21BA03T Professional Ethics in Engineering

Definitions & Differences

between
UNIT I HUMAN VALUES

Morals, Values, Ethics, Integrity, Work Ethics, Service Learning, Civic Virtue,
Respect For Others, Living Peacefully, Caring – Sharing Honesty, Courage,
Valuing Time, Cooperation, Commitment, Empathy, Self Confidence,
Character, Spirituality, Introduction to Yoga and Meditation, Yoga and
Meditation for Professional Excellence, Yoga and Meditation for Stress
Management

Differences between Ethics and Values

2 Differences between Ethics and Morals
 3 Differences between Ethics and Morals and Values
VALUES MORALS ETHICS
VALUES
‘ ’ are the set of principles that MORALS
‘ ’ are the learned values of an
ETHICS are a set of guiding values that are
are inherent in an individual and motivates individual under the influence of society and
accepted as ‘right’ from a societal perspective.
him/her to work better. surroundings

VALUES are personal MORALS are often personal. ETHICS are often professional and legal
guidelines.

VALUES
‘ ’ tend to remain the same for a
‘ MORALS ’ are largely affected by the
ETHICS too can vary across time and place
surroundings and prone to change once the
longer period in an individual’s life. depending on various factors.
surroundings of any individual change.

VALUES are Different from person to MORALS May be different from culture ETHICS are absolute standard of behavior
person. to culture

VALUES can be changed but it is MORALS May change as acceptable ETHICS Standard is universal and immutable
relatively harder for the change to happen. social behavior in the culture changes (not subject to change)

VALUES Types of Values Types of Morals / Types of Ethics

• Personal values: MORALITY
• Family values: 1. Moral 1. Normative Ethics
• Social-cultural values: 2. Immoral 2. Applied Ethics
• Material values: 3. Nonmoral
4. Amoral 3. Meta-Ethics
• Spiritual values:
4. Virtue Ethics
• Terminal Values/Intrinsic
• Instrumental value
Differences between Yogaa, Aaasanaa and Meditation
# Characteristic YOGAA AASANAA MEDITATION
1 Definition Yogaa is a system of exercises for Aasanaa is a special way of Meditation is a practice that
the body that involves breath sitting or standing or lying involves FOCUSING OR
control and helps relax both your down or posturing the body
CLEARING YOUR MIND using a
mind and your body. while practising yoga.
combination of mental and physical
(Indian in origin)
techniques

Meditation is a practice where an

individual uses a technique to train
attention and awareness and
detach from reflexive, "discursive
thinking," achieving a mentally clear
and emotionally calm and stable
state, while not judging the
meditation-process itself
2 Main Body Full Body either ACTIVELY or Different Parts of the Body Mind / Brain
Organ PASSIVELY like Hands, Legs, .. involved
ACTIVELY

3 Physical yoga demands purposeful physical Similar to / SAME Requires Controlling or Calming down of
movements of the body, AS Yoga the Mind / Brain
Movement
(Stretching, yoga Poses)
Physical Movement is the
This in turn strengthens core main work involved
muscles and improves balance.
 Sometimes Physical Movements
may not be involved but serious
Body Control required like
FLOATING STILL ON WATER
4 Focus Yoga primarily focuses on the Same as Yoga Meditation, emphasizes mental focus and
harmony of mind and body through awareness.
physical postures. Requires more
space for movement and a
longer time commitment than
meditation.

5 Purpose Yoga aims to improve physical Same as Yoga Meditation focuses on calming the
health, flexibility, and mental mind, reducing stress, and
well-being through movement promoting inner peace
and breath awareness

6 Mechanism Yoga uses breathwork and Same as Yoga Meditation trains the mind to focus
movement to bring awareness on a single point, such as the breath
to the present moment. or a mantra (a repeated word or
phrase).

7 Duration Yoga sessions can vary in Same as Yoga Meditation sessions can also vary
length, ranging from a few but are typically shorter in duration,
minutes to over an hour, often starting with just a few
depending on the style and minutes and gradually increasing
intensity over time.
8 Physicality Yoga incorporates physical Same as Yoga Meditation is primarily a mental
postures that improve practice, done in a seated position.
flexibility, strength, and
 balance.

