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    9 Nucleas and Ribosomes

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    9 Nucleas and Ribosomes

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    Nucleas

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    9_Nucleas_and_ribosomes

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    Nucleas

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    4 views5 pages

    9 Nucleas and Ribosomes

    Uploaded by

    yabuasbeh
    Nucleas

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    2021/2022 Worksheet # 9 1st Semester

    International Section High School

    Teacher's
    Name
    Noor Alsamarraie Grade
    11 SAT
    Subject Ap Biology Student's Name

    Topic Nucleus and Ribosomes Date

    Nucleus and Ribosomes


    Noor Alsamarraie

    10/25/2021
    Ap Biology
    Noor Alsamarraie
    Nucleus and Ribosomes

    The nucleus

    The nucleus (plural, nuclei) houses the cell’s genetic material, or DNA, and is also
    the site of synthesis for ribosomes, the cellular machines that assemble proteins.

    Inside the nucleus, chromatin (DNA wrapped around proteins, described further
    below) is stored in a gel-like substance called nucleoplasm.

    Enclosing the nucleoplasm is the nuclear envelope, which is made up of two layers
    of membrane: an outer membrane and an inner membrane. Each of these
    membranes contains two layers of phospholipids, arranged with their tails pointing
    inward (forming a phospholipid bilayer).

    There’s a thin space between the two layers of the nuclear envelope, and this space
    is directly connected to the interior of another membranous organelle,
    the endoplasmic reticulum.

    Nuclear pores, small channels that span the nuclear envelope, let substances enter
    and exit the nucleus. Each pore is lined by a set of proteins, called the nuclear pore
    complex, that control what molecules can go in or out.

    Ap Biology Noor Alsamarraie Page 2


    Nucleus and Ribosomes

    How do you make a ribosome? Some chromosomes have sections of DNA that

    encode ribosomal RNA, a type of structural RNA that combines with proteins to

    make the ribosome. In the nucleolus, new ribosomal RNA combines with proteins to

    form the subunits of the ribosome. The newly made subunits are transported out

    through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm, where they can do their job.

    Some cell types have more than one nucleolus inside the nucleus. For instance, some

    mouse cells have up to nucleoli. Prokaryotes, which do not have a nucleus, don't

    have nucleoli and build their ribosomes in the cytosol.

    Ribosomes

    As mentioned above, ribosomes are the molecular machines responsible for protein

    synthesis. A ribosome is made out of RNA and proteins, and each ribosome consists

    of two separate RNA-protein complexes, known as the small and large subunits.

    The large subunit sits on top of the small subunit, with an RNA template

    sandwiched between the two. (A ribosome looks a little like a hamburger with a

    puffy bun on top, an RNA “patty” threading through it.)

    In eukaryotes, ribosomes get their orders for protein synthesis from the nucleus,

    where portions of DNA (genes) are transcribed to make messenger RNAs (mRNAs).

    An mRNA travels to the ribosome, which uses the information it contains to build a

    protein with a specific amino acid sequence.

    Ap Biology Noor Alsamarraie Page 3


    Nucleus and Ribosomes

    This process is called translation. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, so their mRNAs are

    transcribed in the cytoplasm and can be translated by ribosomes immediately.

    Eukaryotic ribosomes may be either free, meaning that they are floating around in

    the cytoplasm, or bound, meaning that they are attached to the endoplasmic

    reticulum or the outside of the nuclear envelope. (In the first diagram in this

    article, the red dots represent bound ribosomes; endoplasmic reticulum with bound

    ribosomes is known as rough endoplasmic reticulum.)

    Because protein synthesis is an essential function of all cells, ribosomes are found

    in practically every cell type of multicellular organisms, as well as in prokaryotes

    such as bacteria. However, eukaryotic cells that specialize in producing proteins

    Ap Biology Noor Alsamarraie Page 4


    Nucleus and Ribosomes

    have particularly large numbers of ribosomes. For example, the pancreas is

    responsible for producing and secreting large amounts of digestive enzymes, so the

    pancreatic cells that make these enzymes have an unusually high number of

    ribosomes.

    Ap Biology Noor Alsamarraie Page 5

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