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APPROACH – ANSWER: G. S. MAINS MOCK TEST - 1417 (2020)

1. Dadabhai Naoroji left an indelible imprint on the national movement. Explain. (150 words) 10
Approach:
 Introduce by giving a brief background on Dadabhai Naoroji.
 Highlight his contribution to the national movement through examples of his work.
 Conclude appropriately.
Answer:
Dadabhai Naoroji, popularly known as the “Grand Old Man of India”, was an Indian nationalist and a
critic of British economic policy in India. He was instrumental in laying the foundations of national
movement in India.
Establishment of key organizations:
 He took up an active role in political mobilization against the British rule. He was instrumental
in the formation of the ‘London Indian Society’ in 1865. The objective of the society was to
discuss Indian social, political and other scholarly subjects. He helped in setting up the ‘East
India Association’ in 1867 that aimed at conveying the Indian perspective to the Britain
public.
 Dadabhai Naoroji also formed the Bombay Presidency Association, which along with the
Indian National Conference became the precursor of the Indian National Congress.
 He also founded Gyan Prasarak Mandali for women education.
Leadership role in the INC
 He was the president of the Congress on three different occasions, 1886, 1893 and 1906. His
conciliatory tactics in the 1906 session helped delay the split in the Congress. Here he also
advocated for ‘Swaraj’ .
 Dadabhai Naoroji was also a key figure in the Indian Home Rule Movement that later
manifested as the Non Cooperation Movement.
 Through his publications like Rast Goftar, he also shaped the piecemeal reforms proposed by
Congress — simultaneous examinations, reconstitution of legislative councils, and the election
of Indian MPs to the British Parliament— into one concrete, overarching political goal of self -
governance.
Raising awareness about the plight of Indians
 He forged alliances with the intellectuals and political figures in London and in the process
established a vast network of support among progressive constituencies that could vouch for
the cause of Indian reform.
 He became the first Asian man to be elected in British Parliament in 1892, where he managed to
highlight the issues and plight of the Indians. He took special care to politically influence the
British Indian community and impart in them a nationalist consciousness. He inducted
numerous young Indians into the National Liberal Club, where they could meet Indian political
reformers such as William Wedderburn, William Digby, and Allan Octavian Hume.

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 Ushering the era of economic nationalism
 He was among the leading nationalist leaders who aroused the feeling of economic nationalism
and propagated it widely. He propounded the Drain theory in his book Poverty and Un-British
Rule in India. This theory provided ground-breaking insights to the various forms of
exploitation carried out by the colonial British leading to the continuous impoverishment of
India.
He progressively drew upon Indian poverty and the drain theory in order to justify political
reform in the direction of Swaraj. Naoroji used India’s grim economic realities for explicit
political ends; justifying the Indianization of the bureaucracy and, eventually, more concrete steps
towards Swaraj. Naoroji forged close relationships with the darbars (courts) of several
princely states, especially those in Gujarat and Kathiawar. He theorized that they were buffered
from the drain of wealth and, consequently, more economically robust than British India. They
could, therefore, serve as laboratories for experiments in Indian political and economic reform.
Therefore, Dadabhai was instrumental in training of new generations of Indians and instilling in
them a nationalistic consciousness backed by economic and political reasoning.

2. The Quit India movement marked a new direction in the struggle against the British colonial
rule in India. Analyse. (150 words) 10
Approach:
 Give a brief introduction about the Quit India movement.
 Discuss how the Quit India marked a new direction in the Indian freedom struggle.
 Conclude the answer.
Answer:
On 8 August, 1942 the All India Congress Committee, at the Bombay session, passed the resolution
introduced by Gandhi ji to start a Quit India Movement. It marked a new direction in the Indian
freedom struggle against British rule in the following ways:
 Truly people-led movement: Unlike previous two mass movements - Non Cooperation
Movement (NCM) and Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) - which expanded gradually to
accommodate wider popular participation, the 1942 movement from the very beginning was a
massive uprising to compel the British to withdraw entirely.
o Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress leadership had been arrested immediately after the
launch of the Quit India movement. It were the masses who took matters in their own hands.
o The desire of masses can be seen from the fact that parallel governments were established
at many places such as Ballia, Tamluk, Satara.
 Immediate end to British rule: The emphasis in the struggle was not on traditional Satyagraha
but on ‘fight to the finish’. It placed the demand of complete independence on the immediate
agenda of the freedom movement.
o Though the movement was quelled, it changed the character of the Indian freedom
struggle, with the masses rising up to articulate as they had never before – the British
masters would have to Quit India and no other solution would be acceptable to its masses.
 Truly pan-India: It saw people across India come together under the leadership of Mahatma
Gandhi to uproot the British rule.
o As per a letter written by Ram Manohar Lohiya, barely 1% of the Russian population took
part in the Russian Revolution. In this movement, no less than 20% of Indian people took
part.
o People from all sections got involved in freedom struggle:
 The participation by students was remarkable. Schools and Colleges were closed and
students organized mass demonstrations with patriotic zeal irrespective of suffering in
terms of loss in their educational career.
 The zeal and enthusiasm shown by the industrial workers was unparalleled. They
struck work and came out of their mills and factories in Bombay, Ahmedabad, Madras,
Delhi etc.
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  Women leaders played a prominent role. For example, Usha Mehta helped set up an
underground radio station, which led to the awareness about the movement.
 The movement witnessed a major peasant rebellions in various parts of the country.
 Global support: The movement also conveyed to the British that India had the support of global
leaders, as the then American President Franklin D. Roosevelt had urged the British
administration to consider at least some of the demands put forth by the Indian leaders.
People devised a variety of ways of expressing their anger. The movement was marked by
destruction of communication systems, such as railway tracks and stations, telegraph wires and
poles, attacks on government buildings or any other visible symbol of colonial authority. National
flags were forcibly hoisted on public buildings in defiance of the police.
This movement made sure that Independence remained no longer a matter of bargain. Any future
negotiations with the British government could only be on the manner of transfer of power.

3. The end of World War II marked the birth of a new international order. Examine.
(150 words) 10
Approach:
 Start with a brief note on the Second World War and its impact.
 Establish the context for a discussion on the emergence of a new international system.
 Explain the individual features of the new system and its impact on the world order.
 Conclude briefly.
Answer:
The Second World War was the deadliest military conflict in history, causing a huge loss of life and
leaving much of Europe in ruins. However, it also had a transformative impact on the world,
wherein a new system of norms and ideals emerged that shaped the development of the world
across political, social and economic spheres. This new order comprised a system of shared
institutions and partnerships, which altered the political alignment and social structure of the
world.
Some of the key features of the new system and their impact are as under:
 Emergence of a bi-polar world: The end of World War II led to the rise of the USA
representing capitalism and USSR representing socialism as two superpowers. These two
countries strongly influenced policies of other countries all around the world.
 Decolonisation: The defeated powers like Italy and Japan were forced by the allies to
surrender their overseas colonies. France and Great Britain, the great European colonizing
nations were gradually forced to give up their empires due to the cost of maintaining colonies,
development of national liberation movements and foreign pressure coming from the USA and
USSR.
 United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations: Towards the end of the war,
the Allied powers established the United Nations to foster international co-operation and
prevent future conflicts. It was conceived to be stronger and more effective than League of
Nations.
 Economic, Political and Social Co-operation: The end of World War II also marked a push
towards economic and social cooperation amongst former colonies and the developed world.
Additionally, countries, mostly former colonies, united to set up a new front in the form of the
Non-Aligned movement in the new bipolar world.
 Changes in World Economy: The re-division of the world market, based upon the supremacy
of the United States opened the way for a more extensive penetration of capitalism, facilitated
by world-wide financial and political instruments like Bretton Woods Arrangement, Marshall
Plan, post-war reconstruction etc.
 Evolution of Human Rights: The International Military Tribunals were established to
prosecute crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. It can be thought of as
a precursor to today’s International Criminal Court. The war experience also helped create the

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 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1949 Geneva Conventions on
protection of military and civilians during war.
The new order so created in the aftermath of the war still serves global interests. This system of
shared institutions and partnerships has made a significant contribution towards preventing a
repetition of a catastrophic event of the same magnitude.

