Lesson 1: Sequences

 Introduction to Sequences:
MATH 10 A sequence is an ordered list of numbers or
1st Quarter terms that follow a particular pattern. In
mathematics, sequences are essential in
Table of Contents: understanding patterns, making predictions,
1. Sequences and solving various problems.

 Introduction to Sequences  Definition of Sequences:

 Terms and Notation A sequence is a function that maps natural

numbers (including zero) to a set of numbers
 Recursive and Explicit Definitions or terms. It can be represented using the
 Finding the nth Term general notation: {a₁, a₂, a₃, ...}, where "a₁"
represents the first term, "a₂" the second
 Arithmetic Sequences term, and so on.
 Geometric Sequences 1. Types of Sequences: Sequences can be
 Other Types of Sequences classified into different types based on
the patterns they exhibit:
2. Polynomials and Polynomial Equations
a. Arithmetic Sequences:
 Introduction to Polynomials
 Definition:
 Polynomial Degree and Terms
Arithmetic sequences have a common
 Adding and Subtracting
difference between consecutive terms.
Polynomials
 Example:
 Multiplying Polynomials
{2, 5, 8, 11, ...} with a common difference of 3.
 Division of Polynomials

 The Remainder Theorem

 The Factor Theorem

 Factoring Polynomials

 Solving Polynomial Equations

b. Geometric Sequences: The study of sequences dates back to ancient
civilizations, where patterns in numbers were
 Definition:
observed and recorded. Indian
Geometric sequences have a common ratio mathematicians like Pingala and Bhaskara
between consecutive terms. made significant contributions to the study of
sequences, which later influenced European
 Example:
mathematicians like Fibonacci.
{3, 6, 12, 24, ...} with a common ratio of 2.
4. Examples of Sequences:

a. Arithmetic Sequence Example:

Consider the arithmetic sequence {2, 5, 8, 11,

...}. The common difference is 3. Find the 10th
term.

Solution: To find the nth term of an arithmetic

sequence, we use the formula an = a₁ + (n –
1). Plugging in the values, we have a 10 = 2 +
c. Other Types of Sequences: (10 - 1)3 = 29.
 Definition: b. Geometric Sequence Example:
Other sequences may exhibit different Consider the geometric sequence {3, 6, 12, 24,
patterns or combinations of arithmetic and ...}. The common ratio is 2. Find the 6th term.
geometric sequences.
Solution: To find the nth term of a geometric
 Example: sequence, we use the formula an = a₁ * r^(n -
1). Plugging in the values, we have a6 = 3 *
{1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ...} represents the sequence of
2^(6 - 1) = 3 * 32 = 96.
perfect squares.
5. Recursive and Explicit Definitions:
2. Characteristics of Sequences:

Sequences possess certain characteristics that

help us analyze and understand them:

a. Order: The terms in a sequence have a

specific order.

b. Pattern: Sequences follow a particular

pattern or rule.

c. Term Position: Each term has a position or

index within the sequence.

d. Common Difference or Ratio: Certain types

of sequences have a common difference or
ratio between terms.

3. History of Sequences:
  Recursive Definition: Lesson 2: Polynomials and Polynomial
In a recursive definition, each term is defined Equations
in relation to the previous terms in the
sequence.
 Introduction to Polynomials and
 Example:
Polynomial Equations:
The Fibonacci sequence is defined recursively
Polynomials play a significant role in
as follows: F(0) = 0, F(1) = 1, and F(n) = F(n-1)
mathematics, science, and engineering. They
+ F(n-2) for n ≥ 2. The terms of the Fibonacci
are expressions with variables and coefficients
sequence are obtained by adding the two
that can be combined using addition,
previous terms.
subtraction, and multiplication.
 Explicit Definition:
 Definition of Polynomials:
In an explicit definition, the nth term is
Polynomials are algebraic expressions that
defined directly in terms of n or an equation.
consist of variables, coefficients, and
 Example: exponents. They can be written in the form:
P(x) = aₙxⁿ + aₙ₋₁xⁿ⁻¹ + ... + a₁x + a₀, where
The nth term of the arithmetic sequence can
P(x) represents the polynomial, aₙ, aₙ₋₁, ..., a₁,
be defined explicitly as aₙ = a₁ + (n-1)d, where
a₀ are coefficients, x is the variable, and n is a
a₁ is the first term, n is the term position, and
non-negative integer representing the degree
d is the common difference.
of the polynomial.
6. Finding the nth Term:

 Finding the nth term involves

determining the value of a
specific term in a sequence
based on its position.

 Example 1:

Given the arithmetic sequence {2, 5, 8, 11, 14,

...}, find the 10th term.

Solution: Using the explicit definition aₙ = a₁ 1. Types of Polynomials:

+ (n-1)d, we have a₁ = 2 and d = 3. Plugging
Polynomials can be classified based on their
in these values, we get a₁₀ = 2 + (10-1)3 = 29.
degrees:
 Example 2:
a. Constant Polynomials:
Given the geometric sequence {3, 6, 12, 24,
Degree 0 polynomials with a single non-zero
48, ...}, find the 6th term.
constant term.
Solution: Using the explicit definition aₙ = a₁ *
r^(n-1), we have a₁ = 3 and r = 2. Plugging in
these values, we get a₆ = 3 * 2^(6-1) = 96.
 b. Linear Polynomials: contributions to the study of polynomials,
laying the foundation for modern algebra.
Degree 1 polynomials with one term involving
the variable raised to the power of 1. 4. Examples of Polynomials and
Polynomial Equations:

a. Polynomial Example: Consider the

c. Quadratic Polynomials:
polynomial P(x) = 3x³ - 2x² + 5x - 1. This
Degree 2 polynomials with one term involving polynomial is a degree 3 polynomial with
the variable raised to the power of 2. coefficients 3, -2, 5, and -1.

b. Polynomial Equation Example: Solve the

equation P(x) = 0, where P(x) = x² + 3x - 4.
d. Cubic Polynomials:
Solution: To solve the equation, we set P(x)
Degree 3 polynomials with one term involving
equal to zero and find the values of x that
the variable raised to the power of 3.
satisfy the equation. By factoring or using the
quadratic formula, we can find the solutions
e. Higher Degree Polynomials: to be x = 1 and x = -4.

