3 Periodic Trends Notes
3 Periodic Trends Notes
3 Periodic Trends Notes
This topic illustrates the regular patterns in some physical properties of the elements
in the Periodic Table.
PERIODIC TRENDS
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
9.1 Periodicity of a) describe qualitatively (and indicate the periodicity in) the variations in
physical properties atomic radius, ionic radius, melting point and electrical conductivity of
of the elements in the elements (see the Data Booklet )
the third period b) explain qualitatively the variation in atomic radius and ionic radius
c) interpret the variation in melting point and electrical conductivity in terms
of the presence of simple molecular, giant molecular or metallic bonding
in the elements
d) explain the variation in first ionisation energy (see the Data Booklet)
e) explain the strength, high melting point and electrical insulating
properties of ceramics in terms of their giant structure; to include
magnesium oxide, aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide
9.2 Periodicity of a) describe the reactions, if any, of the elements with oxygen (to give
chemical properties Na2O, MgO, Al 2O3, P4O10, SO2, SO3), chlorine (to give NaCl , MgCl 2,
of the elements in Al 2Cl 6, SiCl 4, PCl 5) and water (Na and Mg only)
the third period b) state and explain the variation in oxidation number of the oxides (sodium
to sulfur only) and chlorides (sodium to phosphorus only) in terms of
their valence shell electrons
c) describe the reactions of the oxides with water
(treatment of peroxides and superoxides is not required)
d) describe and explain the acid/base behaviour of oxides and hydroxides
including, where relevant, amphoteric behaviour in reaction with acids
and bases (sodium hydroxide only)
e) describe and explain the reactions of the chlorides with water
f) interpret the variations and trends in 9.2(b), (c), (d) and (e) in terms of
bonding and electronegativity
g) suggest the types of chemical bonding present in chlorides and oxides
from observations of their chemical and physical properties
9.3 Chemical periodicity a) predict the characteristic properties of an element in a given Group by
of other elements using knowledge of chemical periodicity
b) deduce the nature, possible position in the Periodic Table and identity of
unknown elements from given information about physical and chemical
properties
PERIODICITY
The outer electronic configuration is a periodic function, it repeats ever so often.
Many physical and chemical properties are influenced by the outer shell
configuration of an atom and hence also exhibit periodicity, such as:
ATOMIC RADIUS
The atomic radius is basically used to describe the size of an atom.
Larger the atomic radius, larger the atom.
Atomic radius increases down a group.
In each new period the outer-shell electrons enter a new energy level
and so are located further away from the nucleus.
ATOMIC RADIUS
200
K 1 130
2 Na60 Li
300 238 Rb15
Cs 174 1
Ca M 40
g 9
Be9 H32
242 190
Fr Sr 15
2
Ba06 176 Sc 9
Y 148
21 194 Ti
Ra 1 La 164 144
200 201 Zr V
Ac 164 Nb56
1 130
Cr
radius (pm)
Hf 1 1
158 Mo46 Mn29
Ta 138 Fe 4
12
W
150 Tc 1
141 Ru36 1 Co
118
12 84
Re R 34
h
11 1
Ni 7 Cu22 Al 4 B
100 13
Os 6
13
Pd 0 A 136 14 Zn120 123 11 75
132 g C 0 1 Ga Si 4 1 C 71
09
Ir 130 d 42 120 P N
Pt 13 In 14 Ge 12 104 6
O4
Au 0 132 144 Sn 0 140 As 0 11 S 100 6
F0
Sb 8
Hg Ti 137 Se 117 Cl 10 3
1 He7
Pb45 150 Te 136 B r 116
Ar 1 Ne62
Bi K
0 14 I 13 r
1 Po 2 A 148 Xe 6
t 1
2 Rn46
3
4
5
6
7 ii
8 ad
9 cr
decr 10 tomi
easin 11 ga
g at
omic 12 sin
radii 13 crea
14 i n
15
16
17
18
▲ Figure 5 Values of atomic radii of elements in pm. These data can be
4 found in section 9 of
the Data booklet
r
half this distance
cation
In crossing
10_03 the third
Cam/Chem AS&A2period of the Peri
BILAL HAMEED PERIODIC TRENDS
11 to 18. This means that the 3s and 3p
Barking
to Dog Artand as a result their dist
the nucleus
This is the reason why the atomic radii
irst ionisation energy/kJ mol 494 736 577 786 1060 1000 1260 1520
lectronegativity 0.9 1.2 1.5 sodium:1.8its covalent 2.1 radius 2.5is 0.154 nm; 3.0 its metallic
— radius is 0.186 nm, and its van
lectrical conductivity/S cm−1 2.1 × 105 2.3 × 105 der
3.8 × 105 Waals’ radius
2.5 × 10 −6 is 0.230
1.0 × 10−11 nm. The−18
5.0 × 10 only~0 radius listed
~0 for argon is its van der Waals
tomic radius/nm 0.186 0.160 0.143 0.117140
radius (0.190 nm),0.110
since it does
0.104 not form0.099compounds.