4. The Simla Agreement (1972) and Lahore Declaration (1999) are two key milestones in the
history of the Indian subcontinent. Discuss. (150 words) 10
Approach:
 Give a brief introduction about Simla Agreement (1972) and Lahore Declaration (1999).
 Explain the terms of Simla Agreement and Lahore Declaration, highlighting how these are
considered to be milestones.
 Conclude accordingly.
Answer:
Indian subcontinent has been marred with conflict between India and Pakistan starting with one
immediately after independence over the issue of Kashmir. These were followed by wars in 1965
and 1971. Amidst the conflict some agreements between the two sides have become frameworks
for the hope of peace. The Simla Agreement and Lahore Declaration are most important frame of
reference in this context even today. These two agreements remain important and relevant due to
various far reaching impacts of terms contained in both the agreements.
The Simla Agreement (1972) signed after Indo-Pak War of 1971 included following terms:
 Converted the cease-fire line of 17 December 1971 into the Line of Control (LOC) and provided
that ‘neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal
interpretations’.
 Establishing mutual commitment to the peaceful resolution of all issues through direct
bilateral approaches.
 Respecting each other’s national unity, territorial integrity, political independence and
sovereign equality.
 Withdrawing troops and exchanging prisoners of war (PoWs).
 Putting an end to conflict and confrontation that have marred relations and work for promotion
of a friendly and harmonious relationship.
Thus, the Simla Agreement established the bilateral as the preferred framework to resolve
differences between the two countries. It effectively ended the role of United Nations Military
Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) in this conflict. India has frequently cited this
agreement to deny any third-party intervention in the issue of Kashmir, For example, the recent
offer of the President of USA to mediate on the issue was turned down by India.
Lahore Declaration 1999 include following terms:
 Recognizing the nuclear dimension of the security and taking responsibility for avoidance of any
conflicts.
 Committing to principles of the United Nations and peaceful co-existence.
 Commitment to objectives of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation.
 Reiterating implementation of Simla Agreement in letter and spirit.
 Resolving to combat terrorism and mutual non-interference in internal affairs.
Lahore Declaration, signed after the historic Lahore Summit, came at a time when both countries
had acquired nuclear weapons capability and there was growing uneasiness about any conflict
between the two countries leading to a nuclear war. It signalled a major breakthrough in
overcoming the historically strained bilateral relations between the two countries. It was meant to
intensify India and Pakistan’s composite and integrated dialogue process for an early and positive
outcome of the agreed bilateral agenda. However, the outbreak of the Kargil conflict prevented
immediate consolidation of the context laid down by the agreement. Nonetheless, the principles
enunciated remained relevant in the context the two nuclear capable neighbours.
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 Thus, the Simla Agreement of 1972 and the Lahore Declaration of 1999 remain relevant and
important even today for the Indian subcontinent.
5. Social security should not only involve economic empowerment but also social empowerment.
Discuss in the context of India. (150 words) 10
Approach:
 Explain the concept of social security.
 Explain its role in promoting economic empowerment.
 Explain with examples the rationale behind having social empowerment as an aspect of social
security.
 Conclude accordingly.
Answer:
Social Security is a system of protection provided by society to its members through a series of
public measures against economic and social distress caused by stoppage or substantial reduction
of earnings due to sickness, maternity, employment injury, occupational diseases, unemployment,
invalidity, old age, or death. Directive Principles of State Policy such as Article 41, enumerated
in the Constitution, provide a basis for social security in India.
Traditionally understood, the Social security programmes:
 Guarantee income security;
 Help maintain stable labour relations and a productive workforce.
 These programmes also contribute to enhance access to financial services such as credit
facilities.
 They promote economic advancement through wage employment and help acquire productive
assets.
 This results in increased financial autonomy and greater decision-making power for social
security recipients.
Hence, the impact of social security programmes on economic empowerment cannot be
understated. Nonetheless, it has to be borne in mind that for increased effectiveness of social
security programmes, it is important for them to foster social empowerment as well. This can
further understood through the following:
 Evidence from across the globe suggests that economic empowerment must work in tandem
with social empowerment.
 For instance, social protection programmes such as conditional cash transfers (CCTs) may
contribute to gender equity, but they do not necessarily promote women’s empowerment.
 However, programmes like MGNREGA that equally emphasize upon social empowerment, for
instance by establishing a rights-based framework, enable citizens to claim their rights to
employment and social protection.
Thus, the following may be concluded in this context:
 The provision of income support alone is not sufficient for uprooting social exclusion.
 Social empowerment alongside economic support addresses structural factors that generate
deprivation and vulnerability.
 Incorporating rights-based framework in the design and implementation of social protection
interventions can contribute to greater empowerment and social inclusion.
 They can encourage individuals to participate more often in social and communal activities,
thereby enhancing social capital and state-society relations.
The economic situation in India has changed. It is no longer a chronically poor country but a more
unequal and vulnerable country with pockets of deep poverty. India’s future prosperity depends to
a large extent on how its social protection system evolves and catches up with its diversity and
demography. In this context, measures like the Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017,
Unorganised Workers’ Social Security Act 2008, Atal Pension Yojana etc. are a step in the right
direction.

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6. Explain with examples how globalisation is manifested in both local in the global and the
global in the local. (150 words) 10
Approach:
 Briefly explain the meaning and the concept of globalization.With relevant examples, explain
how globalization is manifested in both local in the global and the global in the local.
 Analyze the local vs global debate in the contemporary period.
 Conclude on the basis of above points.
Answer:
Globalisation is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world
views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture. It is argued that globalisation has led to
culturally homogenizing forces overriding the local features and erasing all differences. However,
interactions between different cultures do not always amount to homogenization. There is
simultaneous globalization of the local and the localization of the global.
It can be expressed as the twin processes of macro-localization and micro-globalization.
 Macro-localisation involves globalisation of the local i.e. expanding local boundaries and
making some local ideas, practices, and institutions global. For instance:
o Increasing adoption of Yoga across the globe.
o Transformative dietary culture such as the introduction of Japanese cuisines like Sushi in
the western world.
o Avacados, initially grown mostly in some countries of Latin America, have become common
in meals all over the world.
o Entertainment sources including TV Series, movies and magazines are commonly available
in multiple countries.
 In contrast, micro-globalisation involves the incorporation of certain global processes into
the local setting. For instance:
o Social movements such as the feminist movements and ecological movements. E.g. Indian
writers such as Amrita Pritam, Sarojini Sahoo and Kusum Ansal advocate for feminist ideas
in Indian languages.
o New production techniques and marketing strategies such as online marketing. E.g. Practo
Ray has localised their SMS alerts in order to reach out to larger patient base in India.
Some global industries such as the print industry or computer industry emerged in a certain local
context but over a period of time spread far beyond that locality into a larger arena across time and
space. These practices even with a specific location of their emergence have now become a global
phenomenon. However, when these practices are adopted locally, they are often maneuvered
to suit the local circumstances and needs. So, globalisation is not merely a homogenizing force, it
has heterogenising aspects as well. It is for the purpose that the term ‘Glocalisation’ was brought to
the fore.
New communication and transportation technologies along with mass migration around the world
have not just integrated different cultures into each other but also allowed cross-cultural exchanges.
Thus, globalization does not erase all differences. It has also led to diffusion of ideas and cultures
amongst all the civilizations of the world.