Polynomials with degrees greater than 3.

2. Characteristics of Polynomials:

Polynomials possess several characteristics

that help us analyze and understand them:

a. Degree: The degree of a polynomial is the

highest power of the variable in the
polynomial.

b. Coefficients: The coefficients are the

numbers multiplying the variable terms.

c. Constant Term: The constant term is the

term without any variable.

d. Leading Coefficient: The coefficient of the

term with the highest power of the variable.

e. Zero Polynomial: A polynomial with all zero

coefficients.

3. History of Polynomials:

Polynomials have a rich history dating back to

ancient civilizations like Babylonians and
Greeks. Notable mathematicians like Al-
Khwarizmi and Descartes made significant
 2nd Quarter  Relationships Between Inscribed
Angles and Intercepted Arcs
Table of Contents:
 Circumference and Arc Length
1. Polynomial Functions
5. Tangents and Secants of a Circle
 Introduction to Polynomial
Functions  Tangent to a Circle

 Degree and Leading Coefficient  Secant of a Circle

 Graphing Polynomial Functions  Properties of Tangents and

Secants
 Roots and Zeroes of Polynomial
Functions  Tangents and Secants
Intersecting Outside the Circle
 Polynomial Division
 Tangents and Secants
 Synthetic Division
Intersecting Inside the Circle
2. Circles
6. Tangent and Secant Segments
 Introduction to Circles
 Tangent-Secant Theorem
 Parts of a Circle: Center, Radius,
 Secant-Secant Theorem
Diameter, and Circumference
 Segment Lengths Involving
 Area of a Circle
Tangents, Secants, and Chords
 Circle Terminology
 Tangent-Secant and Secant-
 Circle Notation and Equations Secant Power Theorems

3. Chords, Arcs, and Central Angles 7. Plane Coordinate Geometry

 Chords in a Circle  Introduction to Plane Coordinate

Geometry
 Arcs in a Circle
 Distance Formula
 Central Angles and Their
Measures  Midpoint Formula

 Inscribed Angles and Their  Coordinate Proof in Geometry

Measures
8. The Equation of a Circle
 Relationships Between Chords,
 Standard Form of the Equation of
Arcs, and Central Angles
a Circle
4. Arcs and Inscribed Angles
 Center-Radius Form of the
 Inscribed Angles and Intercepted Equation of a Circle
Arcs
 Converting between Different
 Angle Measures of Inscribed Forms of the Equation of a Circle
Angles
 Applying the Equation of a Circle
 Lesson 1: Polynomial Functions e. Higher Degree Polynomial Functions:
Polynomial functions with degrees greater
than 3.
 Introduction to Polynomial Functions:

Polynomial functions are fundamental

mathematical functions that involve variables
raised to non-negative integer powers and
combined using addition, subtraction, and
multiplication.

 Definition of Polynomial Functions:

Polynomial functions are functions that can

be expressed as: f(x) = aₙxⁿ + aₙ₋₁xⁿ⁻¹ + ... + 2. Characteristics of Polynomial
a₁x + a₀, where f(x) represents the polynomial Functions:
function, aₙ, aₙ₋₁, ..., a₁, a₀ are coefficients, x is Polynomial functions possess several
the variable, and n is a non-negative integer characteristics that help us analyze and
representing the degree of the polynomial. understand them:

a. Degree: The degree of a polynomial

function is the highest power of the variable
in the polynomial.

b. Leading Coefficient: The coefficient of the

term with the highest power of the variable.

c. Coefficients: The numbers multiplying the

1. Types of Polynomial Functions: variable terms in the polynomial function.
Polynomial functions can have different d. Zeros and Roots: The values of x for which
degrees and exhibit various properties: the polynomial function equals zero.
a. Constant Functions: Degree 0 polynomial 3. History of Polynomial Functions:
functions with a single constant term.
The study of polynomial functions has a rich
b. Linear Functions: Degree 1 polynomial history dating back to ancient civilizations.
functions with one term involving the variable Mathematicians like Euclid, Diophantus, and
raised to the power of 1. Al-Khwarizmi made significant contributions
c. Quadratic Functions: Degree 2 polynomial to the development and understanding of
functions with one term involving the variable polynomial functions.
raised to the power of 2. 4. Examples of Polynomial Functions:
d. Cubic Functions: Degree 3 polynomial a. Constant Function Example:
functions with one term involving the variable
raised to the power of 3. Consider the constant function f(x) = 5. This
function is a degree 0 polynomial function
with a constant value of 5.
 b. Linear Function Example: subtracting, and bringing down terms to
obtain the quotient and remainder.
The linear function f(x) = 3x + 2 represents a
degree 1 polynomial function with a leading  Example:
coefficient of 3 and a constant term of 2.
Divide the polynomial P(x) = 3x³ - 2x² + 5x - 1
c. Quadratic Function Example: by the polynomial Q(x) = x - 2 using
polynomial long division.
The quadratic function f(x) = x² - 4x + 3 is a
degree 2 polynomial function with a leading Solution: The long division process allows us
coefficient of 1, a coefficient of -4, and a to divide P(x) by Q(x). We divide the leading
constant term of 3. term of P(x) by the leading term of Q(x), which
gives us the first term of the quotient. Then,
5. Roots and Zeroes of Polynomial
we multiply Q(x) by this term, subtract it from
Functions:
P(x), and continue the process until we obtain
 Definition: the quotient and remainder.

The roots or zeroes of a polynomial function

are the values of x for which the function
evaluates to zero. In other words, they are the
x-values that make the polynomial equal to
zero.

 Example:

For the quadratic function f(x) = x² - 4x + 3,

we can find the roots by setting f(x) = 0 and
solving the quadratic equation x² - 4x + 3 = 0.
By factoring or using the quadratic formula,
we find that the roots of this polynomial
function are x = 1 and x = 3.

