Power System Analysis

Per-Unit System
 2

Per-Unit System
 In the per-unit system, the voltages, currents, powers,
impedances, and other electrical quantities are
expressed on a per-unit basis by the equation:

Actual value
Quantity per unit =
Base value of quantity

 It is customary to select two base quantities to define

a given per-unit system. The ones usually selected
are voltage and power.
 3

Per-Unit System
Assume:

Vb  Vrated
Sb  Srated
Then compute base values for currents and
impedances:
2
Sb Vb V
Ib  Zb   b
Vb Ib Sb
 4

Example 1
An electrical lamp is rated 120 volts, 500 watts. Compute
the per-unit and percent impedance of the lamp. Give the
p.u. equivalent circuit.

Solution:
(1) Compute lamp resistance
V2 V2
(120) 2
P R   28.8
R P 500
if power factor = 1.0 then :

Z  28.80
 5

Example 1
(2) Select base quantities
Sb  500VA
Vb  120V

(3) Compute base impedance

2 2
V (120)
Zb  b
 28.8
Sb 500
(4) The per-unit impedance is:
Z 28.80
Z p.u.    10 p.u.
Zb 28.8
 6

Example 1
(5) Percent impedance: Z %  100%

(6) Per-unit equivalent circuit:

VS  10 p.u. Z  10 p.u.

 7

Example 2
An electrical lamp is rated 120 volts, 500 watts. If the
voltage applied across the lamp is twice the rated value,
compute the current that flows through the lamp. Use the
per-unit method.

Solution:
Vb  120V
V 240
V p.u.    20 p.u.
Vb 120
Z p.u.  10 p.u.
 8

Example 2
The per-unit equivalent circuit is as follows:

VS  20 p.u. Z  10 p.u.

V p.u. 20
I p.u.    20 p.u.
Z p.u. 10
Sb 500
Ib    4.167 A
Vb 120
I actual  I p.u. I b  20  4.167  8.3340 A
 9

Three-Phase Systems
For a given single-line (one-line) diagram of a power
network, all component parameters are expressed in 3-
quantity whether it is the rating (capacity) expressed as
MVA or voltage as kV.

Let begin with 3- base quantity of

S base  3Vbase I base (i)

where Vbase = line voltage, Ibase= line or phase current

 10

Three-Phase Systems
Per phase base impedance,
V base
3
Z base  (ii) This is line-to-neutral impedance
I base

Combining (i) and (ii) yields,

Vbase
Z base  3 Z base 
kVbase 2
Sbase MVAbase
3Vbase

where kVbase and MVAbase are 3- quantities.

 11

Changing base impedance (Znew)

Sometimes the parameters for two elements in the same

circuit (network) are quoted in per-unit on a different base.
The changing base impedance is given as,

2
 kVbase OLD  MVAbase NEW
Z NEW  pu   ZOLD  2

 kVbase NEW  MVAbase OLD
 12

Example 3
Determine the per-unit values of the following single-line
diagram and draw the impedance diagram.

50 MVA 100 MVA 50 MVA

Xg = 16% 275 kV/132 kV 132 kV/66 kV
Transmission line
j 3.4 

XT1 = 0.1 p.u XT2 = 0.04 p.u

Load

40 MVA,
0.8 p.f. lagging
 13

Solution:
For S , always choose the largest rating, therefore Sbase = 100 MVA
anywhere in the power system.. For V, we have 2 transformers and
three regions with different voltage levels. So choose :
Vbase(Reg1)= 275 kV, Vbase(Reg2)=132 kV and Vbase(Reg3)=66 kV.

50 MVA 100 MVA 50 MVA

Xg = 16% 275 kV/132 kV 132 kV/66 kV
Transmission line
j 3.4 
Load

XT1 = 0.1 p.u XT2 = 0.04 p.u

40 MVA,
0.8 p.f. lagging
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3
Vbase=275 kV Vbase=132 kV
Vbase=66 kV

Vbase1  275kV Vbase2  Vbase1 132 Vbase3  Vbase2  66

275 132
 14

Per-unit calculations:
Generator G1:(Region 1) Transformer T1:
2
 kVbase OLD  MVAbase NEW
Z NEW  pu   Z OLD  
2
 kVbase NEW  MVAbase OLD ST 1  Sbase  100MVA

Vbase (Re g1)

2
S base( NEW ) X T 1 ( pu)  0.1 p.u.
X g NEW ( pu )  X g OLD ( pu )  2

Vbase (Re g1) S base( OLD )

275kV 100 MVA

X g ( pu )  0.16  kV
 MVA  0.32 p.u.
275 50
 15

Transmission line TL: Transformer T2:

(Region 2)
ST 2  50MVA  Sbase
Z base 
kVbase 2
MVA base  kVbase OLD
2
 MVAbase NEW
Z NEW  pu   ZOLD  2

 kVbase NEW  MVAbase OLD
(132 103 ) 2
Z base   174.24 
100 10 6
2
Vbase(Re g 3) S base( NEW )
X T 2 NEW ( pu )  X T 2 OLD ( pu )  
Z actual Vbase(Re g 3)
2
S base( OLD )
Z pu 
Z base
100 MVA
X actual(TL ) 3.4 X T 2 ( pu )  0.04 1 MVA
X TL ( pu )   50
Z base 174.24

X TL ( pu)  0.0195 p.u. X T 2 ( pu)  0.08 p.u.