7. In light of persistence of various forms of violence against women in India, discuss the ways in
which the issue can be addressed effectively. (150 words) 10
Approach:
 Give the status of violence against women in India.
 Mention the various forms of violence against women in India.
 Briefly highlight few reasons for lack of safety for women.
 Explain the measures that can be taken to ensure their safety.
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  Conclude with a way forward.
Answer:
Violence against women is pervasive in India and cuts across women of all ages and social classes,
regions and religions. According to National Crime Record Bureau’s “Crime in India” 2019 report,
the rate of crime against women has risen by 7.3%, with the country recording an average 87 rape
cases every day in 2019.
Various forms of violence, physical, sexual or psychological, against women include:
 Violence faced in the family, including battering; sexual abuse of female children in the
household; dowry-related violence; marital rape; female genital mutilation and other traditional
practices harmful to women; non-spousal violence; and violence related to exploitation.
 Violence that occurs within the general community, including rape; sexual abuse; sexual
harassment and intimidation at work, in educational institutions and elsewhere; trafficking in
women; and forced prostitution.
 Physical, sexual and psychological violence perpetrated or condoned by the State,
wherever it occurs. For instance, non-recognition to acceptance of marital rape, resistance to
file complaints related to violence against women etc.
In all societies, poverty, discrimination, ignorance and social unrest serve as a common breeding
ground for violence against women. Traditional attitudes and cultural beliefs, power relations,
economic power imbalances, objectification of women, pornography and the masculine idea of male
dominance help perpetuate this violence.
Ways to address the issue of violence against women include:
 Policy measures, including targeted legislation on violence against women, appropriate
resources for it and effective implementation with a zero-tolerance approach in cases such as
sexual harassment.
 Attitudinal change in the society through Behavioural Change Communication (BCC). Social
norms which often “blame the victim” instead of the perpetrator of violence against women
needs to be changed.
o Educating men and boys by raising awareness about violence against women and
changing their attitudes about women’s rights at a young age.
 Reforms in justice delivery systems, for instance making interrogation and investigation
gender-sensitive; ruling out gender bias. There should be training programs for members of
Judiciary and gender sensitisation programs for the police to build awareness regarding the
women’s plight in rape cases.
 Women’s economic empowerment initiatives coupled with approaches to transform
discriminatory and restrictive gender norms.
To these ends, the government brought the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace
(Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013; The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 (also
called Nirbhaya Act) and amendments to the Juvenile Justice Act in 2015. However, to effectively
address the issue, it requires concerted collaboration and action between governmental and
non-governmental actors including educators, health-care authorities, local communities and the
mass media to tackle the violence against women in India.

8. What is an urban forest? Highlight its benefits and steps taken by the government to promote
urban forestry in India. (150 words) 10
Approach:
 Introduce by giving definition of an urban forest.
 Discuss in brief the benefits of urban forests.
 Enlist the initiatives undertaken by the government of India to promote urban forests.
 Conclude the answer accordingly.

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Answer:
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), urban forests can be defined as
networks or systems comprising all woodlands, groups of trees, and individual trees located in
urban and peri-urban areas; including- forests, street trees, trees in parks and gardens, and trees in
derelict corners.
Owing to hazards of unsustainable urbanisation, heat waves, urban heat island effect, and
climate change, metropolises worldwide are creating urban forests. Seoul, Singapore and
Bangkok have built green corridors that provide space for nature and wildlife while improving the
lives of city dwellers.
Benefits of urban forests
 Natural capital and green infrastructure: Urban forests are the backbone of the green
infrastructure, bridging rural and urban areas and ameliorating a city’s environmental footprint.
 Cool temperatures: Urban forests have gained attention in global city planning efforts for their
capacity to provide shade and to cool ambient temperatures through evapotranspiration.
o Trees can cool cities by 2-8 degree Celsius.
o When planted near buildings, trees can cut air conditioning use by 30%, and, according to
the UN Urban Forestry, reduce heating energy use by a further 20-50%.

 Ecosystem services and improving climate resilience: Urban forests provide key ecosystem
services, like filtering air and water, which are essential to healthy human communities in
cities where air pollution and water management can pose public health risks. For instance,
o They assist in groundwater recharge, flood control buffers, wildlife habitat etc.
o They bring down levels of ozone, sulphur dioxide and particulate matter; remove large
quantities of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere; and release oxygen.
o They can play a role in storing carbon. One large tree can absorb 150 kg of carbon dioxide a
year.
 Economic value: In addition to the economic value of the services trees provide, green
infrastructure via urban forests also have an impact on property values. When the New York
City park department measured the economic impact of its trees, the benefits added up to
$120m a year.
 Natural recreation, health, and well-being: Research has found that proximity to green space
can be correlated with improved physical well-being, healthy lifestyles, and even
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 psychological well-being. Urban forests also play a key role in building a connection between
nature and people.
Initiatives undertaken
 The Ministry of Environment and Forests has implemented ‘Nagar Van’ scheme to develop 200
urban forests across the country in the next five years. It will be implemented with people’s
participation and collaboration between the Forest Department, Municipal bodies, NGOs and
corporates. Warje Urban Forest in Pune (Maharashtra) will be considered as a role model for
the Scheme.
 Some state driven examples include:
o Recently, 0.6-acre of barren patch in Malad in Mumbai was transformed into a mini ‘urban
forest’ with seven to nine feet (ft) trees using the ‘Miyawaki plantation’ technique popular
in urban forestry;
o Delhi’s Aravalli and Yamuna biodiversity parks have also successfully recreated the
natural habitats and ecosystems of these regions in the city.
o Similarly, Gurgaon’s Aravalli Biodiversity Park was created as a haven for native species
in a degraded and mined landscape by a unique partnership between the municipal
corporation, civil society, corporations and residents.
Initiatives like urban forests not only contribute to targets under SDG 11 but are essential given
cities will host 68% of the world’s population by 2050, according to the UN.

