim poid(ESP) i at grat pxachcal aigniticance

oelou fiben 20tunatio
becaLMefa addtiim an 20movalLot moituou
Point ha lange ettert Dn the phyicad and uhanicalpmpenhies
a
ot wood, dheheas above FSp,tho phopeies aeindopendlad c
Mojktuhe cmatet

When wMalstuhr Cotent o uwoodi above hen Aatwahon POiat

th wmd iA dimenIonally Atahle Howeve MOixwe fuctuath osbelo.

FSP ultin th dimeaianal change
 Page

Shhinkageia caued by the lo o maistuhe tnom cell

walla and conveuly Awelling i cawd by the gain
Ot maiatunt in the ell walls.

Axiatlonibudinal

Radiat

Tangenh

10

6
Tanganhid

2 Rudial

Lgitudinal
FSP
40 30-

Moistuno (teat CL)

easonina.

The po.tem of coMtrolle d coyivng af lumben (timben) to ixp

it popentiesi khoun aA seasohino.
atsuctunal
Tn additian the dbying ha othenadvartao Auch
0
ouwoing ot Ahnin kag dnlg schvice Impzove nAauT iu
decay
neductitn in weigth Cndbetfer wohkability.
 wo lne
mCthoos ot 3eaaOniv
le
aheda slou pD cbnexpenn
Ain dauing tacked in open-sided
Kiln
Kil
dayina na heated, vewhilatec aMd humidihied
oven

empunatuhe 20'C S0'C

Taneetactnh hat atfert dhying

empehotuhe
Relative Humiclity

Aia cihculahm

2Luwabek defecta

Check
Knot

shoke
plit

ane he
These bnanch haki hat have beconneincopoYated
Knot
intothe wood of he tzee trunk aOM 0Y
Check H ba lengthwne Acpahathion o u0oc occuning

thnOugla he anual ning4 UMally Q a hekult gtŠeaioning, and

may OCCun anyuhehe 0n a piece ot lumben
 elassMAte
Date

Page

Shake:t ia engthwin Aepahahion of uwood octu

between and pahalel to the annual hing

Split
usually
ta is
at the
CompleteA
ends, Hhhoughout
pahanion otw00d ibe
tw thickne cf the
Jumben and pahallu tofhe fihe direchion

- minimum PH value of water for concrete is 6

- due to increase in C2S content during hydration, the heat of hydration decreases