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    Bishop Westcott Boys School, Namkum Class X History: Chapter-2

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    The document discusses the factors that promoted nationalism in India and led to the foundation of the Indian National Congress. Key factors included economic exploitation by the British, repressive colonial policies, socio-religious reform movements, the rediscovery of India's glorious past, the influence of Western education, the role of the press, and modern transportation and communication. Precursor organizations to the Congress emerged in the late 19th century seeking to unite Indians and end discriminatory British rule, leading influential leaders to establish the Indian National Congress in 1885.

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    Bishop Westcott Boys School, Namkum Class X History: Chapter-2

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    The document discusses the factors that promoted nationalism in India and led to the foundation of the Indian National Congress. Key factors included economic exploitation by the British, repressive colonial policies, socio-religious reform movements, the rediscovery of India's glorious past, the influence of Western education, the role of the press, and modern transportation and communication. Precursor organizations to the Congress emerged in the late 19th century seeking to unite Indians and end discriminatory British rule, leading influential leaders to establish the Indian National Congress in 1885.

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    The document discusses the factors that promoted nationalism in India and led to the foundation of the Indian National Congress. Key factors included economic exploitation by the British, repressive colonial policies, socio-religious reform movements, the rediscovery of India's glorious past, the influence of Western education, the role of the press, and modern transportation and communication. Precursor organizations to the Congress emerged in the late 19th century seeking to unite Indians and end discriminatory British rule, leading influential leaders to establish the Indian National Congress in 1885.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    51 views6 pages

    Bishop Westcott Boys School, Namkum Class X History: Chapter-2

    Uploaded by

    Nishant
    The document discusses the factors that promoted nationalism in India and led to the foundation of the Indian National Congress. Key factors included economic exploitation by the British, repressive colonial policies, socio-religious reform movements, the rediscovery of India's glorious past, the influence of Western education, the role of the press, and modern transportation and communication. Precursor organizations to the Congress emerged in the late 19th century seeking to unite Indians and end discriminatory British rule, leading influential leaders to establish the Indian National Congress in 1885.

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    of 6

    BISHOP WESTCOTT BOYS‟ SCHOOL, NAMKUM

    CLASS X
    HISTORY
    CHAPTER-2
    FACTORS PROMOTING THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM AND FOUNDATION
    OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

    Nationalism denotes patriotism or devotion to the country or Nation, a feeling of utmost love
    for the country that compels people to overthrow the foreign domination and become free.

    FACTORS PROMOTING GROWTH OF NATIONALISM :

    1. ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION :
    The only motive of the Britishers was to oppress and exploit the people of India and
    the economic system of India was adjusted to the needs of the Britishers. The wealth
    of India was drained to England. The Indian peasants suffered the most. They were
    exploited the British, Indian Landlords and the money Lenders. Raw material
    exported to Britain and goods manufactured there were brought and sold at high rates
    in India. This Policy ruined the cottage industries ,the handicraftsmen and artisans
    were forced to deprive of their means of livelihood . The factory owners (generally
    English) also exploited the workers. The British Policy of free trade also hit the
    industries very hard. The British never encouraged the agriculture. Many of the
    farmers were forced to produce jute and cotton to feed the British factories.

    Educated Indians were never appointed to the high posts, middle class people also
    suffered a great deal .The British always ignored the welfare activities such as health,
    education, irrigation etc of the masses and thus reduced India to their economic
    colony only.

    2. REPRESSIVE COLONIAL POLICIES :


    The Englishmen were very proud of their race, therefore they treated the Indians with
    contempt and hatred. The British like all other Imperialist countries followed
    repressive policies, particularly Lord Lytton, the Viceroy(1876-1880) and Lord
    Curzon(1899-1905) . Lord Lytton by his Vernacular Press Act(1878) and Arms
    Act(1878) created sensation amongst the Indians.Vernacular Press Act put restriction
    on the Indian newspapers published in various languages and Arms act restricted
    Indians to possess arms without licence such as guns. Likewise, Lord Curzon by his
    sweeping changes in Education, and Partition of Bengal(1905) antagonised and turned
    the Indians against the foreign rule. Not only this arrogant behaviour of the Britishers
    insulted the Indians but even abused and assaulted them. The Indians became
    conscious about their humiliation and created a feeling of the bitterness and
    nationalism.