9 Techniques In yoga, various techniques Same as Yoga Meditation techniques include

such as aasanas (postures), Mindfulness, Concentration,
pranayama (breath control), Visualization, or Guided Imagery
and relaxation methods are to cultivate awareness, mental
used to achieve physical and clarity
mental benefits.

10 Intensity Yoga can range from gentle to Same as Yoga Meditation is generally a low-impact
very physically demanding. practice.

May be RISKY sometimes

11 Goal ultimate goal of Yoga is Same as Yoga goal of meditation is often to

achieving union between the achieve a state of inner peace,
body, mind, and spirit, clarity, and self-awareness
sometimes referred to as
“yoga union” or “yoga
harmony.”
12 Types / 10 styles of yoga Some 100 and more types of 6 types of meditation
1. Vinyasa yoga Aasanaas are published
Varieties
Makarasana Matsyasana · Concentration
2. Iyengar yoga Mayurasana Natarajasana · Mindfulness
3. Hatha yoga Navasana Padmasana · Awareness
4. Kundalini yoga Sarvangasana Shavasana
Simhasana Sukhasana · Direct enquiry.
5. Bikram yoga
Trikonasana Vrikshasana · Noting-based
6. Ashtanga yoga Vrischikasana · Loving / Heartfulness.
7. Restorative yoga Yoganidrasana
8. Yin yoga
9. Anusara yoga
10. Prenatal yoga
 Difference between Honesty and Integrity
# Feature HONESTY INTEGRITY
1 Definition Honesty means being integrity is adhering to a
truthful and transparent in strong moral code and
one's actions and words, principles. Together, they
create the foundation for
trust and mutual respect in
relationships.
Honesty is defined as Integrity refers to having a
"truthfulness," or the strong moral character and
absence of deception and adhering to a set of strict
fraud, as well as fair and ethics and principles.
straightforward behaviour.
2 Description Honesty means to tell the truth Integrity is the quality of being
about a given situation. When honest and fair.
you’re honest, you’re sincere
and accurate in describing When we show integrity to
exactly what happened and others, they come to know they
how you felt about something. can rely on us and believe what
we have to say. In the long run,
Being honest means saying being known as having integrity
what we know and believe, is more valuable than whatever
even when doing so might lead benefits you might gain from
to negative consequences. being dishonest in a given
situation.
Easy / Honesty is a virtue, but the Integrity encompasses more
Tougher requirements for honesty than just honesty. It is the
are less stringent than those quality of having strong moral
principles and adhering to
for integrity.
them consistently, regardless of
the situation or context. An
individual with integrity not
only tells the truth but also acts
in accordance with ethical
principles, values, and beliefs.
Integrity involves doing the
right thing even when no one is
watching and staying true to
one's values and principles.
 Difference b/n Cooperation & Collaboration & Commitment
# Feature Cooperation Collaboration Commitment
1 Cooperation involves Collaboration goes further Commitment means
individuals working —it's like musicians acceptance of the
together while improvising, creating a responsibilities and
maintaining unique melody together. It duties
independence. It's like embodies shared goals,
musicians playing mutual accountability, and Voluntarily agreeing to
harmoniously, each teamwork, driving undertake the
contributing their part. innovation and creativity responsibility
Valuable for specialized
tasks.
2 Example
 COORDINATION involves organizing and synchronizing individual efforts towards a common goal, while cooperation entails working together and sharing
resources to achieve mutual objectives. COORDINATION focuses on harmonizing actions, while cooperation emphasizes collaboration and joint participation.
COORDINATION focuses on achieving a common goal or objective Cooperation focuses on working together towards a shared objective
COORDINATION emphasizes planning and organizing activities Cooperation emphasizes collaboration and teamwork
COORDINATION involves aligning individual efforts Cooperation involves pooling resources and skills
COORDINATION requires clear communication and information sharing Cooperation requires effective communication and trust
COORDINATION aims to minimize duplication of efforts Cooperation aims to leverage diverse skills and expertise
COORDINATION involves establishing guidelines and protocols Cooperation involves establishing a common understanding
COORDINATION is often managed by a designated authority Cooperation is often driven by mutual agreement and consensus
COORDINATION requires synchronizing tasks and activities Cooperation requires dividing tasks based on strengths
COORDINATION focuses on achieving efficiency and effectiveness Cooperation focuses on achieving synergy and innovation
COORDINATION may involve establishing timelines and deadlines Cooperation may involve flexible timelines and adaptability
COORDINATION involves allocating and managing resources Cooperation involves sharing resources and responsibilities
COORDINATION often results in structured and organized processes Cooperation often results in dynamic and fluid processes
COORDINATION requires regular updates and progress tracking Cooperation requires ongoing communication and feedback
COORDINATION may involve hierarchical decision-making Cooperation may involve decentralized decision-making
COORDINATION involves resolving conflicts and addressing issues Cooperation involves managing interpersonal dynamics
COORDINATION requires a clear understanding of roles and responsibilities Cooperation requires a shared sense of ownership and commitment
COORDINATION focuses on interdependent tasks and dependencies Cooperation focuses on collective problem-solving
COORDINATION is often achieved through formal agreements or contracts Cooperation is often achieved through informal collaboration
COORDINATION requires coordinating activities and timelines Cooperation requires cooperation in problem-solving
COORDINATION involves aligning individual goals with the collective goal Cooperation involves aligning individual strengths and skills
COORDINATION focuses on task completion and deliverables Cooperation focuses on building relationships and trust
COORDINATION may involve standardizing processes and procedures Cooperation may involve flexibility and adaptability
COORDINATION is often measured by efficiency and productivity Cooperation is often measured by innovation and creativity
COORDINATION can be hierarchical in nature Cooperation is often egalitarian in nature
COORDINATION focuses on achieving predefined objectives Cooperation focuses on adapting and responding to change
COORDINATION involves establishing accountability and tracking progress Cooperation involves fostering collaboration and interdependence
COORDINATION often has a formalized structure and hierarchy Cooperation often has a more informal and flexible structure
COORDINATION requires coordinating different individuals or teams Cooperation requires collaborating with diverse individuals or teams
COORDINATION focuses on achieving order and coordination Cooperation focuses on achieving synergy and collaboration
COORDINATION is often achieved through top-down directives Cooperation is often achieved through mutual agreement and trust
UNIT II ENGINEERING ETHICS
Senses of Engineering Ethics – Variety of Moral Issues – Types of Inquiry – Moral Dilemmas – Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg’s Theory – Gilligan’s
Theory – Consensus and Controversy – Models of Professional Roles – Theories about Right Action – Self-Interest – Customs and Religion – Uses of
Ethical Theories
Difference b/n Kohlberg’s Theory and Gilligan’s Theory
# Feature Kohlberg’s Theory Gilligan’s Theory
1 The Expert Lawrence Kohlberg Carol Gilligan