 Characteristics of Roots:

Multiplicity: The multiplicity of a root refers to

the number of times it appears as a solution
to the polynomial equation. It corresponds to
the number of times the corresponding linear 7. Synthetic Division:
factor appears in the factored form of the  Synthetic Division:
polynomial.
Synthetic division is a shorthand method used
6. Polynomial Division: to divide a polynomial by a linear factor of the
 Polynomial Long Division: form (x - c), where "c" is a constant. It
simplifies the process of polynomial division
Polynomial long division is a method used to by eliminating the need to write down all the
divide one polynomial by another polynomial. terms.
It involves the steps of dividing, multiplying,
 Example:
Divide the polynomial P(x) = 2x³ + 5x² - 4x + Lesson 2: Circles
1 by the factor (x - 3) using synthetic division.

Solution: Synthetic division allows us to divide

 Introduction to Circles:
P(x) by (x - 3) by only writing down the
coefficients of P(x). We perform a simplified Circles are fundamental geometric shapes
process that involves bringing down the first that have been studied for centuries.
coefficient, multiplying, adding, and repeating
 Definition of Circles:
until we obtain the quotient polynomial.
A circle is a closed curve consisting of all
points in a plane that are equidistant from a
fixed point called the center. The distance
from the center to any point on the circle is
called the radius, and twice the radius is called
the diameter. The circumference of a circle is
the distance around its boundary.

1. Parts of a Circle:

 Center: The fixed point in the

middle of the circle.

 Radius: The distance from the

center to any point on the circle.

 Diameter: The distance across

the circle passing through the
center.

 Circumference: The distance

around the boundary of the
circle.

 Area: The measure of the region

enclosed by the circle.

2. Area of a Circle:

 Formula:

The area (A) of a circle is given by the formula

A = πr², where r is the radius.
  Example:

Write the equation of a circle with center (2, -

3) and radius 4.

Solution: Using the standard notation, the

equation is (x - 2)² + (y + 3)² = 4².

5. History of Circles:

The study of circles dates back to ancient

civilizations, where their properties and
geometric relationships were explored.
Mathematicians like Euclid, Archimedes, and
 Example: Descartes made significant contributions to
Find the area of a circle with a radius of 5 the understanding of circles.
units.

Solution: Using the formula, A = πr², and

substituting r = 5, we have A = π(5)² = 25π
square units.

3. Circle Terminology:

 Chord: A line segment

connecting any two points on
the circle.

 Arc: A portion of the circle's

boundary.

 Sector: The region enclosed by

an arc and the two radii to its
endpoints.

 Central Angle: An angle with its

vertex at the center of the circle,
formed by two radii.

 Inscribed Angle: An angle with

its vertex on the circle, formed
by two chords or a chord and a
tangent.

4. Circle Notation and Equations:

 Standard Notation:

A circle with center (h, k) and radius r is

denoted as (x - h)² + (y - k)² = r².
 Lesson 3: Chords, Arcs, and Central  Characteristics:
Angles The measure of a central angle is equal to the
measure of the intercepted arc. The central
 Introduction to Chords, Arcs, and
angle determines the degree of rotation
Central Angles:
between the radii.
Chords, arcs, and central angles are key
4. Inscribed Angles and Their Measures:
elements of circles.
 Definition:
1. Chords in a Circle:
An inscribed angle is an angle formed by two
 Definition:
chords or a chord and a tangent, with the
A chord is a line segment connecting any two vertex on the circle.
points on the boundary of a circle.
 Characteristics:
 Characteristics:
An inscribed angle is half the measure of the
The diameter is a special chord that passes intercepted arc. The measure of an inscribed
through the center of the circle. Chords can angle can change depending on the position
be of different lengths and orientations within of the chord or tangent.
the circle.
5. Relationships Between Chords, Arcs,
2. Arcs in a Circle: and Central Angles:

 Definition: An arc is a portion of  Central Angle and Intercepted

the circle's boundary between Arc: The measure of a central
two points, often defined by the angle is equal to the measure of
chords or radii that intersect the the intercepted arc.
arc.
 Inscribed Angle and Intercepted
 Types of Arcs: Arc: The measure of an inscribed
angle is half the measure of the
 Minor Arc: An arc that is
intercepted arc.
less than a semicircle.
 Relationships with Chords:
 Major Arc: An arc that is
Chords that intersect in a circle
greater than a semicircle.
create several interesting
 Semicircle: An arc that is relationships between angles
exactly half the and arcs.
circumference of the
6. History of Chords, Arcs, and Central
circle.
Angles:
3. Central Angles and Their Measures:
The study of chords, arcs, and central angles
 Definition: has a long history dating back to ancient
A central angle is an angle formed by two civilizations. Mathematicians like Archimedes
radii of a circle, with the vertex at the center and Euclid made significant contributions to
of the circle. the understanding of these concepts.
 7. Examples of Chords, Arcs, and Central Lesson 4: Arcs and Inscribed Angles
Angles:

 Example 1:
 Introduction to Arcs and Inscribed
Consider a circle with radius 6 cm. Find the Angles:
length of a chord that is 5 cm away from the
Arcs and inscribed angles are important
center of the circle.
concepts in circle geometry.
Solution: Using the Pythagorean theorem, we
1. Inscribed Angles and Intercepted Arcs:
can determine that the chord's length is 8 cm.
 Definition:
 Example 2:
An inscribed angle is an angle formed by two
In a circle with a central angle of 60 degrees,
chords or a chord and a tangent, with the
find the measure of the intercepted arc.
vertex on the circle.
Solution: Since the measure of a central angle
 Characteristics:
is equal to the measure of the intercepted arc,
the intercepted arc is also 60 degrees. The measure of an inscribed angle is half the
measure of its intercepted arc. Inscribed
angles that intercept the same arc have equal
measures.

2. Relationships between Inscribed

Angles and Intersected Arcs:

 Theorem: If two inscribed angles

of a circle intercept the same
arc, then the angles are
congruent.

 Proof: By considering the

intercepted arcs and using the
theorem that states angles in
the same segment are equal, we
can prove the congruence of
inscribed angles.

3. Angle Measures of Inscribed Angles:

 Example 1:

In a circle with a central angle of 60 degrees,

find the measure of the intercepted arc and
the measure of the corresponding inscribed
angle.