9. How has globalization impacted the location of the IT industry? (150 words) 10
Approach:
 Give a brief introduction about globalisation and its overall impact on industries.
 Highlight the impact of globalization on the location of IT industry.
 Give a brief conclusion.
Answer:
Globalization has completely altered the way in which the world operates. It is characterized by
opening up of world trade, development of advanced means of communication, internationalization
of financial markets, growing importance of MNC's, population migrations and more generally
increased mobility of persons, goods, capital, data and ideas.
Impact of globalization on location of IT industry
 The free flow of capital and technology has led to multi-point production where production
centres are being shifted closer to countries with lower production costs. This has led to
development of global value chains spread across different geographies.
 The pre-production process has also been broken down and spread across different
geographies. For example, companies such as HP etc. are sourcing its inputs (parts or
components) from supplier networks all over the world. Globalisation allows companies to
search for the countries with least expensive labour, manufacturing costs etc. Therefore
many American IT companies have established offices in Indian cities such as Hyderabad,
Bangalore etc. owing to the availability of skilled labour at much cheaper wages.
 It has allowed expansion to various locations around the world. Industry giants like Amazon,
Google, Facebook, Apple, Microsoft, Intel and Oracle have moved beyond traditional tech
markets like Silicon Valley and Seattle, expanding to other metropolitan areas and smaller
regional offices. For example, many of such companies maintain offices in Bucharest, Romania.
 Further, the process of globalisation which has led to development of IT industries in various
countries of the world such as India, Israel, Mexico etc., has also reinforced its development
in the developed regions. The USA and Europe have attracted the best and brightest brains of
the world to their countries. Station F in Paris, for instance, attracted more than 1,000 startup
firms in its first year.
 The location of R&D centres which are involved in analysis, design, creation of new products
and “solutions” is still mostly the province of developed countries. For example, much of
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 what is being offshored to India by American companies is the production of software, rather
than its design.
Thus, globalisation has eased up the factors of location for the IT industry. Transnational or
multinational companies may choose to place their central, regional and local headquarters, or their
production, research and development centers, in a variety of locations depending on the conditions
of market, raw materials, tax incentives, labour conditions, environmental regulations and other
economic incentives. Further, the governments often use tax breaks, land deals, infrastructure
commitments and employment opportunities as incentives to entice some of the companies to
invest.

10. How can eco-tourism be used to sustainably harness the potential of tourism industry in India?
Discuss the challenges and steps taken by the government in this context. (150 words) 10
Approach:
 Briefly discuss the potential of the tourism industry in India.
 Discuss the potential of eco-tourism and highlight the principle to harness this potential.
 Write about the challenges faced in realizing potential of eco-tourism.
 Write about the steps taken by the government.
 Conclude appropriately.
Answer:
Tourism industry contributed nearly 10% of India’s GDP in 2018 creating a wealth of over Rs 16
trillion, with expected growth up to Rs 35 trillion by 2029. This is set to rise further with offers of
niche products like eco-tourism. Eco-tourism is “responsible travel to natural areas that
conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people.”
Sustainably harnessing potential of tourism through eco-tourism
 India is one of the 12-mega bio-diverse countries of the world and has a rich cultural
heritage. It has lush green jungles, mighty mountains, tea plantations, islands etc. Various
forms of eco-tourism found in India are wildlife tourism, agro tourism, and village tourism.
 Since environmental protection is central to eco-tourism, it minimizes the adverse effects of
traditional tourism on the natural environment. Thus, the tourist spots can maintain their
pristine forms for a longer period of time, while attracting more tourists.
 Ecotourism helps in community development by providing the alternate source of livelihood
to the local community, which is more sustainable. Its aim is to conserve resources, especially
biological diversity, and maintain sustainable use of resources, which can bring ecological
experience to travellers
 It raises environmental consciousness in the tourists by emphasizing on recycling, energy
efficiency, water reuse and providing natural experiences. It inculcates environmental
sensitivity in the tourists.
 It strikes a balance between the needs of tourism industry, environmental protection, and
local communities by an equitable distribution of benefits among stakeholders.
Challenges faced in developing eco-tourism
 Danger to wildlife: Unplanned growth of infrastructure does not only lead to habitat
destruction but also affects the corridors for movement of animals in the parks.
 Environmental degradation: Non-biodegradable wastes like empty bottles, plastic bags,
polythene etc. are often thrown by tourists causing damages to ecological services. Also,
increasing noise and light pollution causes disturbances to wildlife.
 Lack of branding, promotion and lack of industry representation: Upcoming ecotourism
projects are often not promoted. Also, tour operators who play a key role in developing
itineraries and tour packages are not often taken on board.
 Lack of awareness about ecotourism principles and practices: It often leads to flawed policy
outcomes such as- erroneous infrastructure development in the name of ecotourism.

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  Lack of fiscal incentives and capacity building program: Economic returns in ecotourism are
quite often low vis-à -vis commercial tourism. Also, lack of soft skills and capacity-building
programs to cater to international tourists is a huge handicap.
Steps taken by the government to promote eco-tourism
 A policy for eco-tourism in forest and wildlife areas was brought in 2018, which provides
guidelines and implementation strategy for planning and zoning of eco-tourism, community
participation and development of infrastructure.
 The Government has provided that the hotels are required to incorporate various eco-
friendly measures like Sewage Treatment Plant, rain water harvesting system, waste
management system etc.
 The government has conducted surveys to study the impact of tourism activity in and
around the national parks and also the blocking of animal corridors.
 To encourage the stakeholders to promote & practice Ecotourism practices, the Ministry of
Tourism has included categories of awards "Best Eco friendly Hotel", “Best Responsible
Tourism Project", "Best Eco friendly Practices by Tour Operators" in the National Tourism
Awards presented annually to various segments of travel, tourism & hospitality sector
 An MoU has been signed with the EcoTourism Society of India for educating and raising
awareness of the various stakeholders.
Thus there has been a lot of improvement, but still various challenges need to be tackled while
ensuring coordination between different stakeholders to realize the full potential of eco-tourism in
India.

