Smart Home Energy Management System IOT Based

Smart Home Energy Management System IOT based
Muhammad Waqas ELEN18111029

Farrukh Rafique ELEN18111040
Abdul Moiz Haider ELEN18111056
Session: 2018-2022
Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering
Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and
Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan
June 30, 2022

By
Muhammad Waqas ELEN18111029

Farrukh Rafique ELEN18111040
Abdul Moiz Haider ELEN18111056
A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for degree of
Smart Home Energy Management System IOT based
Supervisor: Engr. Fazal Ur Rehman
Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering
Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and

Information Technology Rahim Yar Khan
June 30, 2022
ii
Declaration
We Muhammad Waqas, Farrukh Rafique and Abdul Moiz Haider hereby

state that my BS thesis titled ”Smart Home Energy Management System IOT
based” is my own work and has not been submitted previously by me for taking
any degree from Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information
Technology, Rahim Yar Khan or anywhere else in the country/world.
At any time if our statement is found to be incorrect even after our graduation
the university has the right to withdraw our BS degree.
Rahim Yar Khan, on June 30, 2022
Muhammad Waqas (ELEN18111029): Signature:
Farrukh Rafique (ELEN18111040): Signature:
Abdul Moiz Haider (ELEN18111056): Signature:
iii
Plagiarism Undertaking
We Muhammad Waqas, Farrukh Rafique and Abdul Moiz Haider solemnly
declare that research work presented in the thesis titled ”Smart Home Energy
Management System IOT Based” is solely our research work with no significant
contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help wherever taken has
been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by us.
We Muhammad Waqas, Farrukh Rafique and Abdul Moiz Haider understand
the zero tolerance policy of the HEC and Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering
and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan towards plagiarism. Therefore, we as
Author of the above titled thesis declare that no portion of our thesis has been
plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly referred/cited.
We Muhammad Waqas, Farrukh Rafique and Abdul Moiz Haider undertake
that if we found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis even
after awarding of BS degree, the University reserves the rights to
withdraw/revoke our BS degree and that HEC and the University have the right to
publish our names on the HEC/University Website on which names of students
are placed who have submitted plagiarized thesis.
Rahim Yar Khan, on June 30, 2022
Muhammad Waqas (ELEN18111029): Signature:
Farrukh Rafique (ELEN18111040): Signature:
Abdul Moiz Haider (ELEN18111056): Signature:
iv
Certificate of Approval
This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis, entitled ”Smart
Home Energy Management System IOT based” was conducted by Muhammad
Waqas, Farrukh Rafique and Abdul Moiz Haider under the supervision of Engr.
Fazal Ur Rehman .
Any part of this thesis has not been submitted anywhere else for any other
degree. This thesis is submitted to Department of Electrical Engineering, Khwaja
Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of BS Electrical Engineering.
Supervisor: Engr. Fazal Ur Rehman Signature:
Co-Supervisor (If any): Signature:
External Examiner: Dr. Abdul Sattar Malik Signature:
HoD: Engr. Dr. Shahid Atiq Signature:
v
Acknowledgments
The research project titled "Smart Home Energy Management System IOT based" was
successfully completed in the Department of Electrical and Bio-medical Engineering of
the Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT)
under the Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) Annual Award of Final Year Design
Projects (FYDP) for the year 2022-2023. The Project was supervised by Engr. Fazal ur
Rehman.
vi
Abstract
The Electric Supply Department sends the usage bill for the prior month based
on the usage as evidenced by the traditional electricity meter deployed in
residential or business locations. After that, the customer waits in line to pay the
bill at the electrical office. Both for the suppliers and the users, this process is
exceedingly time-consuming, dangerous, and cost-effective. Modern energy
metre research creates a variety of innovative and affordable technologies for the
construction of energy metres, which also contribute to the development of the
payment and billing systems..
Electrical energy reading is a very ancient practise nowadays. Due to the increased
risk of human error, manual metre reading is unreliable, and there is also a high
likelihood of theft or corruption. This faulty method of metre reading has an impact
on Pakistan’s economy since the financial status of WAPDA or Pakistan in general is
quite uncertain. We suggest an alternative approach sparked by this.Smart energy
metre is the best solution which gives information about the monthly cost of the units
used, voltage, current, real power, apparent power, reactive power, and power factor
reading in addition to providing readings digitally using IoT.
In order to consume electricity without any issues during load shedding, we also
use an integrated solar system with WAPDA. When WAPDA is unavailable, our
load will be switched over to the solar system, ensuring a trouble-free,
continuous supply of electricity.[18]
vii
Contents
Decleration ii
Plagiarism Undertaking iv
Acknowledgements vi
Abstract vii
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3. Motivation and objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4. Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Proposed Methodology 5
2.1. Block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. Charge Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3. Boost converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3.1. Push pull topology with open loop control system . . . . . . . 6
2.3.2. Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.3. Push Pull topology with closed loop control system . . . . . . 9
viii
Contents
2.3.4. Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3.5. Full bridge topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4. Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.1. Inverter Modulation techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4.2. Pulse Width Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4.3. Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5. Types of Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.5.1. Square wave inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.5.2. Modified sine wave inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.5.3. Pure Sine Wave Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.6. Flow chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3. Modelling and Simulation 21
3.1. Mathematical Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.1. Node MCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.1.2. Cayenne IOT Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1.3. Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1.4. Cloud information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2. Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4. Hardware Implementation 30
4.1. List Of Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.1.1. IN4007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.1.2. IN4148 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.1.3. 2N2222 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.1.4. IRF740 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.1.5. B80C1000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
ix
Contents
4.1.6. IR2110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.1.7. IRF1404 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.1.8. 2N7002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.1.9. Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.1.10. Arduino board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2. Hardware Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.3. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5. Conclusion 47
5.1. Thesis Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.2. Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.3. Impact on Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
A. Appendix 49
A.1. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
A.2. Complex Engineering Problem Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Bibliography 61
x
List of Figures
2.1. Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. Push pull converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3. Center-tapped transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4. Centre tapped transformer working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5. PWM chip detail schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.6. TL494 dead time and soft start circuitry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.7. High frequency switching with Centre tapped transformer . . . . . . 11
2.8. High voltage AC to DC conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.9. Circuit schematic of full bridge topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.10. Block diagram of inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.11. Duty cycling of pwm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.12. Frequency setting of duty cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.13. SPWM (Sinusoidal pulse width modulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.14. Square wave inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.15. Modified sine wave inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.16. Flow chart of inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.17. Flow chart of energy management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.1. Mcu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
xi
List of Figures
3.2. Cayenne cloud server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3. Cayenne cloud complete dash board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.4. Cayenne library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.5. Circuit diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.6. Energy meter simulation diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.7. Simulation of Energy Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.8. Simulation detailed parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.9. Inverter simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.10. Inverter Output Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.1. In4007 Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.2. In4148 Diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.3. 2N222 Npn Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.4. Pin configuration for B80C1000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.5. Functional Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.6. Pin configuration for IR2110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.7. Pin configuration for IRF1404 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.8. Internal schematic diagram of IRF1404 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.9. Internal schematic diagram of 2N7002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.10. Internal schematic diagram relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.11. Arduino board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.12. Circuit schematic of microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.13. PCB layout of inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.14. PCB layout of energy meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.15. PCB 3D layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.16. Solar charge controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
xii
List of Figures
4.17. Hardware of inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

