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    Ground Hydro

    Uploaded by

    Neon Lal

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Ground Hydro

    Uploaded by

    Neon Lal
    16 views53 pages

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    ground hydro

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    16 views53 pages

    Ground Hydro

    Uploaded by

    Neon Lal

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 53

    CVEN3002 Hydraulics and

    Hydrology

    3. Groundwater Hydrology

    Faisal Anwar
    Basin Hydrologic Cycle
    Soil Horizons

    +
    Occurrence of
    Groundwater

    • Ground water
    occurs when water
    recharges the
    subsurface through
    cracks and pores in soil
    and rock
    • Shallow water level
    is called the water
    table
    Hydrogeology: What is it?
    • Hydrologic cycle – circulation of water in the
    environment
    • Hydrogeology examines the relationships of
    geologic materials and flowing water
    Global Hydrologic Cycle

    Domenico and Schwartz, 1990.


    Surface Water/Groundwater Interaction
    Basin Hydrologic Cycle – Schematic

    Domenico and Schwartz, 1990.


    Aquifers
    Definition: A geological unit which can store and
    supply significant quantities of water.

    Principal aquifers by rock type:


    Unconsolidated
    Sandstone
    Sandstone and Carbonate
    Semiconsolidated
    Carbonate-rock
    Volcanic
    Other rocks
    Example Layered Aquifer System
    Aquifer Recharge
    Natural Artificial
    • Precipitation • Recharge wells
    • Melting snow • Water spread over land in pits,
    furrows, ditches
    • Infiltration by streams and lakes
    • Small dams in stream channels to
    detain and deflect water
    Other Aquifer Features
    Some Terminology
    Aquifer: a formation that contains sufficient saturated
    permeable material to yield significant quantities of water to
    wells and springs.
    Aquiclude: a relatively impermeable confining unit, such as
    clay
    Aquitard: a poorly permeable stratum such as sandy clay that
    may leak the water to adjacent sand aquifers.
    Transmissivity (T): a term often used in ground water
    hydraulics as applied to confined aquifer. It is defined as the
    product of K and the saturated thickness of the aquifer b.
    T= Kb
    Hydraulic Conductivity of a soil or rock depends on a variety
    of physical factors and is an indication of an aquifer’s ability
    to transmit water.
    Leaky and Perched Aquifers

    • Leaky confined aquifer: represents a stratum


    that allows water to flow from above through
    a leaky confining zone into the underlying
    aquifer
    • Perched aquifer: occurs when an unconfined
    water zone sits on top of a clay lens,
    separated from the main aquifer below
    Groundwater Hydraulics

    Groundwater will tend to


    flow from the top aquifer
    to the bottom aquifer.

    We can’t make any


    conclusion about
    horizontal head gradients
    from this picture.
    Horizontal and Vertical Head Gradients

    Freeze and Cherry, 1979.


    Freeze and Cherry, 1979.
    Groundwater Pollution

    Major Sources of Pollution:

    1. Municipal and domestic


    2. Agricultural
    3. Industrial
    4. Polluted stream

    21
    Sources of Groundwater Pollution

    Surface Agricultural Industrial


    Municipal & Domestic
    water
    Rainfall Rainfall
    Rainfall

    Domestic waste
    Industrial Chloro-
    Agricultural land waste Oil hydrocarbons
    Polluted Sewer leakage
    river

    Unsaturated
    Contaminant
    zone
    vapor
    S e e p a g e

    Water Dissolved
    table Dissolved
    pollutant LNAPL
    Saturated contaminant
    (<  water)
    zone
    DNAPL
    ( >  water)
    Flow Impermeable
    layer 22
    Schematic representation of LNAPL movement through the unsaturated and 23
    into the saturated zone
    Schematic representation of DNAPL movement through the unsaturated 24
    and saturated zone
    Groundwater Hydraulics -Darcy’s Law

    25
    q∞(-Δh)
    q∞(-1/Δl)

    26
    27
    Lab measurement of K

    K=VL/Ath

    28
    Pumping Test Analysis
    Pumping well

    he

    31
    Radial flow to a well penetrating confined aquifer
    35
    Unconfined aquifer, b =- from water table to impermeable bottom face.
    Aquifer Recharge
    What is aquifer recharge?

    1. Natural Recharge
    2. Artificial recharge
    Average rainfall in Western Australia since 1925

    38
    http://www.clw.csiro.au/mar/
    Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR)

    Types of MAR

    Examples of MAR in
    Australia
    Managed Aquifer Recharge
    Floreat MAR trial

    Figure: cross section of an infiltration gallery, beneath a golf course


    40
    Uses of MAR
    Water Used in the MAR

    Major Issues
    Associated with
    MAR
    Major Causes of Clogging

    43
    Example 1:
    A well fully penetrates a 25m thick confined aquifer. After a long
    period of pumping at a constant rate of 0.05 m3/s, the drawdowns at
    distances of 50m and 150m from the well were observed to be 3m
    and 1.2m respectively. Determine the hydraulic conductivity and the
    transmissivity.
    Example 1:

    45
    Example 2:

    46
    Example 2:
    Example 3:

    48
    Example 3:
    Example 4:

    50
    Example 4:
     eVALUate is open for students feedback

     Please evaluate
    - the unit and
    - teaching

     Your feedback is
    highly appreciated

    52
    Thank you
    &
    Good Luck!!

    53

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