11. The advent of Buddhism and Jainism was instrumental in the development of architecture in
ancient India. Discuss. (250 words) 15
Approach:
 Giving a brief introduction, discuss how Buddhism was instrumental in the development of
architecture in ancient India.
 Then discuss how Jainism was instrumental in the development of architecture in ancient India.
 Conclude accordingly.
Answer:
Indian architecture evolved in various ages in different parts and regions of the country. The advent
of Buddhism and Jainism in the 6 th Century BC was instrumental in development of early
architectural style and religions’ influence was visible on architectural development.
Contribution of Buddhism:
Buddhism gave new dimensions to architecture of the time in forms of stupas, pagodas,
monasteries and caves.
 The great Emperor Asoka caused the erection of monolithic pillars of sandstone, 30 to 40 feet
high, crowned by animal figures and inscribed with the Buddhist concepts which he wished his
people to follow. For e.g., pillars from Lauriya Nandangarh in Bihar, Sanchi and Sarnath.
 Development of cave architecture in the form of viharas i.e. residing places for Buddhist
monks was the earliest development. It was done by royal patronage as well as individual
efforts. The caves were marked by a highly polished finish of the interior walls and decorative
gateways.
 The Buddhist stupas were built at such important places like Lumbini, Gaya, Sarnath,
Kushinagar etc. These stupas were built of huge mounds of mud, enclosed in carefully burnt
small standard bricks.
 Chaitya Griha is a unique structure found in Buddhism which not only has different plan,
elevation, section, but is the perfect reflection of the philosophical teachings. These were
congregation halls meant for teaching and interaction between common people and monks. The
Chaitya Griha of Karle, Bhaje, Bedse, Ajanta, Pitalkhora, Ellora etc. are few of the examples.
 Two types of sculptures gained popularity due to Buddhism.
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 o Sculptures in relief - Numerous gateways and railings were added to the stupas in the
later ages and on these surfaces were carved with exuberant details the symbols of
Buddhism and Jataka stories. For example, at Bharhut, Sanchi and Bodh Gaya in the north
and Amravati and Nagarjunakonda in the South.
o Freestanding sculptures: For instance, the Didarganj yakshini with the bright mauryan
polish, Sultanganj Buddha sculpture etc.
Contribution by Jainism:
As opposed to Buddhists, Jainism did not create a special architecture of its own, for wherever the
Jainas went they adopted the local building traditions. For example, while in Northern India the
Jainas followed the Vaisnava cult; in southern India they adhered to the Dravidian type.
Although they did not evolve a distinct style, they have produced numerous and finest specimens of
architecture in different parts of the country.
 Temple Architecture: Jains built a number of temples distinguished for their elaborate details
and exquisite finish. For instance, temple at Lohanipura near Patna, Meghuti Jaina temple etc.
 Cave architecture: Jaina cave temples were smaller than the Buddhist ones because the Jaina
religion gave prominence to individualistic and not to congregational ritual. The most numerous
cave-temples are in Udayagiri and Khandagiri Hills in Orissa.
 Stupas: Like the Buddhists, Jainas also erected stupas in honors of their saints, with their
accessories such as stone railings, decorated gateways, stone umbrellas, elaborate carved pillars
and abundant statues. Early examples of these have been discovered in the Kankali mound near
Mathura in Uttar Pradesh
 Mana-stambhas or Pillars: Another contribution of the Jainas in the field of architecture is the
creation of many stambhas or pillars of pleasing design and singular grace, which are found
attached to many of their temples.
The contribution of Buddhism and Jainism was the beginning from where the continuity in
evolution of architectures can be witnessed and which inspired the future rulers as well people in
terms of architectural sense.

12. The reactionary policies of Lord Lytton and the liberal policies of his successor Lord Rippon
acted as catalyst in the formation of the Indian National Congress. Discuss. (250 words) 15
Approach:
 Briefly state the nationalist political sentiment before the formation of Indian National
Congress.
 Discuss the reactionary policies of Lord Lytton and its effects on Indians.
 Discuss the liberal policies of Lord Rippon and its effects on Indians.
 Conclude on the basis of above points.
Answer:
Before the formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885, the nationalist political sentiments
had already been aroused among Indians. Amongst other factors, it was the reactionary policies of
Lord Lytton (1876-1880), which led to open resistance and agitation against British rule. These
policies were:
 Usage of funds for colonial interests: Lytton organised the Grand Delhi Durbar in 1877. It
was held at the time of terrible famine (Great Famine of 1876-77), which led to the death of
millions of Indians. Further, funds were diverted from Indian treasury towards the Second
Anglo-Afghanistan war (1878-80). It led people to believe that British rulers did not really
care for the wellbeing of Indians.
 Abolition of import duties on British textile imports: Lytton abolished import duties on 29
articles, including that on coarser kinds of imported cotton, which was viewed as a step to ruin
the Indian textile industry.
 The Arms Act, 1878: Indians were asked to seek licence or permission to keep, sell or purchase
arms, while Britons were exempted. The Act itself and the discrimination which it made
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 between the Indians and Englishmen on the basis of race, was bitterly resented by the Indian
people.
 The Vernacular Press Act, 1878: It empowered the magistrates to secure undertaking and
money from the publishers of vernacular newspapers against any publication which may create
feelings of disaffection against the government. It aimed at the suppression of the growing
nationalist criticism of the foreign rule.
 Imperial Civil Services: He reduced the maximum age limit for sitting in the ICS from 21 years
to 19, thereby reducing chances of Indians entering into civil service.
On the other hand, Lord Rippon (1880-1884), brought several liberal policies and administrative
reforms which fed the discontent amongst the nationalists. These included:
 Repealing of the Vernacular Press Act, 1882: It allowed newspapers published in vernacular
languages equal freedom with the rest of the Indian Press. It enabled the penetration of
nationalist ideas to the hinterland areas.
 Introduction of local governance: He believed that the aim of local government was to train
the Indians to manage their own affairs themselves and therefore introduced the Local Self
Government in 1882. It granted the Indians first taste of freedom and self-governance.
 Passing of the amended Ilbert Bill, 1884: Lord Ripon sought to remove “Judicial
disqualifications based on race distinction” and with his help Ilbert Bill was introduced in
British Parliament in 1883. The bill was vehemently opposed and then amended. The amended
bill provided that every European subject brought before a District Magistrate or Session Judge
whether an Indian or European could claim to be tried by a Jury of twelve, at least seven of
whom were to be Europeans or Americans. Though the Ilbert Bill controversy widened the
racial feeling between the Indian and the Europeans yet it helped the Indians to learn the
lesson that a powerful Government could be deviated from its purpose by organized
agitation. It also intensified the feeling of unity among the Indian people.
Ultimately, the nationalists from all over the country organized themselves so that it led to the
formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885.

13. Gandhiji changed his methods of struggle against the British from time-to-time to suit the
varied circumstances and problems that needed to be tackled. Analyse. (250 words) 15
Approach:
 Briefly state the different methods of struggle adopted by Gandhiji before coming to India.
 Discuss with examples how he changed his methods from time to time as per the changing
situations and problems.
 Conclude on the basis of above points.
Answer:
During his 21 years stay in South Africa, Gandhiji experimented with his techniques of satyagraha,
non-violence and civil disobedience to fight against racial discrimination. After his return to India
in 1915, he participated in the national freedom struggle. Although he used those techniques in
India as well, he changed his methods and procedures from time to time to suit varied
circumstances and issues that needed to be tackled:
 Initial days of freedom struggle:
o To learn the issues and living conditions of the common people, he toured the whole
country before joining the freedom movement or any political party. This also established
him as a leader of masses.
o From 1917 to 1918, he checked the effectiveness of different methods in India at a
smaller scale e.g. in Champaran Satyagraha he checked the efficacy of civil disobedience,
while in Kheda Satyagraha he checked the efficacy of non-cooperation and in Ahmedabad
Mill strike, the technique of fast unto death was checked.
 From 1919 to 1930:

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 o For the first time, he called for a countrywide campaign to protest against the Rowlatt Act
in 1919 and offered civil disobedience against specific laws. However, the protest turned
violent and Gandhiji readily confessed that it was a ‘Himalayan blunder’.
o Learning from the Rowlatt Satyagraha, in the 1920s he shifted to Non-Cooperation
Movement (NCM) i.e. people were asked to adhere to a “renunciation of (all) voluntary
association with the (British) Government''. To attain real ‘swaraj’, he suggested a boycott of
foreign clothes and adoption of Khadi.
o After the Chauri-Chaura incident, he tried to protect his movement from likely
repression by promptly withdrawing the NCM. He withdrew from political life from 1924
to 1930 and instead worked towards social reforms that focussed on promotion of Khadi,
Hindu-Muslim unity and abolition of untouchability and prepare masses for non-violent
struggle ahead.
 After 1930s until independence:
o He brought the matter of ‘Salt’ into the freedom struggle to mobilise masses which
considered salt as their basic right and began the Civil Disobedience Movement with
Dandi March so that common people could join the protest. However, when he sensed that
momentum of movement was breaking after a year, he brokered a ‘provisional
settlement’ or ‘truce’ with British through Irwin pact. Thus, he adopted the ‘Struggle-
Truce-Struggle’ method.
o He was afraid of division inside Congress and Hindu society due to separate scheduled caste
representations, while Ambedkar insisted on the separate electorate. Therefore, he applied
the technique of “fast unto death” to put pressure on the government as well as on the
people to concede to his demand.
o During WWII, the time was opportune to start a nationwide movement against British,
however, Gandhiji chose individual Satyagraha initially as the way of protest to not hit
the opponent at its weak time. But, when he saw that the British government is not giving in
to the Indian demands, he decided to go for an all-out struggle i.e. “Quit India Movement”.
Although a few violent incidents were reported in some parts of India, he did not call off the
movement this time.
Thus, the method of Satyagraha which originally meant passive resistance changed its meaning
with each successive experience. Gandhiji brought out the differences between closely connected
notions of non-cooperation, civil disobedience and satyagraha from time to time to resolve conflicts
peacefully and produce positive socio-political changes.

14. Bring out the relationship between the industrial revolution and the advent of imperialism in
different parts of the world. (250 words) 15
Approach:
 Give a brief introduction of industrial revolution and imperialism.
 Write about the relationship between industrial revolution and imperialism.
 Conclude appropriately.
Answer:
Though imperialism as a phenomenon is much older than the Industrial Revolution, but an
aggressive and extensive form of new imperialism by the European powers such as England, France,
Portugal, Spain in 18th century and later by Italy, Germany, the USA, Japan was observed during the
19th and 20th century. It was fueled by the Industrial Revolution that began in the 18 th century in
England. Not only did the Industrial Revolution create the need for these imperial powers to
expand, but it also provided the power to successfully take and profitably maintain colonies
overseas.
The reason behind the advent of imperialism because of the onset of Industrial Revolution can be
explained in terms of:
 Need of land, raw material and market: There was an additional push to conquer new
territories:

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 o As the Industrial Revolution increased the production capacity of Western states
astronomically, there was an increased demand for raw materials. Thus, the Western
powers sought colonies where raw materials were abundant and where they could be
appropriated at little to no cost. For e.g. through colonisation of Africa.
o The American Civil War created a shortage of cotton supply. Also, after the end of slavery in
1865, there was shortage of labour. Therefore, a global reconstruction of the cotton
industry was required which led to the search for a new and innovative combination of land,
labour, capital, and state power. This requirement got fulfilled in western Africa, India,
and China.
o Additionally, the colonies gave the Western powers a ready-made market for their goods,
as the colonized people were left with little to no legal recourse to produce their own
finished products. India, in particular, became a huge market.
 Scientific and Technological Advancement:
o Industrial Revolution led to advances in European naval and military power, enabling
them to conquer much of the world, especially Africa and Asia. The heavily armed ships,
steam-powered engines easily defeated native tribes of Africa, America and Oceania.
o Diseases such as malaria and yellow fever proved to be one of the biggest foes of colonizers
as they got exposed to tropical climate of Africa. However, advancements in medicine, fueled
by industrial revolution, allowed Europeans to better survive against these diseases. With
the new medicine to combat diseases European explorers ventured much deeper into Africa
and soon the entire continent was divided among European powers.
 Infrastructure development: Industrial Revolution led to big infrastructure projects like the
Suez Canal, construction of railroads allowed in colonies among others, which ensured fast and
cheap transportation of products and people around the world. This further fueled imperialism
in India, South America and Africa.
 Racial superiority: The riches and the technical advantages due to industrial revolution made
the imperialists believe that they belong to a much superior race and hence developed the
concept of white man’s burden, which further led to conquering colonies. This provided an
intellectual justification to the project of imperialism by European powers,
Thus, we can see that the Industrial Revolution made it more viable and also more necessary for the
industrialized countries to engage in imperial conquest, increasing the pace of imperialism.

15. The caste system in India has continued to persist by adapting itself to a variety of changing
socio-economic and political conditions in the past few decades. Discuss. (250 words) 15
Approach:
 Briefly highlight the changes witnessed in caste system in India in last few decades.
 Bring out various factors that brought about these changes.
 Highlight the persistence of caste system in India despite the changes.
 Conclude on the basis of above points.
Answer:
In the past few decades, the caste system in India has seen several transformations in its
characteristics such as increasing inter caste marriages, challenge to orthodoxy, occupational
mobilizations, improvement in economic status etc. These changes are contributed by various
socio-economic and political developments owing to westernization, modernization and
globalization. Apart from these, other factors played a role in changing features of caste system in
India like political mobilization, legislative protection, democratic decentralization, industrialization
and urbanization.
However, Indian social stratification is still largely based on caste and the institution
continued to persist by adapting itself to various changes in the following ways:
 The Jajmani system, which involved exchange of goods and services based on occupation, has
witnessed dilution over time.

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  Due to de-ritualization, the caste system has witnessed some secularization. There has also
been horizontal mobilization of castes owing to the compulsion of democratic politics. This has
paved way for a class-caste kind of social stratification, where members of different castes
now compete for entry into the middle class.
 Further, the middle class, which was almost exclusively constituted at the time of
Independence by English educated members of the upper castes, had expanded to include the
upwardly mobile dominant castes through sanskritisation. Some among the hitherto lower
castes have started claiming higher positions in the caste hierarchy and have started practicing
a new form of casteism within their castes.
 Affirmative actions, through policy of reservations, has aggravated the caste system in India.
Demand for reservations for government jobs has become more vocal and aggressive in current
time as seen in Jat Andolan. The traditional occupations are not meeting the basic requirements
of the individuals as well as societies and they have to search for new avenues like government
jobs.
 It is argued that India has become a caste democracy. Political parties are using caste as a
means of mobilization very aggressively during elections for their gains thus not allowing the
required changes to take place effectively.
 Even though there are increasing instances of inter caste marriages, but caste violence like,
honour killing is also increasing and is witnessed not only in Northern India but also in
Southern India where literacy rate is on the higher side.
Thus, it can be seen that while the link of caste system with Hinduism has diluted over time, it
has taken new forms through various adaptations.