    3. SOCIO-RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS:
    The 19th Century saw serious religious and social reform movements. Raja Ram
    Mohan Roy, Jyoti Bhai Phule, Swami Dyanand ,Swami Vivekananda Annie
    Basant carried out many socio- religious reforms and paved the way for nationalism.
    They inspired the people with the ideas of self –respect, self- confidence and self-
    reliance.

    Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1872-1833) heralded the Modern Age in India. He was also
    called the First Modern Man of India. His Brahmo Samaj(1828) got Sati-Pratha
    abolished, through the then Governor General ,Lord William Bentick. He also
    preached the Widow-Remarriage. He was a great Humanist and stressed the unity of
    all religions. His Brahmo-Samaj also attacked the Caste-System, Poligamy, child-
    marriage. He also protested against the practise of denying women the Right to
    Property. He also felt the importance of English Education in the Modern World. He
    regarded liberty as a “Priceless Possesion” of all citizens and stressed the Britishers to
    give civil rights to the Indians .He felt that all these were necessary for the political
    advancement of the Indians. He also started a Bengal Weekly called the “Samwad
    Kaumudi” and later a Persian paper called “Mirat-ul-Akbar” which preached
    National and Progressive characters.

    Jyoti Bhai Phule(1827-1890) was also a great social reformer who worked for the
    upliftment of the depressed classes. He laid the foundation of Satya Sadhak Samaj in
    1873 for the betterment of the downtrodden . He opened schools for them. He also
    opened one of the Girls Schools in India and set up an orphanage in 1848 and 1854
    repectively . He published many books like “Tales of Untouchables” for his great
    contribution he is rightly known as “Mahatma Jyotibhai Phule”.

    4. Rediscovery of India‟s Glorious Past :


    Many Britishers wrongly propagated that the Indians were destined to be ruled by the
    Britishers and were not capable to rule themselves. But scholars like Max Mueller ,
    Sir Williams Jones, A.B. Keith, Canningham, Marshall Jacobi etc, conducted
    many research on Indian History and were gently impressed by the political ,social ,
    cultural advancement of the Indians in the past. Max Mueller once said, “If
    spiritualism exists anywhere on this Earth, it is in India”. He further commented , “If
    India is dead today, the world died many years ago”. Many Indian writers like
    Bhandarkar, Ranade, Hari Prasad Shastri also highlighted the ancient glory of
    India. The Indians now began to take pride in their culture and civilisation . All these
    aroused the feeling of nationalism a great deal.

    5. Influence of Western Education:


    The British imposed English Language on the Indians for their advantage. They
    imparted Western Education and Sciences through the medium of English to serve
    their own administration and Imperial ends. They needed petty clerks to run
    administration.They propagated Western Culture to win the loyalty of Indians.
    Western Education instilled in the minds of the educated classes the western ideas of
    Equality, Liberty and Justice.They gave the first national language(English) for the
    interaction that lead to a common programme of action .The writing of the Western
    thinkers such as Rousseau, Paine, Mill Milton, Max Mueller, Voltire, Burke etc
    inspired the Indians with the ideas of Democracy, Freedom and Nationalism. The
    French Revolution ,The American War of Independence, The Irish Revolution also
    played a pivotal role in inspiring the Indians with the revolutionary ideas to build a
    strong, modern and united India.

    6. Role of Press:
    The Press and Literature also played a big role in carrying the nationalistic and
    revolutionaries ideas. Many newspaper were published in the different parts of
    country such as Amrit Bazar Patrika, Anand Bazar Patrika ,The Hindu, The
    Patriot, The Kohinoor, The Kesri and Maratha. These newspaper not only
    criticized the unjust policies of the Britishers ,but also aroused the patriotic
    sentiments. Tilak’s weekly journals the Keshri and the Maratha instilled pride among
    Indians. A large number of national literature was produced in the 19 th Century. The
    writings of B.C. Chatterjee, Rabindranath Tagore, Vishu Shastri, Bharatendu
    HarishChandra, Din Bandhu Mitra, Hali, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan stirred the
    hearts of the Indians. B.C. Chatterjee‟s novel “ Anand Math” became Bible of
    Indian nationalism. Raja Ram Mohan Roy‟s “Samwad Kaumodi” , Databhai‟s
    „Rast Goftar‟ also contributed greatly, “Vande Mataram” became National Song
    and inspired everybody.