Solution: Since the measure of a central angle

is equal to the measure of the intercepted arc,
both the intercepted arc and the inscribed 7. Circumference and Arc Length:
angle are 60 degrees.
 Definition:
 Example 2:
The circumference of a circle is the distance
If an inscribed angle intercepts a 90-degree around its boundary. The arc length is the
arc, what is the measure of the inscribed distance along the circumference of an arc.
angle?
 Relationship:
Solution: Since the measure of an inscribed
The measure of an inscribed angle determines
angle is half the measure of its intercepted
the ratio of the arc length it intercepts to the
arc, the inscribed angle would have a measure
circumference of the circle.
of 45 degrees.
 Formula: The formula to find the arc
4. Characteristics of Inscribed Angles:
length (L) of an arc with measure m (in
 Inscribed Angles and Tangents: degrees) in a circle with radius r is
When an angle is inscribed with given by L = (m/360) × 2πr.
a tangent line, it forms a right
angle.

 Inscribed Angles and Chords: An

inscribed angle is half the
measure of its intercepted arc,
and the intercepted arc is twice
the measure of the inscribed
angle.

5. Arc Length and Inscribed Angles:  Example:

 Definition: Find the length of an arc in a circle with a

radius of 8 cm and a central angle of 90
The arc length is the distance along the
degrees.
circumference of an arc.
Solution: Using the formula, we have L =
 Relationship:
(90/360) × 2π(8) = π(4) = 12.57 cm
The measure of an inscribed angle determines (approximate).
the ratio of the arc length it intercepts to the
circumference of the circle.

6. History of Arcs and Inscribed Angles:

The study of arcs and inscribed angles dates

back to ancient mathematicians like Thales
and Archimedes, who made significant
contributions to circle geometry.
 Lesson 5: Tangents and Secants of a
Circle

 Introduction to Tangents and Secants of

a Circle:

Tangents and secants are important concepts

in circle geometry.

1. Tangent to a Circle:

 Definition:

A tangent is a line that intersects a circle at

exactly one point, known as the point of
tangency. It is perpendicular to the radius at
the point of tangency.
 Characteristics:

Secants can intersect the circle at two points,

creating various properties and relationships
with chords, arcs, and angles.

3. Properties of Tangents and Secants:

 Tangent-Secant Theorem: If a
tangent and a secant are drawn
from the same external point to
a circle, the square of the length
of the tangent is equal to the
product of the lengths of the
secant and its external segment.

 Secant-Secant Theorem: If two

 Characteristics:
secants are drawn from the
The tangent line and the radius at the point of same external point to a circle,
tangency form a right angle. Tangent lines are the product of the lengths of
unique for every point on the circle. one secant and its external
segment is equal to the product
2. Secant of a Circle:
of the lengths of the other
 Definition: secant and its external segment.

A secant is a line that intersects a circle at two 4. Tangents and Secants Intersecting
distinct points. It can either be a line passing Outside the Circle:
through the circle or a line segment that
 Characteristics: When a tangent
extends beyond the circle.
and a secant intersect outside
the circle, certain angle
 relationships and segment Lesson 6: Tangent and Secant
lengths are formed. Segments
 Examples:

 Introduction to Tangent and Secant

Segments:

Tangent and secant segments are important

elements in circle geometry.

1. Tangent-Secant Theorem:

 Definition:
5. Tangents and Secants Intersecting
Inside the Circle: The Tangent-Secant Theorem states that if a
tangent and a secant are drawn from the
 Characteristics: When a tangent same external point to a circle, the square of
and a secant intersect inside the the length of the tangent is equal to the
circle, unique relationships are product of the lengths of the secant and its
formed between angles, external segment.
segments, and intercepted arcs.

 Examples:

6. History of Tangents and Secants:

The study of tangents and secants traces back

to ancient mathematicians like Euclid and
Archimedes, who made significant
 Formula:
contributions to the understanding of these
concepts. If the length of the tangent segment is
represented as "a," the length of the secant
segment as "b," and the length of the external
segment as "c," the theorem can be written as
a² = b × c.
 2. Secant-Secant Theorem: √39 cm. The length of the secant segment
can be found using the Tangent-Secant
 Definition:
Theorem: (√39)² = b × 8 cm.
The Secant-Secant Theorem states that if two
 Example 2:
secants are drawn from the same external
point to a circle, the product of the lengths of Two secants are drawn from an external point
one secant and its external segment is equal to a circle, and their respective lengths and
to the product of the lengths of the other external segments are given. Use the Secant-
secant and its external segment. Secant Theorem to find the missing length.

 Formula: Solution: Given a = 6 cm, b = 4 cm, and d =

10 cm, we can find c using the formula a × c
If the lengths of the two secant segments are
= b × d.
represented as "a" and "b," and the lengths of
their respective external segments as "c" and 4. Tangent and Secant Segments
"d," the theorem can be written as a × c = b × Intersecting Outside the Circle:
d.
 Characteristics: When a tangent
and a secant intersect outside
the circle, several interesting
properties and relationships
arise between the lengths of the
segments.

5. Tangent and Secant Segments

Intersecting Inside the Circle:

 Characteristics: When a tangent

and a secant intersect inside the
circle, unique relationships and
properties can be observed
between the lengths of the
segments.

6. History of Tangent and Secant

3. Tangent-Secant and Secant-Secant
Segments:
Examples:
The study of tangent and secant segments
 Example 1:
can be traced back to ancient mathematicians
Given a circle with radius 5 cm and an like Euclid, Archimedes, and Apollonius, who
external point 8 cm away from the center of made significant contributions to the
the circle, find the length of the tangent understanding of these concepts.
segment and the length of the secant
segment.

Solution: Using the Pythagorean theorem, the

length of the tangent segment is √(8² - 5²) =
 Lesson 7: Plane Coordinate Geometry

 Introduction to Plane Coordinate

Geometry:

Plane coordinate geometry, also known as

Cartesian coordinate geometry, is a branch of
mathematics that studies the relationships
between points, lines, and shapes on a
3. Graphing Points:
coordinate plane.
 Plotting Points: To graph a
1. Definition of the Coordinate Plane:
point, locate its x-coordinate on
 The coordinate plane consists of the x-axis and its y-coordinate
two perpendicular number lines, on the y-axis. The coordinates
the x-axis (horizontal) and the y- determine the point's position
axis (vertical), intersecting at on the coordinate plane.
their common origin (0,0). It
 Example:
divides the plane into four
quadrants: I, II, III, and IV. Graph the point (3, -2) on the coordinate
plane.