16. It is argued by some that regionalism is a threat to national integrity while others consider it
as a highly impactful tool in facilitating political participation. Discuss. (250 words) 15
Approach:
 Briefly introduce the term Regionalism.
 With the help of examples show that regionalism can be a national threat.
 With the help of examples show that it has been used as a tool to generate political
participation.
 Briefly give your opinion with a way forward.
Answer:
Regionalism is a political ideology that focuses on the normative interests of a particular region,
group of regions or other subnational entity. Regionalism in India is rooted in India’s diversity of
languages, cultures, tribes, and religions. It is also encouraged by the geographical concentration of
these identity markers in particular regions, and fuelled by a sense of regional deprivation.
Thus, in Indian context, some scholars believe regionalism as something that is anti-system,
anti-federal and against basic interest of a well-integrated nation because:
 It creates a feeling that the region is being neglected and treated as inferior to the rest of
the nation. For e.g. observed in North-East India, which faces economic deprivation due to
geographical isolation.
 Militant and aggressive regionalism leads to secessionist tendencies i.e. demand of a state
outside the Union. Its classic examples are Khalistan movement and Kashmir issue.
 Regionalism can become a shield for militancy and creates internal security threat for the
nation as the insurgent groups or extremists often fan the feeling of regionalism against
politico-administrative set up of the country.
 Rise of regional political parties sometimes weakens the authority of the Union government
especially when a coalition government is formed at centre. For example, demands of particular
region are often portrayed as national demand. Similarly, several regions create hurdle in
international diplomacy e.g. the Prime Minister could not attend the meetings of
Commonwealth (CHOGM) held in Sri Lanka in 2013 due to pressure from regional political
parties of Tamil Nadu.
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  Regionalism such as anti-migrant or anti-Bihari attitude in some states poses a threat to social
harmony which undermines its citizen a fundamental right to move and settle freely
throughout the territory of India.
 It often stirs inter-state hostility e.g. Kaveri water disputes between Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu. Also, the historical evidences since 1950s suggest that mass mobilisation for regional
causes often turn violent.
However, some scholars also believe that regionalism can act as a tool for national unity as
well if regional demands are accommodated, such as:
 Regional recognition through States Reorganisation Act 1956, which created linguistic States,
weakened the regionalistic demands and facilitated political participation. For example, once
hostile, the DMK abandoned its separate Tamil Land demand and has successfully given several
ministers to the state now.
 Similarly, internal self-determination of community, whether linguistic, tribal, religious,
regional, or their combinations through inclusion of language into eighth schedule, autonomous
district council, provisions of fifth and sixth schedule, etc. increases the loyalty of regions
towards state. For example, Tripura Tribal Autonomous District Council (TTADC), formed in
1985, provided a democratic platform for former separatists to become a party of governance,
and thereby significantly reduced political extremism in the state.
 Regional movements bring regional issues to limelight and hence help in gathering nationwide
support. For example, imposition of a single language, Telangana issue etc.
 Positive regionalism also promotes a sense of pride in connecting to one’s roots and culture
within broader national identity.
In a pluralistic country like India, some sort of regionalism is a natural phenomenon. It can be
resolved through providing adequate autonomy to the states, continued dialogues and socio-
economic development of the neglected areas.

17. Natural gas has become an important primary energy source and its consumption is projected
to increase further. Identify various usages of natural gas and give a brief account of its
distribution globally. (250 words) 15
Approach:
 Introduce by briefly writing about the increasing consumption of natural gas.
 Mention the various usage of natural gas.
 Write about the distribution of natural gas globally.
 Conclude appropriately.
Answer:
Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel among the available fossil fuels. As per International Energy
Outlook 2016, natural gas accounts for the largest increase in world primary energy consumption
on the basis of energy source. Its use is projected to increase from 120 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) in
2012 to 203 Tcf in 2040.
Usages of natural gas are following:
 It is used as a fuel for electric power generation.
 Industrial and commercial usage, for example- as feedstock in the manufacture of fertilizers,
plastics and other commercially important compounds like ammonia.
 It is used for cooking in households in the form of LPG.
 It is used as a cheap and environment friendly alternative to transportation fuel in the form of
CNG in vehicles like buses and commercial automotive fleets.
 It is an ingredient in dyes and inks and used in rubber compounding operations.
Following is a brief overview of distribution of natural gas globally:
 Natural Gas in Russia
o Russia has the largest natural gas reserves in the world (1,680 Tcf).
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 o It periodically changes place with the United States as the world’s largest or second
largest producer.
o Some of the world’s largest gas fields occur in a region of West Siberia and east of the Gulf
of Ob on the Arctic Circle.

 Natural Gas in North America:

o The United States has proven natural gas reserves of 341 Tcf.
o Its largest gas field, Hugoton extends through the Oklahoma, Texas and Kansas.
o Canada has an estimated 62 Tcf of proven natural gas reserves.
o Much of Mexico’s natural gas comes from Gulf of Mexico.
● Natural Gas in Europe: Dutch coast and the North Sea (off the coast of Norway) have proven
reserves.
● Natural Gas in Africa: Central basin of Algeria and Niger Delta have proven reserves.
● Natural Gas in Middle East:
o There is an enormous gas potential in the Middle East associated with the major oil fields in
the Arabian-Iranian basin.
o Iran and Qatar have the largest natural gas reserves in the world, behind Russia.
● Natural Gas in Asia:
o The largest gas field in Asia is in the North Sumatra basin of Indonesia.
o India, as of 31 March 2018, had estimated reserves of 1,339.57 billion cubic meters with
the share of the Eastern Offshore being 38.13% and Western Offshore being 23.33%.
Natural gas, being a relatively clean fuel, is increasing in importance globally. It currently makes up
about 6.2% of the entire energy consumption in India which is targeted to increase to 15% by
2030 to cut carbon emission in the economy.

18. Describe the process of rift valley formation, with special emphasis on the Great Rift Valley
System. (250 words) 15
Approach:
 Describe the evolution of a divergent boundary which leads to the formation of rift valleys.
 Discuss the case of the Great Rift Valley system along with explaining its features.
 Conclude appropriately.
Answer:

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 A rift valley is a lowland region formed by the divergent boundary interaction of Earth's tectonic
plates. Rift valleys are found both on land and at the bottom of the ocean, where they are created by
the process of seafloor spreading. Many of Earth’s deepest rift valleys are found underwater,
dividing mid-ocean ridges. The East African Rift, the Baikal Rift Valley, the West Antarctic Rift, and
the Rio Grande Rift are Earth’s major active continental rift valleys.

Process of rift valley formation:

The formation of rift valley is usually associated with one of the following processes:
 Divergence of two plates: As tectonic plates
move away from one another, molten rock
from the mantle may well up and harden
forming the rift valley. For example - at mid-
ocean ridges; rift valleys between Vindhya
and Satpura ranges.
 Triple Junctions: Many rift valleys are part
of “triple junctions,” a type of divergent
boundary where three tectonic plates meet
at about 120° angles. Two arms of the triple
junction can split to form an entire ocean.
The third, “failed rift”, may become a rift
valley. The Atlantic Ocean, for instance, is a
result of a triple junction that started in what
is now the Gulf of Guinea on the west coast of
Africa.
 Transform faults: Rift valleys can also form at
transform faults, where tectonic plates are
grinding past each other. The Salton Trough,
which stretches through the states of California
(United States) and Baja California (Mexico), is a
rift valley created in part by the San Andreas Fault.
Great Rift Valley System:
The Great Rift Valley System stretches from Jordan in
southwestern Asia southward through eastern Africa
to Mozambique in the south. It is a classic example of
continental rift valley. It consists of two branches-
 The Eastern Rift Valley which extends along the
entire length of the system.
o The northern part of the system is the
Jordan Rift Valley. The Jordan Rift Valley stretches from the Golan Heights, near Israel’s
border to the Dead Sea, to the Gulf of Aqaba—an inlet of the Red Sea
○ It continues southward with the Red Sea rift and complex East African Rift.
○ Throughout the East African Rift, the continent of Africa is splitting in two. The African plate,
sometimes called the Nubian plate, carries most of the continent, while the smaller Somali
plate carries Horn of Africa.
○ The Arabian plate, Nubian plate and Somali plate are all tearing away from each other. At
the Afar Triple Junction. Two arms of the Afar Triple Junction continue to widen in the
process of seafloor spreading
 The Western Rift includes many of the African Great Lakes. It is one of the most biodiverse
regions in Africa, featuring a narrow corridor of highland forests, snow-capped mountains,
savannas, and chains of lakes and wetlands.
The rift has been forming for some 30 million years (as Africa and the Arabian Peninsula separated)
and has been accompanied by extensive volcanism along parts of its length, producing such massifs
as Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya.
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 With so much volcanic and tectonic activity, the East African Rift Valley is a potent power source.
UNEP is developing a geothermal energy program that would convert heat created by the rift
valley’s underground activity into electricity through a series of steam wells.