 16

Inductive load: (Region 3)

In 3-phase systems :

S S V
I   Z  3
3V .Cos 3V .PF and
I

66 103
Z actual( Load )  3  87.1236.87 o 
40 106
3  66 103  0.8

(66 103 ) 2 
Z base   43.56
100 106

87.1236.87 o
Z L ( pu )   236.87 o or (1.6  j1.2)p.u.
43.56
 17

Now, we have all the

impedance values in per-
unit with a common base
and we can now combine
all the impedances and
determine the overall
impedance.

Transformer Transmission Line Transformer

T1 TL T2
j 0.1 p.u. j 0.0195 p.u. j 0.08 p.u.

j 0.32 p.u. 1.6 p.u..

Generator Load
G j 1.2 p.u.

17
 18

Example 4
In the previous example , assume that the generator
voltage is Eg=275 kV. Find the values of Ig , Iline , Iload ,Vload
and Pload.

Eg=275 kV T1 Transmission line T2

Ig ILine ILoad

Load
 19

From the previous example we know per-phase, per-unit

equivalent circuit of this power system:
Transformer Transmission Line Transformer
T1 TL T2
j 0.1 p.u. j 0.0195 p.u. j 0.08 p.u.

j 0.32 p.u. 1.6 p.u..

Load
Generator I(pu)
E g ( pu ) 
275
 10 pu
j 1.2 p.u.
275

Eg 275 Z eq ( pu )  1.6  j (0.32  0.1  0.0195  0.08  1.2)

E g ( pu )    10 pu
Vbase(Re g1) 275  1.6  j1.7195  2.3547˚pu

10
Eg ( pu ) ˚
I ( pu )    0.4256  47 pu
Z eq ( pu ) 2.3547
 20

Sbase 100  106

I base(Re g1)    209.94 ( Amp)
3.Vbase(Re g1) 3  275  10 3

I g  I ( pu)  I base(Re g1)  (0.4256  47)  209.94  89.3  47˚ ( Amp)

Sbase 100  106

I base(Re g 2)    437.39 ( Amp)
3.Vbase(Re g 2) 3  132  10 3

I Line  I ( pu)  I base(Re g 2)  (0.4256  47)  437.39  186.1  47˚ ( Amp)

Sbase 100  106

I base(Re g 3)    874.77 ( Amp)
3.Vbase(Re g 3) 3  66  10 3

I Load  I ( pu)  I base(Re g 3)  (0.4256  47)  874.77  372.2  47˚ ( Amp)

 21

From the previous example, we know :

66 103
Z actual ( Load )  3  87.1236.87 o 
40 106
3  66 103  0.8

Moreover:

VLoad  I Load  Z Load  (372.2  47˚)  (87.1236.87˚)

 32.43kV   10.1˚

PLoad  I Load VLoad  Cos  372.2  (32.43 103 )  0.8  9.65 (MW )
Power Factor
 22

Example 5
A power system consists of one synchronous generator and
one synchronous motor connected by two transformers and
a transmission line. Create a per-phase, per-unit equivalent
circuit of this power system using a base apparent power of
100 MVA and a base line voltage of the generator G1 of 13.8
kV. Given that:

G1 ratings: 100 MVA, 13.8 kV, R = 0.1 pu, Xs = 0.9 pu;

T1 ratings: 100 MVA, 13.8/110 kV, R = 0.01 pu, Xs = 0.05 pu;
T2 ratings: 50 MVA, 120/14.4 kV, R = 0.01 pu, Xs = 0.05 pu;
M ratings: 50 MVA, 13.8 kV, R = 0.1 pu, Xs = 1.1 pu;
L1 impedance: R = 15 , X = 75 .
 23

The system base apparent power is Sbase = 100 MVA everywhere

in the power system. The base voltage in the three regions will
vary as the voltage ratios of the transformers that delineate the
regions. These base voltages are:
 24

The corresponding base impedances in each region are:

 25

The impedances of G1 and T1 are specified in per-unit on a base

of 13.8 kV and 100 MVA, which is the same as the system base
in Region 1. Therefore, the per-unit resistances and reactances of
these components on the system base are unchanged:

There is a transmission line in Region 2 of the power system. The

impedance of the line is specified in ohms, and the base impedance
in that region is 121 . Therefore, the per-unit resistance and
reactance of the transmission line are:
 26
The impedance of T2 is specified in per-unit on a base of 14.4 kV
and 50 MVA in Region 3. Therefore, the per-unit resistances and
reactances of this component on the system base are:

The impedance of M2 is specified in per-unit on a base of 13.8 kV

and 50 MVA in Region 3. Therefore, the per-unit resistances and
reactances of this component on the system base are:
 27

Therefore, the per-phase, per-unit equivalent circuit of this

power system is shown: