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    Lec-01 Ground Water (Introduction)

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    Rahat fahim
    The water table separates the zone of aeration above from the zone of saturation below. The zone of aeration (A) is located above the water table, where the pore spaces in soil and rock may contain both air and water. The zone of saturation (B) is located below the water table, where all pore spaces in the rock or soil are filled with water. This zone is also called the phreatic zone. Groundwater flows downward through the zone of aeration under the influence of gravity until it reaches the water table, then it moves horizontally within the zone of saturation towards areas of lower hydraulic head. The hydraulic gradient is the change in total head over a distance, and indicates the direction and

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    Lec-01 Ground Water (Introduction)

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    Rahat fahim
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    The water table separates the zone of aeration above from the zone of saturation below. The zone of aeration (A) is located above the water table, where the pore spaces in soil and rock may contain both air and water. The zone of saturation (B) is located below the water table, where all pore spaces in the rock or soil are filled with water. This zone is also called the phreatic zone. Groundwater flows downward through the zone of aeration under the influence of gravity until it reaches the water table, then it moves horizontally within the zone of saturation towards areas of lower hydraulic head. The hydraulic gradient is the change in total head over a distance, and indicates the direction and

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    Lec-01=Ground Water (Introduction)

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    The water table separates the zone of aeration above from the zone of saturation below. The zone of aeration (A) is located above the water table, where the pore spaces in soil and rock may contain both air and water. The zone of saturation (B) is located below the water table, where all pore spaces in the rock or soil are filled with water. This zone is also called the phreatic zone. Groundwater flows downward through the zone of aeration under the influence of gravity until it reaches the water table, then it moves horizontally within the zone of saturation towards areas of lower hydraulic head. The hydraulic gradient is the change in total head over a distance, and indicates the direction and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views28 pages

    Lec-01 Ground Water (Introduction)

    Uploaded by

    Rahat fahim
    The water table separates the zone of aeration above from the zone of saturation below. The zone of aeration (A) is located above the water table, where the pore spaces in soil and rock may contain both air and water. The zone of saturation (B) is located below the water table, where all pore spaces in the rock or soil are filled with water. This zone is also called the phreatic zone. Groundwater flows downward through the zone of aeration under the influence of gravity until it reaches the water table, then it moves horizontally within the zone of saturation towards areas of lower hydraulic head. The hydraulic gradient is the change in total head over a distance, and indicates the direction and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 28

    Groundwater

    Management in Mining
    Lecture-01

    Md. Aliur Rahman


    Lecturer
    PME Dept, MIST
    Today’s Plan: Basic of Groundwater

     Groundwater
     Hydrologic cycle & water tale
     Water flow into a well
     Groundwater terminology
     Unconfined aquifer/confined aquifer
     Groundwater flow & zone
     Darcy’s law
     Mathematical Problems
    What is Groundwater?
    “Groundwater is water, which originates from the
    infiltration of fluids through the soil profile and
    accumulates below the earth's surface in a porous layer”

    The source of groundwater is rain and melt water


    infiltrating and percolating through fractures/pores in soil
    and bedrock.

    – Groundwater can range in age from recent to


    ancient.
    – Some groundwater is thousands of years old
    •
    Hydrologic Cycle

    Transpiration
    Precipitation

    Precipitation
    Evaporation

    Runoff
    Infiltration
    The Water Table
    The Water
    Table

    •Unsaturated zone: through which water moves downward


    and whose pore space is not completely filled.
    •Saturated zone: in which water collects and whose pore
    space is completely filled.
    •The plane of separation between these two zones is the
    water table.
    Groundwater (Water Table)
    Discharge of Groundwater
    Water flow into Well
    Hydraulics of Wells
    Static Water Level [SWL] (ho) is the
    equilibrium water level before
    pumping Commences

    Pumping Water Level [PWL] (h)


    is the water level during pumping

    Drawdown (s = ho - h) is the
    difference between SWL and PWL

    Well Yield (Q) is the volume of water


    pumped per unit Time

    Specific Capacity (Q/s) is the yield


    per unit drawdown
    Utilization of Ground Water
     Important source of water supply.
     Used in irrigation, industries, municipalities
    and homes.
     Serves as an important resource in all climatic
    zones.
     GW plays an important role in Petroleum
    Engineering
    – Two fluid system; oil and water
    – Three fluid system; gas, oil and water
    – A part of Petroleum reservoir
     In Mining…………….???
    Groundwater Terminology
    GROUND WATER
    Four types of subsurface water can be defined
    according to their genesis:
    a) Meteoric water
    b) Connate water
    c) Juvenile water
    d) Mixed water
    Other types of subsurface water
    are:
    – Oceanic water
    – Magmatic water
    – Metamorphic water
    Unconfined And Confined Aquifer
    Artesian Wells
    Aquifer Zones
     The Vadose Zone: Zone of Aeration
    – This is the upper zone of an aquifer
    – Between each pore space and within each joint or fracture,
    both air and water can be stored
     The Phreatic Zone: Zone of Saturation
    – This is the lower zone of an aquifer
    – Between each pore space and within each joint or fracture,
    only water is stored.
    – Represents the zone within the aquifer designated as ‘true
    groundwater’
     Water Table
    – This is the upper limit of the Phreatic Zone within an aquifer
    – This is the boundary between the Vadose and Phreatic Zone
    – Depth of water table determined by wells – they will fill to the
    level of the water table
    Salt Water intrusion
    Darcy’s Law
    Darcy's law is an equation that describes the flow of a fluid
    through a porous medium.
    “For laminar flow through saturated soil mass, the
    discharge per unit time is proportional to the hydraulic
    gradient”.

    Assumptions made defining Darcy’ law.


     The flow is laminar i.e., flow follows a definite path and
    does not cross the path of other particles.
     Water & soil are incompressible
     The soil is saturated.
     The flow is steady state i.e., flow condition do not
    change with time.
    Darcy’s Law

    dht
    Darcy Velocity, q = Ki Q  kv A
    dx

    21
    Example:

    800 m 85 m
    2m

    kh=5 m day-1
    Fine sand 25 m

    Q  kv A
    dht
     m  2.0 m 
     5 day 25 m  85 m    26.6 day
    m3
    dx  800 m 
    Hydraulic conductivity & permeability
    Hydraulic conductivity & permeability

    Solution:
    Hydraulic conductivity & permeability

    Example:

    Determine hydraulic gradient and Groundwater velocity ??


    Vertical distribution of Groundwater

    (A) Zone of aeration


    (B) Zone of saturation

    Water table ???

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