19. India’s water resources have witnessed rapid depletion due to a mix of economic, geographic,
and political factors. Explain and discuss its implications. (250 words) 15
Approach:
 Present some statistics about depleting water resources in India.
 Highlight the various economic, geographic and political factors responsible for it.
 Explain its implications as well.
 Conclude accordingly.
Answer:
India has only about 4 percent of the world’s renewable water resources but is home to nearly 18
percent of the world’s population. Further, the increasing demand from a growing population,
coupled with the economic activity, adds pressure on already stressed water resources. The per
capita annual water availability has reduced from 1816 cubic metre in 2001 to 1544 cubic metre in
2011.
The depletion of water resources in India is due to a mix of factors including:

● Economic factors:
○ India uses almost twice the amount of water to grow crops as compared to China and the
United States.
○ Since the traditional mixes of crops have been replaced with high-yielding varieties of
wheat, rice, sugarcane, and cotton, the consumption of water has gone up. In addition,
certain genetically modified seeds also consume more water than natural seeds. India uses
nearly 80% of its fresh water resources in irrigation alone.
○ India uses more groundwater than any other country in the world due to rapid
urbanization.
○ Proliferation of industries, such as soft drinks, which exploit water resources without
replenishing it further adds to the woes.
● Geographic factors:
o Majority of the population is dependent on a few major river systems, especially the
Ganges and its tributaries, for its water supply. The exponential population growth has
depleted these water resources more than others.
o Global warming has altered the rainfall pattern in India. This also has implications for the
water availability.
o Construction of dams & hydroelectric projects, and water diversion for irrigation have
systematically depleted water resources.
● Political factors:
○ Power subsidies for agriculture have played a major role in the decline of groundwater
levels in India.
○ Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) for sugarcane, wheat and rice creates highly skewed
incentive structures in favour of these water intensive crops, especially in water scarce
regions like Punjab, Rajasthan and Maharashtra.
○ India lacks a comprehensive water policy with proper guidelines for usage of surface
water and groundwater by different sectors and different states.

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 This mix of issues has led to poor governance of water resources in India creating water scarcity.
This has several implications:

● Lowered agricultural productivity: In 2019, about 50 % of India grappled with drought like
conditions. The situation was compounded by weak monsoon. It severely hampered agricultural
production.
● Water crisis: According to the Composite Water Management Index (CWMI) of NITI Aayog, 21
major cities will reach zero groundwater levels by 2020, affecting access for 100 million people.
● Desertification: Nearly 30% of India’s land area has been degraded through deforestation,
over-cultivation, soil erosion and depletion of wetlands.
● Inter-state conflicts: India has witnessed inter-state conflicts, such as Karnataka–Tamil Nadu
or Haryana–Punjab due to dwindling water resources.
● Diseases: Scarcity of water forces households to use non-potable water. It has severe health
implications. According to the World Bank, 21 percent of communicable diseases in the country
are related to unsafe water.
● Power production: India’s capacity to generate electricity is severely hampered because 40
percent of thermal power plants are located in areas where water scarcity is high.
In light of this, the government has formed a new Jal Shakti Ministry to streamline and consolidate
the governance structure of water management in India. It will look into a range of issues including
clean drinking water, international and inter-states water disputes. However, there is an urgent
need to change the cropping pattern in India and ensure crop diversification. Further, innovative
farming practices like precision farming and zero budget natural farming (ZBNF) could be
employed for efficient water utilisation.

20. How are plateaus formed? Also, briefly discuss the features of the Deccan plateau and its
economic significance. (250 words) 15
Approach:
 Introduce by defining plateaus.
 Discuss the formation of plateaus and give examples.
 Enlist the features of Deccan plateau and discuss the economic significance.
Answer:
A plateau is a flat, elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area on at least one
side. Plateaus take up a third of the earth’s land surface.
The formation of a plateau is associated with one of the following processes below:
 Volcanism: The volcanic eruptions that produce lava plateaus tend to be associated with hot
spots. For example, the basalts of the Deccan Traps, which cover the Deccan plateau in India,
were erupted 60–65 million years ago when India lay probably over the same hot spot that
presently underlies the volcanic island of Reunion.
 Crustal shortening: It is the process of thrusting of one block over another or by the folding of
layers of rock. Some plateaus like the Plateau of Tibet or the Altiplano, are due to crustal
shortening. The surface of this sort of
plateau is defined by very flat, broad
valleys surrounded by eroded hills
and mountains.
 Thermal Expansion: When the
lithosphere underlying a broad area
is heated rapidly—e.g. by an
upwelling of hot material in the
underlying asthenosphere—the

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 consequent warming and thermal expansion of the uppermost mantle causes an uplift of the
overlying surface. For example- the high plateaus of East Africa and Ethiopia. Additionally,
many plateaus form, as magma deep inside the Earth pushes toward the surface forming
massive plateaus.
 Plateau formation due to wind and water erosion: Some other plateaus are created over
time as wind and rain wear away the side of an uplifted region.
Features of the Deccan plateau
 The Deccan Plateau extends over eight Indian states and encompasses a wide range of habitats,
covering significant parts of Telangana, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. It is
located between two mountain ranges, the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats.
 The north-western part of the plateau is made of igneous rocks known as the Deccan Traps. The
rocks are spread over the whole of Maharashtra and parts of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh,
making it one of the largest volcanic provinces in the world.
Economic significance
Deccan plateau and the region are rich in minerals, agriculture, and water resources.
 Mineral resources: Mineral ores found are mica and iron ore in the Chhota Nagpur region, and
diamonds, gold and other metals in the Golconda region. Large deposits of uranium have been
discovered in the Tummalapalle belt and in the Bhima basin at Gogi in Karnataka.
 Agriculture: The region is rich in black soil and is conducive for cotton cultivation. Other crops
include, tobacco, oilseeds, and sugar cane. Cash crops such as coffee, tea, coconuts, areca,
pepper, rubber, cashew nuts, tapioca, and cardamom are widely grown on plantations in the
Nilgiri Hills and on the western slopes of the Western Ghats.
 Hydro-energy: Its principal rivers—the Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri flow from the Western
Ghats eastward to the Bay of Bengal, and thus the region is an important source of hydroelectric
power.
 Tourism: Major tourist destinations such as Ajanta and Ellora caves and other attractions are
located in the region thus contributing to the economy of the belt.
Plateaus are thus significant landforms contributing immensely to economic and recreational value.

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