Solution: Start at the origin (0,0), move 3 units

to the right along the x-axis, and then move 2
units downward along the y-axis. Plot the
point at the intersection of these coordinates.

4. Distance Formula:

 Definition:

The distance formula is used to find the

distance between two points in the
2. Cartesian Coordinates: coordinate plane.
 Definition: Cartesian coordinates  Formula:
are used to identify points in the
coordinate plane. Each point is The distance between two points (x₁, y₁) and
represented by an ordered pair (x₂, y₂) is given by the formula √((x₂ - x₁)² + (y₂
(x, y), where "x" is the horizontal - y₁)²).
distance from the y-axis (the x-
coordinate), and "y" is the
vertical distance from the x-axis
(the y-coordinate).
  Example: intercept form is y = mx + b,
where "m" is the slope and "b"
Find the distance between the points (2, 3)
is the y-intercept.
and (-1, 5).

Solution: Using the distance formula, we have

√((-1 - 2)² + (5 - 3)²) = √((-3)² + 2²) = √(9 + 4)
= √13 units (approximate).

5. Midpoint Formula:

 Definition:

The midpoint formula is used to find the

coordinates of the midpoint between two
points in the coordinate plane.

 Formula:
 Example:
The midpoint between two points (x₁, y₁) and
(x₂, y₂) is given by the formula ((x₁ + x₂)/2, (y₁ Write the equation of a line with a slope of 2
+ y₂)/2). and a y-intercept of -3.

Solution: The equation can be written as y =

2x - 3.

7. History of Plane Coordinate Geometry:

Plane coordinate geometry was developed

independently by René Descartes and Pierre
de Fermat in the 17th century. Their work laid
the foundation for analytic geometry, which
connects algebra and geometry.

 Example:

Find the midpoint between the points (4, 6)

and (-2, -1). Solution: Using the midpoint
formula, we have ((4 + (-2))/2, (6 + (-1))/2) =
(1, 2.5).

6. Equation of a Line:

 Definition:

The equation of a line represents the

relationship between the x and y coordinates
of the points lying on that line.

 Slope-Intercept Form: The

equation of a line in slope-
 Lesson 8: The Equation of a Circle 2. Center-Radius Form of the Equation of
a Circle:

 Definition:
 Introduction to the Equation of a
Circle: The center-radius form of the equation of a
circle is given by (x - a)² + (y - b)² = r², where
The equation of a circle is a fundamental
(a, b) represents the center coordinates and r
concept in coordinate geometry.
represents the radius.
 Definition of a Circle:

A circle is a geometric shape consisting of all

points in a plane that are equidistant from a
fixed point called the center. The distance
from the center to any point on the circle is
called the radius.

1. Standard Form of the Equation of a

Circle:

 Definition:

The standard form of the equation of a circle

with center (h, k) and radius r is given by (x -  Characteristics:
h)² + (y - k)² = r². The equation represents all points (x, y) that
are a distance of r from the center (a, b). The
equation provides a direct representation of
the center and radius of the circle.

3. Converting between Different Forms of

the Equation of a Circle:

 Converting Standard Form to

Center-Radius Form: By
expanding the equation (x - h)²
+ (y - k)² = r², we can identify
the center as (h, k) and the
radius as √(r²).

 Characteristics:  Converting Center-Radius Form

to Standard Form: By squaring
The equation represents all points (x, y) that
both sides of the equation (x -
are a distance of r from the center (h, k). The
a)² + (y - b)² = r² and
equation demonstrates the symmetry of the
simplifying, we obtain the
circle about its center.
standard form.

 Example: Convert the equation

(x + 2)² + (y - 3)² = 9 to center-
 radius form and identify its 3rd Quarter
center and radius. Solution:
Table of Contents:
Expanding the equation gives x²
+ 4x + 4 + y² - 6y + 9 = 9. 1. Permutation and Combinations
Rearranging terms, we have (x²
 Permutations
+ y²) + 4x - 6y + 4 = 0.
Comparing this with the general  Combinations
form, we find that the equation 2. Permutations
is equivalent to (x + 2)² + (y - 3)²
= 3², with a center at (-2, 3) and  Definition of Permutations
a radius of 3.  Permutation Formula
4. Applying the Equation of a Circle:  Permutation Examples and
 Graphing Circles: The equation Applications
of a circle allows us to graph  Permutation with Repetition
circles by plotting the center
and measuring the radius. 3. Combinations

 Identifying Circle Properties: The  Definition of Combinations

equation provides information  Combination Formula
about the center and radius of
 Combination Examples and
the circle, which can be used to
Applications
determine its size, position, and
other characteristics.  Combination with Repetition
 Example: Given the equation (x - 4. Probability of Compound Events
1)² + (y + 2)² = 25, identify the
 Introduction to Probability
center, radius, and graph the
circle. Solution: Comparing the  Compound Events
equation with the standard
 Probability of Independent
form, we find that the center is
Events
(1, -2) and the radius is √25 = 5.
By plotting the center and  Probability of Dependent Events
measuring a distance of 5 in all
5. Independent and Dependent Events
directions, we can graph the
circle.  Independent Events: Definition
and Examples

 Dependent Events: Definition

and Examples

 Relationship between
Independence and Dependence

 Conditional Probability and its

Applications
6. Conditional Probability Lesson 1: Permutation and
 Definition of Conditional Combinations
Probability

 Conditional Probability Formula

 Introduction to Permutations and
 Examples of Conditional Combinations:
Probability
Permutations and combinations are
 Applications of Conditional mathematical concepts used to count and
Probability analyze different arrangements and selections
of objects.

1. Permutations:

 Definition:

Permutations are arrangements of objects in a

specific order, without repetition, where the
order matters.

 Characteristics:

The number of permutations depends on the

number of objects and the positions in which
they can be arranged.