2 Seniority Senior –The teacher The Student Junior

3 Gender Male Female
4 Gender Bias Male Biased Female favouring
5 LEVEL Stage Age Social Orientation
PRE- 1 2-4 Obedience & Punishment

CONVENTIONAL 2 4-7 Inndividualism

Instrumentalism
3 7-10 Good Boy/Girl
Conventional
4 10-12 Law and Order

5 Teens Social Contract

POST Conventional
6 Adult Principled Conscience
Kohlberg's theory is based on the Gilligan's theory is a modification of her professor
belief that people go through several Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
stages of moral reasoning and that
only men can reach the highest level
of moral reasoning.
 Difference b/n different Senses of Engineering Ethics
# Feature Normative Sense Descriptive Sense
1 normative sense includes: Descriptive Sense refers to what
Knowing moral values, specific individualor group of
finding accurate solutions to Engineers believe and act, without
moral problems, and justifying their beliefs or actions.
justifying moral judgements
in engineering practices.

Study of decisions, policies

and values that are morally
desirable in the engineering
practice and research

Using Codes of Ethics and

Standards and applying
them in their transactions by
engineers
2

Difference b/n different Types of Inquiries

# Feature
1

Variety of Moral Issues – Types of Inquiry – Moral Dilemmas – Moral Autonomy ––– Models of
Professional Roles – Theories about Right Action – Self-Interest – Customs and Religion – Uses of Ethical
Theories