    7. Modern means of Transport and Communication :


    The modern means of transportation and communication had a binding influence in
    India .New means of transport like Railways and roadways and communication
    quickened the pace of free movement in the country .The Indian leader used these
    means to carry the message of the National Sentiments.These means enabled the
    leaders to meet together and chalk out plans for uprooting the British Rule in India.

    8.Precursors of the Indian National Congress :


    The birth of Indian NtionalCongress was an event of great significance in the History
    of India .The Second Half of 19th Century witnessed the rise of National Political
    Consciousness and organised National Movements. During this period various
    association were founded in the different parts of the India but they were local in
    nature and lacked national character. Out of many associations Dadabhai Naoroji‟s
    East India Association founded in London(1866) and Surendranath Banerjee‟s
    The Indian Association(1876) were most famous. Dadabhai made England the
    centre of his Political activities.Through this association he wanted to place the true
    state of affairs in india to the British people so that the grievances of the Indian people
    be removed. Later on its branches were opened in Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai to raise
    the slogan of Swaraj .He was also an Economist and showed ,how costly the British
    rule was and draining the wealth of India to Britain. The Indian Association
    (Surendranath Banerjee) wanted to organise a powerful public opinion and to promote
    the unity of Indians and broaden the base of Indian National Movement. It also
    launched agitation against the discriminatory and oppressive acts such as Licence
    Act, the Arms Act and the Vernacular Act.
    The Politically Conscious Indians were aware
    of the need of an all India Organisation. It was at this juncture that some of the Indian
    leaders(S.N BANERJEE, DADABHAI NAOROJI, FIROZESHAH MEHTA,
    BADRUDDIN TAYABJI,JUSTICE RANADE) were moving towards the
    formation of an all India Political body, a British Retired ICS officer, A.O. HUME
    played an important role and wrote an open letter to the Graduates of the Calcutta
    University on March 1, 1883 imploring them to dedicate their services to form a
    Union to organise and follow a well defined lines of action. HUME further ,in
    consultation of the Indian leaders, laid the foundation of Indian National Union in
    1884 . A conference of representatives of different parts of India was conducted by
    the Union at Poona on December 1885,Finally the conference was held at Bombay
    from 28th to 31st December 1885 under the chairmanship of W.C. Banerjee and laid
    the formation of the Indian National Congress. Mr. Hume was rightly considered as
    the “Father of Indian National Congress”. It was attended by a delegate of 72
    members.

    IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVES OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

    W.C. Banerjee , the President of the First Session of the Congress ,declared the
    following immediate objectives of the Congress
     To enable national workers from all parts of India to become personally
    known to each other.
     To develop and consolidate the feelings of National Unity irrespective of
    religious belief , colour and creed.
     To formulate the popular demands on vital problems and their presentation
    before government.
     To train and organise the public opinion of the country.

    It was also decided that Congress would hold its sessions every year in a big town
    usually in December to chalk out new programmes to achieve its aim.
    QUESTIONS & ASSIGNMENTS:

    1. In what ways did the means of transport and communication contribute to the
    growth of nationalism?
    2. In what ways Western thoughts and education help in the promotion of
    nationalism?
    3. Name any two Western thinkers who influenced the Indians?
    4. How did the introduction of the English as the medium of instruction helped
    Indians ?
    5. How did the French and American Revolutions inspired the Indians?
    6. How did the Press foster Patriotism among the people? Name two newspapers of
    the 19th Century?
    7. What effect did the rediscovery of India’s past leave on the people?
    8. Name any two Western scholars who conducted researches on India’s glorious
    past?
    9. Mention two contributions of each Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Jyotibhai Phule?
    10. By whom and why was East India Association founded?
    11. When and who laid the foundation of the Indian Association .Mention its two
    objectives?
    12. The foundation of Indian National Congress was an event of great importance on
    the Political horizon of India. In this context answer the following :
    i. When was it founded?
    ii. Who is regarded as the founder of this institution?
    iii. Name the first President of the Congress?
    iv. Main aims of the Congress?

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