(0.190) If we are to compare the
sizes of the atoms in a sensible way, we need to compare radii of the same type.
ble 10.1 Some physical properties of the
ments in the third period Comparing the van der Waals’ radii of the two elements shows that the sodium
Interatomic atomand interionic
(0.230 nm) is larger radiithan the argon atom (0.190 nm), as we might expect, sin
The term ‘atomicthe
radius’ does not
nuclear mean thefor
attraction samethething
outerfor electron
every element.
shell Although
increases with proton number
ATOMIC RADIUS MEASUREMENTS
we can fairly easily measure the
across the group. distance between two adjacent nuclei
element (see Figure 10.3), if we are to use those distances to compare one element
in an
with another, we must be aware that the interatomic bonding might differ in the
•
Figure 10.3 TheCovalent radius
atomic radius is two is
thehalf the
half elements. Foradistance between
example, tables the nuclei
of interatomic of atoms
radii include
b
joined
three values for by a c
internuclear distance. sodium: its covalent radius is 0.154 nm; its metallic radius is 0.186 nm, and its van
covalent bond. The values are measured by X-ray or electron diffraction.
der Waals’ radius is 0.230 nm. The only radius listed for argon is its van der Waals’
radius (0.190 nm), since it doeshalf
notthis
form compounds. If we are to compare the
r distance
r
sizes of the atoms in a sensible way, we need to compare radii of the same type.
r
Comparing the van der Waals’ radii of the two elements shows that the sodium
chlorine moleculeatom (0.230 nm) is larger than the argon atom (0.190 nm), as we might expect, since
the nuclear attraction for the outer electron shell increases with proton number
across the group.
This is the reason why the atomic radii decrease from sodium to chlorine (see Figur
10.4).
on the left – metallic radiusAs mentioned
on the right – above, the somewhat
covalent radius larger
for Group 18 – value of 0.190 nm listed for argon
Table 10.1 is the van der Waals’ radius, vanwhich
der Waals’ radiusthe distance between the two
is half
nuclei when the atoms touch one another in the solid state.
In crossing the third period of the Periodic Table, the proton number increases from
10_03 Cam/Chem AS&A2
Sodium, magnesium and aluminium are metals and form Na+, Mg2+ and Al3+ ions.
11 to 18. This means that the 3s and 3p outer electrons become more firmly attracted
Barking
to Dog Artand
the nucleus These ions their
as a result all have theaway
distance electronic
from thestructure 1s2 2s2 2p
nucleus becomes
6
. As the proton number increas
less.
This is the reasonfromwhy the11 atomic
with sodium to 13 from
radii decrease withsodium
aluminium, the (see
to chlorine attraction
Figure for the outer electrons
10.4). As mentioned above, the
increases andsomewhat
they becomelarger value
drawn of 0.190 nm listed
in closer for argon
to the in This means that the ioni
nucleus.
