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Good day everyone, and thank you for joining this presentation. Today, we will be discussing 'Introduction and
Basic Guidelines in Volumetric Quantity Surveying Using Total Station'
Before we dive into the content, let me introduce myself. I’m Ray Vincent Palatino,Operation team leader of
engineering department of COTECNA elite Philippines, Im a licensed civil engineer and a Former survey engineer,
and I have over 6 years of experience in surveying and have used various surveying instruments such as total
station, GPS GNSS, UAV, automatic level, digital level, laser scanner, cross line laser, laser plummet, and rotating
laser. With this extensive background, I aim to provide you with a comprehensive understanding of volumetric
quantity surveying using total stations. Let's get started."
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"The objective of today's presentation is to provide an overview of Total Station and the techniques used for
volumetric quantity surveying. We aim to cover the essential concepts and practical applications.”
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"To begin, let's understand what volumetric quantity surveying is and why it is important in various
fields such as construction, mining, and land development.
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"Volumetric Quantity Surveying involves the measurement and calculation of the volume of
stockpiles, land, and other materials. Accurate volume measurements are crucial for project
planning, resource allocation, and cost estimation. By using precise instruments like the Total
Station, we ensure that these measurements are reliable, which helps in making informed
decisions.
As illustrated by the images, the process involves capturing data points from various angles and
positions around the material being surveyed. This comprehensive approach allows for creating
detailed 3D models, ensuring no aspect is overlooked. The precision and detail captured by these
instruments are essential for accurately determining volumes and managing resources
efficiently."
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"Several instruments are commonly used in volumetric quantity surveying, including Total Stations, GPS/GNSS-RTK,
Laser Scanners, and UAV/Drone technology. Let's look at each of these in more detail."
Total Stations play a crucial role in achieving these accurate measurements. These advanced
surveying instruments combine the functions of a theodolite for measuring angles and an
electronic distance meter (EDM) for measuring distances, all in one device. This combination
allows for highly precise measurements of horizontal and vertical angles, as well as distances.
Precision and Accuracy: Total Stations provide high precision measurements, which are
essential for accurate volume calculations. The advanced optics and electronic systems
ensure minimal errors.
Data Collection and Storage: They can store large amounts of data, which can be easily
transferred to computers for further analysis. This capability streamlines the data
collection process and enhances efficiency.
Versatility: Total Stations can be used for a variety of surveying tasks, including
topographic surveys, construction layout, and volumetric surveys. Their versatility makes
them indispensable in modern surveying.
Remote Operation: Some models, such as robotic Total Stations, allow for remote
operation. This feature enhances efficiency and reduces the need for multiple personnel
on site.
Integration with Software: Total Stations can be integrated with specialized software
for data processing and analysis. This integration allows for the creation of detailed 3D
models and accurate volume calculations.
By capturing precise data points and creating detailed 3D models, Total Stations provide reliable
information that helps in making informed decisions. The precision and reliability of Total
Stations reduce the risk of errors and improve overall project efficiency. This ultimately leads to
better resource management and successful project outcomes."
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Slide 8:
"Laser scanning is an advanced technology in the field of surveying that utilizes laser beams to
capture precise measurements of surfaces and objects. This method generates highly detailed 3D
models and point clouds, making it invaluable for complex volumetric surveys.
High Precision and Detail: Laser scanners capture millions of data points per second,
creating highly accurate and detailed 3D models of the scanned environment.
Speed and Efficiency: They can rapidly scan large areas and intricate structures,
significantly reducing the time required for fieldwork.
Non-Contact Measurement: Laser scanners measure without physical contact, which is
beneficial for surveying hazardous or hard-to-reach areas safely.
Versatility: Suitable for a variety of applications, including topographic surveys,
building documentation, heritage preservation, and industrial inspections.
"Now, let's explore the use of UAV Drones in volumetric quantity surveying.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, commonly known as drones, have revolutionized the field of
surveying and mapping. Equipped with high-resolution cameras and various sensors, UAVs
provide efficient, accurate, and cost-effective data collection for a wide range of applications.
In summary, UAV Drones are a powerful tool in modern surveying. Their ability to
quickly and accurately collect detailed data from hard-to-reach areas makes them
indispensable for many surveying tasks. The speed, efficiency, and versatility of UAVs
provide significant advantages over traditional surveying methods, making them an
essential component of contemporary volumetric quantity surveying.
With the integration of UAVs, we can achieve comprehensive and robust surveying solutions
that enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and safety of our projects."
"Now, let's move on into Total Stations. These advanced surveying instruments combine electronic distance
measurement and theodolites for precise angle, distance, and coordinate measurements."
"A Total Station is a versatile, highly precise electronic surveying instrument that combines the
capabilities of a theodolite and an electronic distance meter (EDM). This integration allows for the
measurement of both horizontal and vertical angles, as well as distances, with exceptional accuracy.
Total Stations are essential tools in the field of surveying, providing comprehensive solutions for various
measurement tasks.
"There are several brands and models of Total Stations available, including:
Description: The Trimble M3DR5 is a more advanced Total Station designed for higher
precision and more complex surveying tasks. It offers enhanced data management and
connectivity options.
Features:
Sokkia FX Series
Description: The Sokkia FX series is known for its advanced features and high performance.