 Example:

Consider the letters "A," "B," and "C." The

permutations of these letters include "ABC,"
"ACB," "BAC," "BCA," "CAB," and "CBA."

2. Combinations:

 Definition:

Combinations are selections of objects

without regard to the order, without
repetition.
 nCk = n! / (k! * (n - k)!), where n
is the total number of objects
and k is the number of objects
selected.

4. Characteristics of Permutations and

Combinations:

 Repetition: Permutations do not

allow repetition of objects, while
combinations do not allow
repetition within a combination.
 Characteristics:
 Order: Permutations consider
The number of combinations depends on the
the order of objects, while
number of objects and the size of the groups
combinations do not.
being selected.
5. History of Permutations and
 Example:
Combinations:
Consider the letters "A," "B," and "C." The
 Ancient Origins: The study of
combinations of two letters are "AB," "AC,"
permutations and combinations
and "BC."
dates back to ancient
civilizations such as Ancient
Greece and Ancient India.

 Contributions: Mathematicians
like Blaise Pascal and Pierre de
Fermat made significant
contributions to the
understanding and
development of these concepts.
3. Permutations vs. Combinations:

 Distinction: Permutations focus

on the arrangement and order
of objects, while combinations
focus on the selection without
considering order.

 Formula: The number of

permutations is calculated using
nPk = n! / (n - k)!, where n is the
total number of objects and k is
the number of objects selected.

 Formula: The number of

combinations is calculated using
 Lesson 2: Permutation  Order Matters: The position of
each object in the arrangement
is crucial in permutations.
 Introduction to Permutations:
 Number of Permutations: The
Permutations are arrangements of objects in a total number of permutations
specific order, without repetition, where the depends on the number of
order matters. objects and the positions in
which they can be arranged.
1. Definition of Permutations:
4. Formula for Calculating Permutations:
 Definition:
 Permutation Formula: The
Permutations are ordered arrangements of
number of permutations of n
objects, where each arrangement is
objects taken k at a time is
considered unique.
calculated using the formula
 Example: nPk = n! / (n - k)!.

 Example:

Find the number of permutations of 5 objects

taken 3 at a time. Solution: Using the formula,
we have 5P3 = 5! / (5 - 3)! = 5! / 2! = 5 × 4 ×
3 = 60 permutations.

5. History of Permutations:
2. Types of Permutations:  Ancient Origins: The study of
 Permutations without permutations can be traced
Repetition: In this type, each back to ancient civilizations such
object can only be used once in as Ancient Greece and Ancient
the arrangement. India.

 Permutations with Repetition: In  Contributions: Mathematicians

this type, objects can be like Pierre-Simon Laplace and
repeated in the arrangement. William Rowan Hamilton made
significant contributions to the
 Example: Permutations without
understanding and application
repetition of the letters "A," "B,"
of permutations.
and "C" would be "ABC," "ACB,"
"BAC," "BCA," "CAB," and "CBA."
Permutations with repetition
would include "AAAB," "AABC,"
"BBAC," and so on.

3. Characteristics of Permutations:
 Lesson 3: Combinations  Combinations with Repetition:
In this type, objects can be
repeated in the combination.
 Introduction to Combinations:

Combinations are selections of objects

without regard to the order, without
repetition.

1. Definition of Combinations:

 Definition:

Combinations are selections of objects, where

the order of selection does not matter, and
no object can be repeated.

 Characteristics:  Example: Combinations without

In combinations, the order of objects is not repetition of the letters "A," "B,"
considered, making the selections equivalent and "C" would be "AB," "AC,"
as long as the objects chosen are the same. and "BC." Combinations with
repetition could include "AA,"
 Example: "AB," "BB," and so on.
Consider the letters "A," "B," and "C." The 3. Characteristics of Combinations:
combinations of two letters are "AB," "AC,"
and "BC."  Order Does Not Matter: In
combinations, the order in
which the objects are selected
does not affect the outcome.

 Number of Combinations: The

total number of combinations
depends on the number of
objects and the size of the
groups being selected.

4. Formula for Calculating Combinations:

 Combination Formula: The

number of combinations of n
2. Types of Combinations: objects taken k at a time is
calculated using the formula
 Combinations without nCk = n! / (k! * (n - k)!).
Repetition: In this type, each
object can only be selected  Example: Find the number of
once in the combination. combinations of 5 objects taken
3 at a time. Solution: Using the
formula, we have 5C3 = 5! / (3! *
 (5 - 3)!) = 5! / (3! * 2!) = 10 Lesson 4: Probability of Compound
combinations. Events
5. History of Combinations:

 Ancient Origins: The study of

 Introduction to the Probability of
combinations has roots in
Compound Events:
ancient civilizations such as
Ancient Greece and Ancient The probability of compound events involves
India. analyzing the likelihood of two or more
events occurring together.
 Contributions: Mathematicians
like Jacob Bernoulli and 1. Definition of Probability:
Abraham de Moivre made
 Definition:
significant contributions to the
understanding and application Probability is a mathematical measure of the
of combinations. likelihood of an event occurring. It is
represented by a number between 0 and 1,
where 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates
certainty.

 Characteristics:

Probability can be expressed as a fraction,

decimal, or percentage.

2. Compound Events:

 Definition:

Compound events are situations where two or

more events are considered together.

 Types of Compound Events:

Compound events can be classified into two

categories: independent events and
dependent events.

3. Independent Events:

 Definition:

Independent events are events where the

occurrence of one event does not affect the
probability of the other event.

 Characteristics:
The probability of independent events  Example: The probability of
occurring together can be calculated by rolling an even number on a six-
multiplying the individual probabilities. sided die, given that the number
is less than 4, can be calculated
 Example: Tossing a coin and
by dividing the favorable
rolling a die are independent
outcomes by the total
events. The probability of
outcomes: 2/3.
getting heads on the coin and
rolling a 4 on the die is the 6. History of Probability:
product of the probabilities: 1/2
 Ancient Origins: The study of
* 1/6 = 1/12.
probability dates back to
4. Dependent Events: ancient civilizations such as
Ancient Greece and Ancient
 Definition:
China.
Dependent events are events where the
 Contributions: Mathematicians
occurrence of one event affects the
like Blaise Pascal and Pierre-
probability of the other event.
Simon Laplace made significant
 Characteristics: contributions to the
understanding and
The probability of dependent events
development of probability
occurring together can be calculated by
theory.
multiplying the conditional probabilities.

 Example: Drawing two cards

from a deck without
replacement is a dependent
event. The probability of
drawing a red card and then
drawing another red card is
calculated by multiplying the
probabilities: 26/52 * 25/51 =
25/102.

5. Conditional Probability:

 Definition:

Conditional probability is the probability of an

event occurring given that another event has
already occurred.

 Characteristics:

Conditional probability is used to determine

the probability of dependent events.
 Lesson 5: Independent and Dependent probability of drawing a certain card depends
Events on the cards already drawn.

3. Relationship between Independent and

Dependent Events:
 Introduction to Independent and
 Characteristics: Independent
Dependent Events:
events have no connection or
Independent and dependent events are influence on each other, while
concepts used to describe the relationship dependent events are
between two or more events in probability connected and influenced by
theory. each other.

1. Definition of Independent Events:  Probability Calculation: The

probability of independent
 Definition:
events occurring together is
Independent events are events where the found by multiplying the
occurrence of one event does not affect the individual probabilities. For
probability of the other event. dependent events, the
 Characteristics: probabilities are calculated
using conditional probability.
In independent events, the outcomes of one
event have no influence on the outcomes of
the other event.

 Example:

Tossing a fair coin and rolling a fair die are

independent events. The result of tossing the
coin does not impact the outcome of rolling
the die. 4. Examples of Independent Events:

2. Definition of Dependent Events:  Tossing a fair coin and flipping a

fair coin on a separate occasion
 Definition:
 Rolling a fair die and drawing a
Dependent events are events where the
card from a well-shuffled deck
occurrence of one event affects the
probability of the other event.  Selecting marbles from a jar
with replacement
 Characteristics:
5. Examples of Dependent Events:
In dependent events, the outcomes of one
event influence the outcomes of the other  Drawing cards from a deck
event. without replacement

 Example:  Selecting marbles from a jar

without replacement
Drawing cards from a deck without
replacement is a dependent event. The
  Choosing colored balls from a Lesson 6: Conditional Probability
bag without replacement

6. Conditional Probability:
 Introduction to Conditional Probability:
 Definition:
Conditional probability is a concept used
Conditional probability is the probability of an to determine the probability of an event
event occurring given that another event has occurring, given that another event has
already occurred. already occurred.

 Calculation: 1. Definition of Conditional Probability:

Conditional probability is determined by  Definition:

dividing the probability of the intersection of
Conditional probability is the probability of an
two events by the probability of the
event A occurring, given that event B has
preceding event.
already occurred. It is denoted as P(A|B).
 Example:
 Characteristics:
The probability of drawing a red card from a
Conditional probability takes into account
well-shuffled deck, given that the first card
prior knowledge or information about the
drawn was red, can be calculated using
occurrence of one event when calculating the
conditional probability.
probability of another event.
7. History of Independent and Dependent
 Example:
Events:
Finding the probability of drawing a red card
 Ancient Origins: The concepts of
from a deck, given that the first card drawn
independent and dependent
was a heart.
events have been studied and
applied in probability theory for 2. Types of Conditional Probability:
centuries.
 Dependent Events: Conditional
 Contributions: Mathematicians probability is commonly used
like Thomas Bayes and Pierre- when events are dependent,
Simon Laplace made significant meaning that the outcome of
contributions to the one event affects the probability
understanding and of the other.
formalization of these concepts.
 Independent Events: In the case
of independent events, the
occurrence of one event does
not impact the probability of the
other. Conditional probability
simplifies to the probability of
the second event.

3. Calculating Conditional Probability:

  Formula: The formula for  Medical test results and disease
conditional probability is P(A|B) diagnosis
= P(A ∩ B) / P(B), where P(A ∩ B)
 Weather forecasting based on
represents the probability of
historical data
both events A and B occurring,
and P(B) is the probability of
event B.

 Example: Find the probability of

rolling a 6 on a fair die, given
that the number rolled is even.

4. Characteristics of Conditional
Probability:

 Reflecting Prior Information: 7. History of Conditional Probability:

Conditional probability allows
 Ancient Origins: The concept of
us to incorporate prior
conditional probability has roots
knowledge or information about
in ancient civilizations such as
the occurrence of one event into
Ancient Greece.
the calculation of another event.
 Contributions: Mathematicians
 Notation: Conditional
like Thomas Bayes and Pierre-
probability is denoted as P(A|B),
Simon Laplace made significant
representing the probability of
contributions to the
event A occurring given that
formalization and development
event B has already occurred.
of conditional probability.
5. Conditional Probability and
Independence:

 Independent Events: If events A

and B are independent, the
conditional probability of A
given B, or P(A|B), simplifies to
P(A).

 Dependent Events: For

dependent events, conditional
probability provides a way to
calculate the probability of one
event occurring in light of
another event.

6. Examples of Conditional Probability:

 Drawing cards from a deck

without replacement
 4th Quarter Lesson 1: Measures of Position
Table of Contents:

1. Measures of Position  Introduction to Measures of Position:

 Measures of Position for Measures of position are statistical values that

Ungrouped Data provide insights into the relative location or
position of a data point within a dataset.
 Measures of Position for Grouped
Data

2. Measures of Position for Ungrouped

Data

 Definition and Purpose of

Measures of Position

 Percentiles and Quartiles

 Percentile Rank

 Z-Score (Standard Score)

 Interpreting Measures of Position

for Ungrouped Data 1. Definition of Measures of Position:

3. Measures of Position for Grouped Data  Definition:

 Introduction to Grouped Data Measures of position are statistical indicators

that determine the relative location or rank of
 Calculation of Measures of a data point within a dataset.
Position for Grouped Data
 Purpose:
 Percentiles and Quartiles for
Grouped Data Measures of position help analyze how
individual data points compare to the rest of
 Interpreting Measures of Position the dataset.
for Grouped Data
 Example:

Percentiles, quartiles, and z-scores are

commonly used measures of position.

2. Types of Measures of Position:

 Percentiles: Percentiles divide

the data into 100 equal parts,
allowing us to understand how
a specific data point ranks
within the dataset.
 3. Characteristics of Measures of Position:

 Relative Comparison: Measures

of position allow us to compare
the position of a data point to
the rest of the dataset.

 Standardization: Measures of
position provide standardized
values that facilitate
comparisons across different
datasets.
 Quartiles: Quartiles divide the  Interpretation: Measures of
data into four equal parts, position can be used to identify
providing insights into the outliers, analyze data
spread and distribution of the distributions, and assess the
dataset. performance of individuals or
groups.

4. History of Measures of Position:

 Origins: Measures of position

have been utilized in statistical
analysis for many centuries, with
early contributions from
mathematicians and
statisticians.

 Contributions: Mathematicians
like Karl Pearson and Francis
 Z-Score (Standard Score): The z- Galton made significant
score represents the number of contributions to the
standard deviations a data point development and formalization
is from the mean, allowing of measures of position.
comparisons across different
5. Examples of Measures of Position:
datasets.
 Percentile Example: If a student
scores in the 75th percentile on
a standardized test, it means
their score is equal to or higher
than 75% of the scores in the
dataset.

 Quartile Example: The first

quartile (Q1) of a dataset
represents the value below
 which 25% of the data points Lesson 2: Measures of Position for
fall. Ungrouped Data
 Z-Score Example: A z-score of
+2 indicates that a data point is
two standard deviations above  Introduction to Measures of Position
the mean. for Ungrouped Data:

Measures of position for ungrouped data are

statistical values that provide insights into the
relative location or rank of individual data
points within a dataset.

1. Definition and Purpose of Measures of

Position for Ungrouped Data:

 Definition:

Measures of position for ungrouped data

determine the relative location or rank of an
individual data point within a dataset without
grouping the data into intervals.

 Purpose:

These measures provide information about

how a specific data point compares to the
rest of the dataset, facilitating analysis and
interpretation.

2. Percentiles and Quartiles:

 Percentiles: Percentiles divide

the data into 100 equal parts,
representing the percentage of
data points below a given value.

 Quartiles: Quartiles divide the

data into four equal parts,
providing insights into the
spread and distribution of the
dataset.

3. Percentile Rank:

 Definition:

Percentile rank represents the percentage of

data points in a dataset that are equal to or
less than a given value.
  Calculation: development and application of
measures of position for
To calculate the percentile rank of a data
ungrouped data.
point, divide the number of data points below
that value by the total number of data points 7. Examples of Measures of Position for
and multiply by 100. Ungrouped Data:

4. Z-Score (Standard Score):  Percentile Example: If a

student's test score is in the
 Definition:
80th percentile, it means they
The z-score, also known as the standard performed better than 80% of
score, measures the number of standard the students.
deviations a data point is from the mean.
 Quartile Example: The third
 Calculation: quartile (Q3) represents the
value below which 75% of the
The z-score is calculated by subtracting the
data points fall.
mean from the data point and dividing by the
standard deviation.  Z-Score Example: A data point
with a z-score of +1.5 is 1.5
5. Interpreting Measures of Position for
standard deviations above the
Ungrouped Data:
mean.
 Relative Position: Measures of
position allow us to determine
how a data point compares to
other data points within the
dataset.

 Outliers: Outliers are data points

that significantly deviate from
the rest of the dataset.
Measures of position can help
identify outliers.

6. History of Measures of Position for

Ungrouped Data:

 Origins: The concept of

measures of position for
ungrouped data has a long
history in statistical analysis,
with contributions from
mathematicians and
statisticians.

 Contributions: Karl Pearson and

Francis Galton made significant
contributions to the
 Lesson 3: Measures of Position for position of data points within those intervals
Grouped Data or classes.

 Calculation:

Percentiles and quartiles can be calculated

 Introduction to Measures of Position
using cumulative frequency, relative
for Grouped Data:
frequency, or interpolation methods.
Measures of position for grouped data are
4. Interpreting Measures of Position for
statistical values that provide insights into the
Grouped Data:
relative location or rank of data points within
a dataset grouped into intervals or classes.  Representative Values:
Measures of position provide
1. Introduction to Grouped Data:
representative values for the
 Definition: intervals or classes, representing
the overall dataset.
Grouped data refers to the organization of
data into intervals or classes for the purpose  Interval Characteristics:
of analysis and presentation. Measures of position for
grouped data consider the
 Purpose:
width and boundaries of the
Grouping data allows us to summarize large intervals or classes when
datasets and identify patterns or trends more determining relative positions.
efficiently.
5. Characteristics of Measures of Position
2. Calculation of Measures of Position for for Grouped Data:
Grouped Data:
 Summary Information: Measures
 Calculation Steps: of position summarize the
To calculate measures of position for grouped distribution of data within each
data, we use the midpoint of each interval or interval or class.
class.  Approximation: Measures of
 Percentiles and Quartiles: position for grouped data
provide approximations of the
Percentiles and quartiles can be determined position of individual data
by locating the respective interval or class points within intervals or classes.
containing the desired percentage or quartile.
6. History of Measures of Position for
3. Percentiles and Quartiles for Grouped Grouped Data:
Data:
 Origins: The concept of
 Definition: measures of position for
Percentiles and quartiles for grouped data grouped data has a history in
divide the data into intervals or classes and statistical analysis, with
provide insights into the distribution and contributions from
 mathematicians and
statisticians.

 Contributions: Statisticians such

as Karl Pearson and R.A. Fisher
made significant contributions
to the development and
application of measures of
position for grouped data.

7. Examples of Measures of Position for

Grouped Data:

 Percentile Example: If the 60th

percentile falls within the
interval 50-60, it means that
approximately 60% of the data
points fall below the upper
boundary of that interval.

 Quartile Example: The second

quartile (Q2), also known as the
median, represents the value
below which 50% of the data
points fall.

 Calculation Example: Given a

grouped dataset with intervals
and their corresponding
frequencies, we can calculate
the quartiles using the
cumulative frequency.

-----END-----