Table 10.1 is the van der Waals’ radius, +
which is half the distance
2+ between the
3+ two
radii get smaller (Na 0.095 nm, Mg 0.065 nm, Al 0.050 nm).
nuclei when the atoms touch one another in the solid state.
ATOMIC RADIUS
Sodium, magnesium and aluminium are metals and form Na+, Mg2+ and Al3+ ions.
Melting points
These ions all have the electronic structure 1s2 2s2 2p6. As the proton number increases
from 11 with sodiumThetomelting
13 with aluminium,
point of an theelement
attraction that
for the outer
has electrons
a giant structure is high because many
increases and they become drawn
interatomic in closer
bonds mustto be
the nucleus.
broken This
for means thattothe
melting ionicplace. The atomic radii
take
radii get smaller (Na+ 0.095 nm, Mg2+ 0.065 nm, Al3+ 0.050 nm).
become smaller from sodium to silicon and so the bonding becomes stronger 1 pm = 1
Melting points and the melting points become higher, as the bonding electrons are closer to the
The melting pointadjacent nuclei.
of an element that has a giant structure is high because many
interatomic bonds must be broken for melting to take place. The atomic radii
become smaller from sodium to silicon and so the bonding becomes stronger 18
and the melting points become higher, as the bonding electrons are closer to the
adjacent nuclei.
189
3_10_AS_Chem_BP_186-201.indd 189
The reason that atomic radius decreases across a period is basically the
same reason electronegativity and ionisation energy increase: an PERIODIC
BILAL HAMEED increase TRENDS
in nuclear charge across the period but no significant increase in shielding.
141
SKILL CHECK 1
Put the following elements in order of increasing atomic radius. Justify
your answers:
A Mg, S, Si
B Mg, K, Al
C Si, Cl, K
SKILL CHECK 2
Explain why the ionic radius of a Group 2 ion is smaller than the
atomic radius of the corresponding Group 2 atom.
10
IONIC RADIUS
Positive ions (cations) are smaller than the parent atom.
The cation has more protons than electrons (an increased nuclear charge).
The excess nuclear charge pulls the remaining electrons closer to the
nucleus.
Also, cation formation often results in the loss of all outer-shell electrons,
resulting in a significant decrease in radius.
11
IONIC RADIUS
12
IONIC RADIUS
Negative ions (anions) are larger than the parent atom.
13
IONIC RADIUS
15
electrons 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
16
SKILL CHECK 3
Explain why the ionic radii of halides are larger than atomic radii of the
corresponding halogens
17
SKILL CHECK 4
Which diagram represents the change in ionic radius of the elements
across the third period (Na to Cl)?
18
SKILL CHECK 5
The species Ar, K+ and Ca2+ are isoelectronic (have the same number of
electrons).
In what order do their radii increase?
19
As electrons are negatively charged and protons in the nucleus are positively
charged, there will be an attraction between them. The greater the pull of the
nucleus, the harder it will be to pull an electron away from an atom.
20
Helium has two protons in the nucleus. The nuclear charge is greater so the
pull on the outer electrons is larger. More energy will be needed to pull an
electron out of the atom.
21
Lithium atoms have 3 protons so you would expect the pull on electrons to be
greater. However, the 1st I.E. of Li is lower than that of He because
1. Filled inner shells exert a shielding effect - lowers the effective nuclear pull and,
2. Electrons are further away from the nucleus- lowers effective nuclear attraction.
22
Atomic Radius
As the atomic radius increases, the outermost electron would be further
away from the nucleus experiencing a weaker attractive force. Hence the
value decreases with increasing size.
Attraction decreases very rapidly with distance. An electron close to the
nucleus will be much more strongly attracted than one further away.
23
The inner electron orbitals effectively screen or shield the outermost electrons
from the nucleus, due to which the ionisation energy decreases.
The lessening of the pull of the nucleus by the inner electrons is known as
shielding.
It is due to the shielding effect that the electrons in the outer shell are attracted
by the effective nuclear charge which is less than the full charge on the
nucleus.