4.18. Transformer 12v to 220v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.19. Energy meter hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.20. Project hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.21. Waveform of inverter output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.22. Parameters display of energy meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.23. NodeMCU hardware connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
xiii
List of Tables
4.1. MOSFET Pin Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
xiv
Acronyms
• PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
• ADC (Analogue to Digital Converter)
• IC (Integrated Circuit)
• LED (Light Emitting Diode)
• SPWM (Synchronized Pulse Width Modulation)
• IOT (Internet Of Things)
• MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking)
• ATMEGA328p (Microcontroller)
• BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor)
• DC (Direct Current)
• AC (Alternating Current)
xv
1. Introduction
1.1. Background
The production of energy by burning coal, gas, or oil is not only wasteful, but it
also contributes to pollution. Fossil fuels, for example, are running out, therefore
we need to find alternative sources of energy. This problem can be solved using
renewable energy, which is both environmentally and economically friendly. Re-
newable energy sources include biomass, sunlight, geothermal energy, and wind
power. These natural fuel-based power plants suffer from a number of problems
that renewable energy sources don’t have. The price of fossil fuels has a direct
effect on the economies of countries that rely on this resource.[2]
An energy metre can be used by both residential and commercial customers to keep
track of their electricity consumption. The two most prevalent types of energy metres
are electromechanical and electronic. With the help of cutting-edge energy metre
research, a smart energy metre has been developed as an amalgamation of the two
most common types. Electromechanical energy metres of the induction type are
prevalent. Energy metres that count revolutions use a non-magnetic and conducting
light metallic disc (Aluminum disc) that rotates freely between two magnetic fields,
which are related to the load voltage and load current and hence the power being
measured. To produce a driving force, two electromagnetic coils,
1
1. Introduction
namely the pressure coil and the current coil, must come into contact. The current
coil is linked to the load in parallel as opposed to series like the pressure coil. The
pressure coil produces a magnetic flux that really is proportionate to the load cur-rent
because the load voltage is proportionate to the load current. The load voltage and
current, as well as their corresponding powers factors, determine the driving torque.
The main limitations of this type of metre are the creeping error and the phase angle
inaccuracy. In addition, the equipment is heavy and hard to carry.[1]
A shift in the frequency of the power source causes it to malfunction. Friction has a
significant impact on the instrument’s readings. Almost all of the metre in use today is
of this particular form. There are no moving elements in a digital micro-technology-
based electronic energy metre (EEM). An analogue circuit, an A/D converter, and an
application-specific integrated circuit round out the list of components. These two
components work together to regulate metre operation. The input sampled voltage is
compared to a preprogrammed reference value. When a comparator’s analogue
output is converted to a digital value, A/D converters are utilised. In order to assess
power, the average of the digital data is taken into account. Application-specific IC
output is given in pulses as indicated by the LED on the front of the metering device.
The average KWH/Unit is calculated by dividing the total number of pulses by the
specified time period. A notable advantage of EEM is its accuracy under nonlinear
loads. It’s also worth noting that electronic energy metres are more accurate than
mechanical induction metres. As a result, both the overall cost of energy and the cost
of its distribution are decreased. With this information, actual power consumption can
be determined by taking into account both currents in the neutral and the phase lines.
This metre type supports billing based on the time of day. When the premises or
company site is uninhabited, however, it is unable to promptly disconnect the line.
This metre does not have an
2
1.2. Problem Statement
online payment or invoicing system .’s Additionally, the smart tri-vector metre is
another smart metre alternative. The smart energy metre includes a stepper
motor counter and LCD display, and it uses 1 watt/4 VA of power and is accurate
to within 0.2 percent to 0.4 percent.[16]
1.2. Problem Statement
In the same way that the price of diesel and oil can affect the cost of electricity, so
can the price of other fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources provide cost-free and
pollution-free power. Solar-powered system that uses an energy metre to monitor the
use of renewable wapda power as a source of power has been agreed upon.[10]
1.3. Motivation and objective
The main purpose of a solar energy system is to detect the energy requirements
of the charge and, if practical, to produce as much electricity as is feasible from
renewable sources. The controller of the power system is designed to maintain a

balance between the generation of power and the altering demands of the
system. The controller is needed since the renewable energy source is always
unstable, thus it must be managed. Simulation studies are carried out under real-
world working situations to optimise a variety of competing design goals.[12] The
following goals are the focus of this undertaking:
• There are two basic objectives: mixing and conducting a load test.
• We used Proteus 8.6 for circuit simulation and testing and learned the C
programming language to programme the controller in line with our needs.
3
1. Introduction
• Study ICs [such as the IR2112 and MOSFET/IGBT and the operation of the
MOSFET]
• PWM and SPWM explained in detail.
• Redesigning the utility metre
• Using PWM and SPWM is the only way I can produce 50Hz waves.
• A solar panel battery charger has been created and tested.
• Designing A MOSFET/IGBT switching driver circuit design and testing
• Complete H bridge development and testing
• Controlled PSW invertion of a pure sine wave
• During the switch from 12V to 230V and 50Hz, keep an eye on the
inverter’s output voltage and current.
1.4. Thesis Organization
Thesis organization is as follows
Chapter 1 is based on introduction

Chapter 2 is based on methodology
Chapter 3 is based on modeling and simulation of project
Chapter 4 is based on hardware implementation
Chapter 5 is based on result and future work
In the end of thesis there are references and appendix
4
2. Proposed Methodology
2.1. Block diagram
The project real time billing system is implemented step by step. The project com-
prises of three steps. Fist we have done the simulation, then we started designing
its Pcb and after that we manufacture the PCB. The project consists of main
processing unit ATMEGA328P-PU. The lcd is used to display the parameters.[3]
Below is a block diagram of the project.
Figure 2.1: Flow Diagram
5
2.2. Charge Controller
Using voltages that are too high or too low will shorten the life of a battery, while
charging it too much or too little can lengthen its life. As a result, we require a circuit
that can maintain a constant power output. A charge controller circuit is necessary to
maintain the ideal output voltage for properly charging the battery so because output
voltage of solar and wind power changes with the environment. The battery could be
disconnected through this circuit once it has finished charging.[4]
2.3. Boost converter
No matter what your needs are, we’ve got you covered. It’s not typical for non-
isolated converters to be used because they can’t handle high voltage and high-
power applications. These converters have a hard time producing a constant
voltage. A number of issues arise as a result of the decreasing output voltage of
inverters when power consumption rises. Stable output voltage is achieved by
using a high-frequency switching transformer One common application for this

converter is the transmission of high voltages. Boost converter topologies of this
type are often employed.[19]
1. Push Pull converter Topology
2. Full Bridge Topology
2.3.1. Push pull topology with open loop control system
The transformer’s primary winding is connected to two transistor switches in this
simple converter. I’ll start with converters that don’t provide feedback. This
schematic illustration shows a push-pull converter in action.[5]
6
We only have one switch on at a time to keep things simple. This results in a
Figure 2.2: Push pull converter
larger output voltage than input for the transformer’s secondary, depending on
the transformer’s turn ratio as well as the current flowing through its top switch.
During the half-cycle operation, the top switch will be left on.
In the first half of a cycle, current travels through the circuit as shown below. This
occurs because of the primary-side transformer’s primary-side polarity
Figure 2.3: Center-tapped transformer
switching half-cycle. This is how the circuit’s current flows in the second half:
7
Figure 2.4: Centre tapped transformer working
As a result, the square waveform output is higher than the waveform of the
input. I could use a standard inductor or a high-frequency switching transformer to
make a boost converter. I employed a high-frequency, center-tapped transformer
in my push-pull topology. The lower the frequency, the smaller the component. As
the frequency increases, the transformer’s size decreases. I like to use a high-
frequency switching transformer in the boost converter in order to reduce the
transformer’s size and weight. Two MOSFETs in a push-pull configuration are
used to generate AC from DC. To power our switcher, we connected into the
centre of the high frequency transformer.[20]
2.3.2. Disadvantages
It’s possible for appliances in the home to be damaged if the output voltage falls
too low when everything is running at full capacity. This is the primary drawback
of an open loop system.
8
2.3.3. Push Pull topology with closed loop control system
With this inverter construction, we were able to maintain the boost converter’s
325V DC output voltage under any load condition that was within a set limit using
output voltage feedback.[14]
We used a PWM chip to generate a 20KHz frequency to operate the push-pull
topology circuit. Because of its broad frequency range, the TL494 PWM chip was
Figure 2.5: PWM chip detail schematic
used (from 1 kHz to 300 kHz). The following table summarises the results of the
calculations enabled by this microprocessor. The formula for one-way
applications is as follows:
• The formula for determining F is 1/RT x CT. (2.1)
• The formula for implementing a push-pull topology can be found here.
9
• RT divided by RT is the formula for F. (2.2)
Given our experience with a push-pull topology, the second equation stands to
reason. Depending on the needed frequency, 470pF to 10uF capacitors with RTs
and CTs can be found with a frequency range of 1K to 500K.
RT can be simply calculated using CT = 0.001uF for a 20 kHz transformer.
Calculate the costs of running a firm.
2RT = 1/f XCT

CT = 0.001uF, RT =?, f = 20000Hz
RT = 1/(2)(20000)(0.001X10−6)
RT = 25kilo − ohm
In order to decrease the load on the switching transistor, TL494 has soft start and
dead time circuitry. A modest dead band is needed to alleviate the load on
switching transistors because the OFF time is greater than the ON time.[9]
Figure 2.6: TL494 dead time and soft start circuitry
10
PWM output progressively increases as a result of the soft start circuit’s

negative slope wave on dead time control pin 4. Slow charging of capacitor C2
by resistor R6 results in an increasing pulse width. Dead time might range from
25 to 100 clock cycles.
C2’s value can be calculated using the data shown above.
The output of the TL494 chip is connected to a push-pull MOSFET in order to
power the high frequency switching transformer.
Figure 2.7: High frequency switching with Centre tapped transformer
This high frequency AC to DC converter can only be used with a high frequency
switching full bridge rectifier that transforms 230V AC into 325V DC.
Figure 2.8: High voltage AC to DC conversion
With a 20KHz frequency, the transformer’s output voltage (230Vac) required a
11
20KHz switching diode to rectify it. Connect the feedback resistor at 325V DC in
order for TL494 to maintain its output voltage regardless of load.
2.3.4. Advantages
In a closed loop, we can use the output voltage as feedback to maintain a stable
output voltage.
2.3.5. Full bridge topology
Four MOSFET/IGBTs are employed in a full bridge architecture and are switched
in a manner consistent with the architecture. Full bridge topology does not
necessitate a center-tapped transformer.[15]
Figure 2.9: Circuit schematic of full bridge topology
In a boost converter application, a full bridge architecture is not desirable because it
requires a larger number of switches and a simple transformer. The simple high
frequency transformer has to be larger since the center-tapped transformer is larger.
12
2.4. Inverter
2.4. Inverter
This study helped us understand exactly what inverters are. They are primarily
responsible for converting DC into AC, which can then be used in applications
that require AC. Also depicted is the transformation of a DC voltage source into a
sine wave.[13]
Figure 2.10: Block diagram of inverter
Inverters can use either a push-pull or a full-bridge inverter topology. As voltage
boosters, centre tapped transformers are employed in push-pull
configurations.Full bridge architectures, on the other hand, can be powered by a
simple transformer or boost converter.
2.4.1. Inverter Modulation techniques
Pulse width modulation is widely used in inverters in the following two ways:
13
2.4.2. Pulse Width Modulation
Analogue signals can be created by converting digital signals to pulse width

modu-lation (PWM). A pulse signal can be modulated using this technique. Either
the 555 timer IC or the microcontroller may do pulse width modulation. There are
periods when a signal is high and times when it is low, and these times are
referred to as ”Turn On” and ”Turn Off.” The duty cycle determines the average
pulse voltage in a PWM signal.[6]
The duty cycle of a signal can be determined using the following formula:
T urnON time
Duty Cycle =
turnOntime + turnOf f time
The signal’s voltage will be at its highest for a 100% duty cycle.
Figure 2.11: Duty cycling of pwm
14
2.4. Inverter
In addition to the signal’s amplitude, it is also critical to understand its frequency. The
duty cycle is the amount of time the pulse is on, while the rate of change is the
number of cycles per second. [20] How to compute the frequency is as follows:
1
frequency =
timeperiod
time period = ontime + of f time
Figure 2.12: Frequency setting of duty cycle
Using PWM programming techniques can be incredibly beneficial in today’s
technologically advanced society. Some examples of applications include regulating
the speed of a vehicle, adjusting its frequency, and managing its power.
2.4.3. Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM)
Regular PWM maintains a constant pulse width; pulsewidth modulation (SPWM)

alters the pulse width in proportion to the sine wave slop measured in the middle
of each pulse’s amplitude.
Pulse width modulation (PWM) produces signals that are virtually sinusoidal in
shape. Moreover, the harmonic content is quite modest. The circuit construction
is the same as in the previous modulation, as shown in the diagram, but the
program-ming method is different.[21]
Two signals are required for sinusoidal pulse width modulation. Triangular waves
15
and sinusoidal waves are the two basic types of signals. This waveform is charac-
terised by the usage of triangular carrier waves. Using sinusoidal and triangular
signals, the inverter’s switching frequency and output frequency may be
computed. An amplitude and phase signal are generated using sine waves. The
gate signal is ON and we receive a positive voltage when the magnitude of
controlling signal is bigger than the triangle signal’s. Similarly, if the magnitude of
controlling signal is smaller than the carrier signal, the gate signal is turned off.
As the signal is modulated, its amplitude varies sinusoidally. After a gradual in-
crease, pulse duration begins to fall toward zero about half-way through the cycle.
Amplitude modulation can be used as an example when modulating the amplitude
of the load current.
MA = AmplitudeofreferencesignalAmplitudeofcarriersignal
The load signal’s frequency modulation can be utilized to alter the frequency as well.
f requencyof carriersignal
MF =
An integer ratio of the carrier frequency to the reference frequency is required to
produce sinusoidal modulation.
F c
2N = F s
The modulation depth can be calculated using the formula below:
m = eV cmax
tri
Where ec is modulating voltage and Vtri represents the voltage of triangular wave.
16
2.5. Types of Inverters
Figure 2.13: SPWM (Sinusoidal pulse width modulation)
2.5. Types of Inverters
2.5.1. Square wave inverter
An inverter that converts a 230V alternating signal into a square wave is the most
basic form. By repeatedly turning on and off a MOSFET, MOSFET, or IGBT for a
predetermined amount of time, this form of inverter output can be easily achieved.
[7]
The square wave inverter’s output is shown below.
Figure 2.14: Square wave inverter
17
2.5.2. Modified sine wave inverter
A sine wave inverter is easier to assemble than a square wave inverter, despite
the fact that it has more moving parts. An advantage of this inverter over square
wave inverters is that it progressively alters the phase of the wave. In contrast to
a sine wave inverter, there is no smooth transition from one cycle to the next. The
image on the right shows the output of a modified sine wave inverter.[11]
Figure 2.15: Modified sine wave inverter
2.5.3. Pure Sine Wave Inverter
We now know more about how DC is transformed to AC thanks to this study. To

begin with, we were shown a modified sine wave with a constant DC voltage as a
starting point. Besides the modified sine curve, we also know about the pure sine
curve. To gain a better understanding of the benefits and drawbacks of a
modified sine curve, we enrolled in this class. A lot was learned about inverters
from this paper, including the most basic practical applications.[8]
Inverters were the subject of extensive study by Jim Doucet and colleagues.
Understanding how an inverter is put together and its basic components is vital.
The term ”Pulse Width Modulation,” or PWM, is commonly used in electronics
18
2.6. Flow chart
to describe the process of converting DC power to AC power. Scientists have
learned a great deal about how a load transforms DC voltage into an AC waveform
by analysing the duty cycle. While the H-Bridge configuration is often utilised to
distribute the load, this research went into great detail about it. Switches are
arranged in the shape of a H on top of each other. Using these switches, we can
connect our circuit to our load with a voltage of zero, one, or the other.
The T.V. Omotosho et al. journal published this paper. It’s possible we might learn
from this study how to deal with difficulties that arise when employing inverter circuits
to design more secure and visually appealing devices. In N-channel MOSFETS, a 10
V voltage difference between the gate and drain terminals is difficult to produce. It is
necessary to add MOSFET drivers to the circuit since it requires a 10 V potential
differential in a split-second When a MOSFET is turned off, current might still flow
through the device, causing erroneous output waves and damage to the circuit
board. Our understanding of circuit protection and elitism was bolstered when we
realised that surges in the circuit are always caused by inductive loads. For example,
when this happens, the circuit should be activated to promptly dampen the incoming
surge and avoid circuit damage.
2.6. Flow chart
There are two flow charts in our project.
Figure 2.16 shows the flow diagram of inverter in which the output of inverter will
maintained at 220V.
Figure 2.17 shows the flow chart of energy meter monitoring system in which the
complete method is explained.
19
Figure 2.16: Flow chart of inverter
Figure 2.17: Flow chart of energy management
20
3. Modelling and Simulation
3.1. Mathematical Modeling
Learn these basic relationships. I use them at least weekly.

Q = C * V, C = capacitance in farads, Q = charge in coulombs, V = voltage potential
Q = I * T, I = current flow in amps, Q = charge in coulombs, T = time in seconds
F = 1 /T, F = frequency in hZ, T = period in seconds

Therefore,
I *T = C * V, or C = (I * T) /V
The delta symbol indicates a change, such as a change in voltage or a change in

time
C=I* T/ V
In this case, T = 1 /F
e.g. the time period of a 50 Hz waveform = 1 /50 Hz =
0.02seconds Therefore,
C=I/( V * F)
Now including the 70% factor we get the final relationship:
C = 0.7 * I /( V * F)
C = capacitance in farads, I = current in amps, V = peak-to-peak ripple voltage, F
= ripple freq in hertz.
21
Note that ripple frequency in a full-wave rectifier is double line frequency. For
half-wave rectification, the ripple frequency is the line frequency. Solving for V
V = 0.7 * I /(C * F)
C = 0.7 * I /( V * F) = 0.7 * 0.5A /(1Vp-p * 100hZ) = 0.0035farads or 3500µF
C=It/V = I =5A t=10m V=20V
C=5*10m/20=2500µF
Secondary peak-current = Primary peak-current / no. of turns = 141.4 A / 2000 =

0.0707A
The voltage all across burden resistor at peak current must be equal to one-half
of the Arduino analogue reference voltage in order to maximise measurement
resolution. (AREF / 2)
AREF / 2 will be 2.5 volts if you’re using an Arduino operating at 5 volts. This
means that the ideal burden resistance will be:
Ideal burden resistance = (AREF/2) / Secondary peak-current = 2.5 V / 0.0707 A

= 35.4 ohm
An uncommon resistor value is 35 ohm. 39 and 33 ohm are the numbers on
either side of 35 ohm that are closest. To avoid a voltage higher than AREF
being produced by the maximum load current, always use the smaller number.
We advise using a 33 ohm. ±1%In some circumstances, connecting two resistors
in series will bring the burden value closer to ideal. The accuracy will decrease
the further it deviates from the optimum value.[17]
3.1.1. Node MCU
We need one Wi-Fi board for sending sensors data to cloud and also send control
signal from cloud to robot. This board work perfectly and by using this we would
22
be able to send the command from cloud and receive data of sensors on cloud.
This board has many digital pins in which we can directly interface the sensor
with this board. We can directly interface DC gear motors using motor driver with
this module.
Figure 3.1: Mcu
Figure shows the complete detail of pins in which digital pins and have one
analog pin. The digital pins can provide maximum of 3.3V and the analog pin can
read maximum of 3.3V.
3.1.2. Cayenne IOT Platform
We have used Cayenne IOT platform and also used the Cayenne cloud server.
This server provides a free of charge cloud parameters display and its control
system. We can select the widgets from the app which we want to use it.
23
Figure 3.2: Cayenne cloud server
By using Cayenne server we can connect to any hardware like arduino,

raspberry pi , node MCU and esp32. We can use any board to connect. We just
need internet SSID and password.
In this application we must login first and then used to design project.
From this widgets box we would select the buttons and value display boxes.
These widgets would connect to the cloud using virtual pins like V0, V1 etc.
Figure 3.3: Cayenne cloud complete dash board
24
Cayenne provides the complete and compact IOT platform in which we can con-
nect sensors, boards and modules with wi-fi and display its values on Cayenne
application.
Cayenne has its own server and library, we can use Cayenne application for IOT
display. This application would provide the cloud service.
Figure 3.4: Cayenne library
By using arduino software we can add the Cayenne library and run the program-
ming codes on arduino software. This software provides the complete platform
using Cayenne cloud.
3.1.3. Power Supply
The project required power supply to power up the sensors, raspberry pi , speaker
and motors. So we require different power supplies like 5V for raspberry pi , 3.3V for
sensors and 6V for motors, so we would use voltage regulator for this purpose which
is connected to the single power source and convert it into respective voltages.
We have used LM2596 based voltage regulator in which it can provide a a maximum
of 3A current. This regulator can provide the range of voltages between 3V to 30V,
25
Figure 3.5: Circuit diagram
we can set for our own desire.
3.1.4. Cloud information
We have studied many web based cloud systems and we have seen pros and cons
in all systems , free cloud service with many extra features we have short listed the
MQTT based cloud server which provides us extra functionality and totally free.
We have short listed MQTT based cloud server in which we have used cayenne-
based services because it is totally free and have many extra features.
3.2. Simulation
= Energy meter simulation
The simulation of project has been completed on Proteus software.

One ATMEGA328 microcontroller, a 16MHz crystal, and two 22pF capacitors are
used in the microcontroller circuit. The microcontroller operates at a high rate,
completing one machine cycle for each instruction. The microcontroller receives
its oscillation from the 16MHz crystal in order to carry out its function. The
oscillations are managed by the two capacitors.
26
3.2. Simulation
Figure 3.6: Energy meter simulation diagram
Figure 3.7: Simulation of Energy Meter
27
The schematic diagram consist of atmega 328 microcontroller, current sensor,
voltage sensor and the loads. The current sensor is used to measure the current
and also used for the measurement of power factor.
= Output result of energy meter
Figure 3.8: Simulation detailed parameters
= Inverter simulation
Because a push-pull inverter has a higher power rating than other inverters,therfore
we are using this push-pull topology inverter.Inverter is centr-tapped and it is
controlloed by PWM , PWM switching frequency ranges from 18 kHz to 32 kHz. The
high-power rating bipolar junction transistor (BJT), which is used for switching. The
current across the collector and emitter is shorted during the first cycle, and the 12V
source provided the current in an anticlockwise manner.Similar to the first cycle, the
second cycle repeats the procedure with the current flowing in the opposite direction
(clockwise), and 50 Hz AC is created by varying these frequencies. The CD4047B IC
serves as a frequency generator while the transistor amplifies the signal. Voltages
are stepped up to 220V AC at the output using the center-tapped
28
3.2. Simulation
transformer.
Figure 3.9: Inverter simulation
= Inverter output Result
Figure 3.10: Inverter Output Result
29
4. Hardware Implementation
4.1. List Of Components
4.1.1. IN4007
It is a general-purpose diode which is used for reverse polarity protection. The

specification of this diode is as follows.
Max supply Voltage = 1000 V
Max supply Current =1A
Figure 4.1: In4007 Diode
30
4.1.2. IN4148
1N4148 is fast switching diode. In this project we have used this diode in inverter.
We connect this diode in reverse bias mode at gate of IRF740 to reduce the turn
off time of gate.
Figure 4.2: In4148 Diode
4.1.3. 2N2222
2N2222 is general purpose NPN transistor. We have used this transistor as relay
coil driver. The microcontroller provides us 5V signal at its digital pins with
microampere current which is not sufficient to drive the relay coil. So we used
this transistor as relay coil driver in common emitter mode.
31
Figure 4.3: 2N222 Npn Transistor
It is a 3 pin transistor in which its pin configuration is :
4.1.4. IRF740
It is an N-channel MOSFET which is used for high voltage inverter. This

MOSFET can bear Maximum of:
The pin configuration of the MOSFET is shown below:
Pin Number Pin Name

1 Source
2 Gate
3 Drain
Table 4.1: MOSFET Pin Configuration
32
4.1.5. B80C1000
B80C1000 is a silicon rectifier bridge with rating of 300V-1A which is used to
convert AC signal into DC signal. It has the following features.
• Diffused Junction
• Low Forward Voltage Drop
• High Current Capability
• High Reliability
• High Surge Current Capability
• Ideal for Printed Circuit Boards
Figure 4.4: Pin configuration for B80C1000
Positive and negative terminals are used as an output DC while other two
twrminals are used for AC input.
4.1.6. IR2110
The high speed MOSFET and IGBT with discrete high and low side referenced
output channels are driven by gate driver circuitry using the high and low side
33
driver IC, IR2110. For our project, the gate driving MOSFET circuitry uses an
IR2110 inverter.
Figure 4.5: Functional Block Diagram
Figure 4.6: Pin configuration for IR2110
4.1.7. IRF1404
The IRF1404 is 40V (drain to source voltages) single N-channel HexFET power
MOSFET, which can switch the connected loads upto 40V. The loads that consumes
upto 202A can be switched using this MOSFET. 2 to 4V across gate and source
34
terminal is required to turn it ON. It also require gate driver circuit to give 2 to 4V
on gate.
Figure 4.7: Pin configuration for IRF1404
Figure 4.8: Internal schematic diagram of IRF1404
4.1.8. 2N7002
Its low on-state resistance and superb switching performance make this MOSFET
the perfect choice for high performance power control applications. We use the
2N7002 in our project’s inverter for quick switching purposes. Low gate threshold
voltages, fast switching, and low on-state resistance are its main characteristics.
35
Figure 4.9: Internal schematic diagram of 2N7002
4.1.9. Relays
Relays are basically electromechanical or electronic switches used for protection
and switching purpose. In our project, 12V relays are used in relay based
controller for switching between different sources (solar, wind, grid).
Figure 4.10: Internal schematic diagram relay
4.1.10. Arduino board
The arduino board is based on ATMEGA 328 microcontroller and it is complete
hardware kit for testing and debugging the circuit. This arduino board has 28 pins
36
in which 14 digital pins which can be used a digital input and digital output pins. 6
pins are analog pins and 2 for Vcc , 2 pins for ground , 2 pins for crystal
oscillator, It has 6 ADC channels in which each of them is 10 bit. Mean it can
read the digital value from (0-1023). The resolution of ADC can be calculated as
follows. Adc Resolution= Vref/1023
As Vref =5V by default

ADC resolution = 5/1023 =4.8mV per step.
The ADC resolution is almost 5mV per step.
The picture of arduino board is given below.
Figure 4.11: Arduino board
The above picture shows that complete detail of arduino board. This Arduino board
has 6 PWM channels and it has two external hardware interrupts which is on PIN 2
and PIN3 the beauty of this arduino board is it has 3.3V and 5V voltage supply.
37
This arduino board has built in I2C protocol (inter integrated circuit). This Arduino
board working frequency is 16MHz and it has RISC +CISC architecture having a
fastest instruction execution time. The Arduino execution time 1 Machine cycle per
instruction. The most simplified form of arduino microcontroller is shown below.
Figure 4.12: Circuit schematic of microcontroller
We used 16MHz crystal with 22 Pf of capacitors because the oscillator generates
the oscillations of 0-16 MHz the capacitors are used to control the oscillations
mean it is used to stabilize the oscillations.
38
4.2. Hardware Discussion
With the help of the software proteus 8.6, we developed the receiver PCB. This
software offers auto routing, short circuit testing, and design rule checking, all of
which are excellent options that adhere to a preset set of rules. Below are
images of the PCB design and 3D model.
Figure 4.13: PCB layout of inverter
39
Figure 4.14: PCB layout of energy meter
Figure 4.15: PCB 3D layout
40
The hardware implementation of this project is based on two parts of project,

one is PCB designing and other is PCB manufacturing and stuffing.
The power coming from the solar array into the battery bank is controlled by a
solar charge controller. It prevents the deep cycle batteries from being
overcharged during the day and prevents the batteries from being drained at
night by power running backwards to the solar panels. Although some charge
controllers are also accessible with extra features like lighting and load
management, regulating power is their main responsibility.
PWM and MPPT are the two available methods for solar charge controllers. They
serve quite distinct purposes within a system. Even though an MPPT charge
controller costs more than a PWM charge controller, doing so is frequently justified.
Figure 4.16: Solar charge controller
41
Figure 4.17: Hardware of inverter
The Inverter second part is transformer which used for boost the AC voltage
from 12VAC to 220VAC.
Figure 4.18: Transformer 12v to 220v
The transformer convert 12VAC to 220VAC, with a power of 120 watt. This trans-
former has single primary and single secondary output. Figure shows the picture
of hardware in which we have used current transformer, which is called CT and
the potential transformer which is called PT. The current transformer and
potential transformer are used to measure parameters.
42
Figure 4.19: Energy meter hardware
43
Figure 4.20: Project hardware
44
4.3. Results
4.3. Results
Figure 4.21: Waveform of inverter output
Figure 4.22: Parameters display of energy meter
45
Figure 4.23: NodeMCU hardware connection
46
5. Conclusion
5.1. Thesis Work
The designed solar smart inverter can be used to drive load up to 100 Watt.
However, by making suitable changes the output power can be increased. The
inverter components can bear up to 600 watt of power. The single phase solar smart
inverter worked perfectly and desired AC voltage of 220V was available at the output
terminal of transformer from where we are able to drive our load so, the project is
successfully carried out.The energy meter monitor the load and calculate the bill.
5.2. Future Work
This proposed model is developed on domestic level with components of low
rating. This model is basic implementation of solar inverter for output of 120 Watt
and energy meter control IOT based. In future, whenever this project is used on
industrial level it can modified for the three phase load up to Megawatt (KW) with
high rating components. Its efficiency can be further improved by increasing the
levels. All the possible future modifications in this project are as follows:
1. By increasing the levels of the inverter we can increase the efficiency of this
project, can reduce the harmonic distortion and also can reduce the additional
47
5. Conclusion
losses associated with it.
2. For greater commercial use, solar panels with the necessary capacity can
be grouped together after calculating the necessary total power.
3. By including Net metering the efficiency of this project will also increase.
5.3. Impact on Society
In this superior era, people are shifting from old and everyday resets to new,
reliable and more powerful power sources in light of the fact that the normal
power system has various risks like load loss, pollution, natural hazards and also
power failures. Therefore, by using Smart Array, we can overcome these

problems and make our power system more stable and stronger. The luminous
grid is a pristine power source, and this power can be provided to people living in
remote areas, and the infection can disappear through the use of smart
community, and we can promote power when saving more devices so it will boost
up the Economy , Improve the living standards, Education and Job opportunities.
48
A. Appendix
A.1. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
= Mapping of SDGs in FYP
• Sustainable Development Goal 7 (Affordable Clean Energy)
• Sustainable Development Goal 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure)
• Sustainable Development Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production)
• Sustainable Development Goal 13 (Climate Action)
These SDGs served as the foundation for our project, ”Smart Home Energy Man-
agement System IOT Based.” A smart house is a place of residence where
systems and appliances may be monitored and managed remotely via internet-
connected devices. Between 2000 and 2018, the percentage of individuals who
had access to electricity rose from 78 to 96 percent, while the number of those
without it fell to 795 million. However, as the population increases, so will the
need for inexpensive energy, and a fossil fuel-based economy is causing
significant alterations to our environment. Due to the usage of fossil fuels to
produce power, billions of tons of chlorofluorocarbons are released into the
atmosphere every year, which contributes to the rapid rate of global warming.
49
A. Appendix
In order to meet the world’s energy needs, we must switch to renewable energy
sources, which can create enough energy to meet those needs while having no
negative environmental effects. Energy must be produced more effectively in
order to avoid energy waste. Additionally, real-time information about loads must
be managed in order to control and monitor them.
Since consumer electronics have made such great strides in recent years, society is
aiming to increase uptime, energy savings, green tech, and environmental protec-tion
in their daily lives at home. Most individuals manually control and maintain their home
appliances, which leads to a variety of problems with resources planning, cost, effort,
and security, all of which lead to an inconvenient and unreliable way of life. The idea
of IoT-based automation has gained popularity because to a variety of ”intelligent”
devices, such as air conditioning units, tablets, and smartphones. These devices are
well-grounded in technology and may be viewed and managed online remotely from
any location on the planet and at home.
As time has gone on, global warming has become noticeably more serious. To pre-
vent climate change, however, green technologies and environmental sustainability
are essential. The main goals of this experiment are to conserve natural resources,
reduce energy consumption, and understand the impact of home automation on
society in order to achieve the goal of green innovation and environmental sus-
tainability. An IoT-based home automation strategy is proposed that integrates smart
metres, solar, wind, and geothermal renewable energy resources in order to
considerably maximise the demand for energy usage, security, cost, ease, and a
cleaner environment for society. A survey of the target audience was also under-
taken with the aim of finding and analysing the least harmful effects on society and
the environment from the standpoint of sustainable development.
50
A.2. Complex Engineering Problem Attributes
51
A. Appendix
52
53
A. Appendix
54
55
A. Appendix
= Codes
56
57
A. Appendix
58
59
A. Appendix
60
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Smart Home Energy Management System IOT Based

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Smart Home Energy Management System IOT based

Muhammad Waqas ELEN18111029

Department of Electrical Engineering

June 30, 2022

Muhammad Waqas ELEN18111029

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for degree of