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    8.2 Subsurface-contamination-and-remediation-March-23

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    8.2 Subsurface-contamination-and-remediation-March-23

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    陳子曰
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    2 views18 pages

    8.2 Subsurface-contamination-and-remediation-March-23

    Uploaded by

    陳子曰

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    8.

    2 Subsurface contamination and


    remediation
    CIVL 2410, Spring 2021

    1
    Subsurface Contamination
    • Pollutants:
    – Metals (Minerals)
    – Dissolved Chemicals
    – Nonaqueous-phase Liquids (NAPLs)
    • Dense Nonaqueous-phase Liquids
    (DNAPLs)
    • Light Nonaqueous-phase Liquids
    (LNAPLs)

    • Major Sources of Pollutants:


    – Landfill Leachate
    – Sewage Leakage
    – Agricultural activities
    – Underground storage tanks (USTs)
    Groundwater Resources
    • General water quality in groundwater
    – Low SS, Low natural pollutants, high
    minerals
    • Potential problems
    – Land subsidence
    – Contamination by human activities
    • When pumping
    – Local water table will move downward
    due to the delay of recharge and form
    cone of depression (drawdown).
    Groundwater Resources (cont.)

    confined Recharge area


    Artesian well
    (confined) Piezometric surface
    Flowing artesian well Perched water
    table
    Unsaturated Water table well
    (vadose)
    zone Regional water
    table
    Unconfined
    aquifer
    Saturated Confining (clay) layer
    zone
    Confined aquifer Aquitards

    Confining (bedrock) layer

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koeQ_DN6lp8
    Groundwater/pollutant movement –Advection
    • Hydraulic Gradient
    L

    Ground surface

    Water table

    h2 h1 Aquifer
    Confining bed
    Datum plane

    ℎ2 −ℎ1 𝑑ℎ
    Hydraulic gradient = =
    𝐿 𝑑𝐿
    Groundwater/pollutant movement
    • Darcy’s Law: ℎ2 −ℎ1 𝑑ℎ
    𝑄 = KA = KA
    𝐿 𝑑𝐿

    Groundwater Flow
    𝐾 = hydraulic conductivity
    𝑑ℎ
    • Darcy velocity: v = Q /A = K
    𝑑𝐿

    • Actual Linear Velocity

    Pollutant
    Darcy velocity
    Actual linear v’ = = Q /A’
    Porosity (η)

    • Diffusion, Dispersion, and Retardation


    Diffusion, Dispersion, and Retardation

    • Diffusion:
    Molecular spread out due to concentration
    gradient.

    • Dispersion:
    Mechanical spread out due to the irregular pores.

    • Retardation:
    Retention of pollutant in aquifer due to the
    adsorption (adherence) onto soil solids.
    In-class exercise:
    Example in textbook:
    A confined aquifer 20.0 m thick and 4 m width has two wells spaced 500 m apart along the
    direction of groundwater flow. The difference in water level in the wells is 2.0 m. The hydraulic
    conductivity is 50 m/day.
    1) Estimate the flow rate of groundwater.
    2) Assume the contaminant plume moves at the same speed as the ground water, and the
    aquifer has a porosity of 35 percent. If the upstream well is contaminated, how long
    would you expect the downstream well to be contaminated?
    Groundwater Remediation Technologies

    • Conventional Pump-and-Treat Systems


    • Soil VaporExtraction
    • In Situ Bioremediation
    • Permeable Reactive Barriers

    61
    Conventional Pump-and-Treat Systems
    Pump-and-treat technology for aquifer cleanup is based on extracting
    contaminated groundwater and then treating it above ground. Treated
    effluent can then be used for beneficial purposes or returned to the aquifer.

    62
    Source: http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment- book/groundwaterremediation.html
    Soil Vapor Extraction
    Soil vapor extraction systems are designed to remove organic vapors.

    63
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nizuV0NuJXY
    In Situ Bioremediation
    In situ bioremediation is based on stimulating the growth of microorganisms
    that can biodegrade contaminants.

    64
    Permeable Reactive Barriers
    PRB is a permeable wall of specially chosen material through which the
    contaminated groundwater passes. As the water passes, the pollutants are
    removed by one or more processes, including redox degradation,
    biotransformation, and adsorption.

    65
    Land/soil decontamination
    Biopiles/Biopiling:
    Accumulation of contaminated soils into piles and then stimulating
    aerobic microbial activity by aeration and the addition of minerals,
    nutrients, and moisture.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLQzF29rzOc
    Land/soil decontamination (cont.)
    • Stabilization/Solidification reduces
    the mobility of hazardous
    contaminants in soil. (Cement
    Solidification, in-situ)
    • Stabilization converts the
    contaminant into a less soluble,
    immobile, and less toxic form.
    • Solidification encapsulates the
    waste materials in a monolithic solid
    of high structural integrity.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHApqr6cyYs
    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
    260149770_Assessment_of_soil_screening_levels_due_to_ingestion_and_dermal_absorption_of_chrysene_and_benzokfl
    uoranthene_and_appropriate_remediation_method_for_Dorson_Abad/figures?lo=1
    Land/soil decontamination (cont.)
    Thermal Desorption: a treatment
    technology where contaminated soil is
    excavated, screened, and heated to
    release contaminants from the soil. It
    involves heating soils to temperatures
    of 100–600°C to vaporize contaminants
    from the soil.

    http://jbcc-iagwsp.org/community/facts/thermal_desorption.html
    Land/soil decontamination (cont.)
    • Soil Vapor Extraction (in-situ, same as for groundwater
    remediation)
    • Incineration
    – Incineration is the treatment of contaminated soils by burning at
    900oC or higher, to destroy contaminants.
    • Soil Washing
    – Soil washing uses liquids (usually water, occasionally combined with
    solvents) and mechanical processes to scrub soils.
    (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-2-G9M-Lkus)
    • Excavation/Landfilling
    – Removal of contaminated materials and disposing of them off site at
    landfill.
    Example: Kai Tak Airport North Apron Decontamination
    Three hotspots in the Kai Tak Airport North Apron, totaling about 11 hectares, were found to be
    contaminated by jet fuel leakage.

    Mitigation Measures:

    Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging (SVE/AS) method was


    adopted to treat contaminated soil in-situ.

    Heavily contaminated soil was excavated and treated in


    "biopiles".

    The SVE/AS and biopile systems were connected to a


    catalytic incinerator by piping network to burn off any
    pollutants in the extracted soil vapor.

    https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/operation/english/chapter05_3.html

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