24
he next electron is
is a large jump between first
istent with the electron being
shell). This electron is closer
ttracted. It is also shielded
nner main energy levels), as
FACTORS INFLUENCING IONISATION ENERGY
h other very well (they do not
26
Completely filled sub levels are more stable than others requiring large
amounts of energy for their disruption. This additional stability is
associated with half filled sub levels also.
Stability of
Stability of half- Stability of other
completely filled > >
filled sub levels configurations
sub levels
27
Although the nuclear charge also increases down a group, this is largely
balanced out by an increase in shielding down the group, as there are
more electron energy levels (shells). It is the increase in size that governs
the change in first ionisation energy.
29
Across a period, the number of protons and the number of electrons increase by
one each.
The additional proton increases the nuclear charge.
The additional electron is added to the same outer shell in each of the elements.
A higher nuclear charge more strongly attracts the outer electrons in the same
shell, but the electron-shielding effect from inner-level electrons remains the same.
Thus, more energy is required to remove an electron because the attractive force
on them is higher.
30
There are
general in
energy ac
are discus
This is req
Level stud
31
SKILL CHECK 6
For each of the following pairs, state which element has the higher
first ionisation energy and explain your answer:
A Mg and Al
B Mg and Ca
C Ne and Na
32
ATOMIC NUMBER
33
Ar
3s 3p
Sulfur. The extra electron has paired
up with one of the electrons already
3s 3p Cl
in one of the 3p orbitals. The
P
repulsive force between the two
3s 3p
S 3s 3p paired-up electrons means that less
energy is required to remove one of
3s Si
Mg them.
34
Periodic pr
F
Ar
1500 N group 0
H
O Cl
C P
1000 Be S
Mg Si
B Ca
500 Al group 2
Li Na group 1
K
0
1 5 10 15 20
Atomic number
35
Shielding
H by electrons
O in the same
Cl shell is limited, so the ‘effective nuclear
charge’ increasesC and the electrons
P
are drawn more tightly to the nucleus.
1000 S
Be
Mg
Si
B
Al
500
Li Na
metal crystal
AtomicKradii decrease Rb
Worked example
Atomic radii increase
Test yourself
on and Suggest why:
er melting points a10_06
the ionisation
Cam/Chem energy
AS&A2 of aluminium is less than that of magnesium
(see Figure 10.5). b the ionisation energy of sulfur is less than that of phosphorus.
Barking Dog Art
15 Arrange these elements in
g and structure in
Answer atomic radius: Al, B, C, K a
a This is because the outer electron in aluminium is in the 3p orbital, and so further from
germanium to be
conductor or an the nucleus and less strongly held than the outer electron in magnesium, which is in the 16 Which atom or ion in each
3s orbital.
b ThisFigure 7.9 the
is because " electron that is being removed from sulfur comes from a pairs has the larger radius?
ng point of
BILAL HAMEED
ber 34) is higher Periodicity of atomic radii in the periodic table. a) Cl or Cl–
PERIODIC TRENDS
doubly-occupied orbital, in which it suffers inter-electron repulsion from the other electron
occupying that orbital.
roton number 33).
b) Al or N
The reactions of the elements with oxygen,
chlorine and water
155
SKILL CHECK 7
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
The elements radon (Rn), francium (Fr) and radium (Ra) have consecutive proton numbers
in the Periodic Table.
37
SKILL CHECK 8
1st
The ionisation energies of several
4 Thelements
e 1st ionisation energies of several elements with consecutive atomic numbers are shown in the g
below.
with consecutive atomic numbers are shown The letters
in are not the symbols of the elements.
the graph below. The letters are not the symbols
2000
of the elements.
First ionisation energy / kJ mol–1
1600
a. Which of the elements A to I belong to Group I in
the Periodic Table? Explain your answer. 1200
36
2 Atomic structure and the periodic table (Topic 1)
SKILL CHECK 10
Which experience a greater effective nuclear charge: the valence
807404_C02_Edexcel_GF_Chem_009-036.indd 36 27/02/2015 19:58
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