These instruments are designed for a wide range of surveying applications, offering superior
accuracy and efficiency.
Features:
Description: The Leica Nova TS60 is a high-end Total Station that offers unmatched
precision and reliability. It is designed for the most demanding surveying tasks and provides a
wide range of advanced features.
Features:
Sub-millimeter accuracy and very high angular precision
Advanced imaging and scanning capabilities
Robust and durable design for harsh environments
Comprehensive data management and connectivity options
Ideal for high-precision engineering and monitoring applications
"The Topcon GTL-1200 combines traditional Total Station functions with 3D scanning capabilities, making it ideal
for detailed surveys."
"The Trimble SX12 offers high-precision scanning and imaging, enhancing the versatility and accuracy of surveying
tasks."
The front of a Total Station is primarily dominated by the telescope, which is crucial for sighting and
aligning with survey targets. This high-quality optical component can be rotated horizontally and
vertically, allowing surveyors to aim precisely at specific points with clear magnification. The telescope
includes reticles or crosshairs for precise alignment and may feature autofocus for ease of use. Adjacent
to the telescope is the Electronic Distance Meter (EDM), which emits a laser or infrared beam to
measure the distance to the target point accurately. This component is essential for calculating precise
coordinates and other survey data, capable of measuring long distances and correcting for
environmental factors. Additionally, the front of the instrument typically features a control panel and
display. This interface allows users to input commands, set parameters, and view real-time
measurement data, facilitating efficient and accurate data collection with a user-friendly touchscreen or
keypad for navigation.
The back of a Total Station includes several critical components that ensure stability and functionality.
The tribrach and leveling screws form the base of the instrument, which mounts to a tripod. These
elements are essential for leveling the instrument accurately, using built-in bubble levels and fine
adjustment knobs to secure the instrument's position for precise measurements. An optical or laser
plummet is also located on the back, used to position the Total Station directly above a survey point,
ensuring accurate centering. For data management, the back features data storage and communication
ports, including USB, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi options for transferring collected data to external devices
such as computers or tablets. This is crucial for efficient data processing and analysis. Additionally, the
battery and power supply, often situated at the back, provide the necessary power for field operations,
with long battery life and quick charging capabilities to support extended use. Backup battery options
ensure uninterrupted operation, making the Total Station reliable and efficient for all surveying tasks.
"A complete Total Station set includes the main instrument, a tripod, prism, and prism pole, along with various
accessories such as extra batteries, a portable electric drill, and communication devices like 2-way radios."
"One of the primary functions of a Total Station is angle measurement, in which we can measure the horizontal
angle and the vertical angle just like what you see on the picture. These function is very useful in plotting a lot
boundaries using bearing angles and also by the help of Electronic distance measurement.
"Another essential function is distance measurement, which is performed using electronic distance measurement
(EDM) technology."
As I said earlier, Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) technology in total stations is a crucial
component that allows surveyors to accurately measure distances between the instrument and a target
point. As you can see on the picture, the EDM enable us to measure distances which will provide us the
details the we need such slope distance, vertical distance and horizontal distance
Overall, EDM technology in total stations plays a critical role in modern surveying, providing accurate
and reliable distance measurements essential for various applications in construction, civil engineering,
mapping, and infrastructure development.
1. Data Collection: Total stations collect various types of data during surveys, including
distances (measured using EDM), angles (measured using angular encoders), and
sometimes, environmental conditions like temperature and pressure.
2. Coordinate Calculation: One of the primary functions of a total station is to calculate
the coordinates of surveyed points based on the measured distances and angles. These
coordinates can be in local grid coordinates or referenced to a global coordinate system
(e.g., GPS coordinates).
3. 3D Modeling: Total stations can create 3D models of surveyed areas or objects by
combining multiple measurements taken from different positions. This is useful for
detailed mapping or creating digital terrain models.
4. Topographic Mapping: Total stations help in creating accurate topographic maps by
recording the positions and elevations of various points on the terrain. This data is crucial
for engineering and construction projects.
5. Volume Calculation: In applications like stockpile measurement, total stations assist in
calculating the volume of materials by comparing multiple scans of the stockpile over
time. This involves precise measurement and computational algorithms to determine
changes in volume.
6. Data Integration: Total stations often integrate with other technologies like GPS (Global
Positioning System) and GIS (Geographic Information System) for broader spatial data
analysis and mapping applications.
7. Accuracy Enhancement: Data processing in total stations includes algorithms that
enhance accuracy by compensating for environmental factors such as atmospheric
conditions and instrument errors.
8. Report Generation: After data collection and processing, total stations can generate
reports or output files that summarize survey results, including graphical representations
like maps and 3D models.
1. Precision - Total Stations provide highly precise measurements of angles, distances, and
coordinates. This accuracy is essential for detailed and reliable surveying results
2. Efficiency - Total Stations digitally record all measurements, eliminating manual recording errors
and enabling easy transfer and storage of data.and also Surveyors can view measurements and
calculations in real time, allowing for immediate decision-making and adjustments in the field.
3. Versatility - Total Stations are suitable for a wide range of applications including topographic
surveys, construction staking, boundary surveys, and more.
4. Data Integration - Collected data can be easily integrated with GIS, CAD, and other surveying
software for further analysis and visualization, enhancing the overall productivity of surveying
projects.
5. Remote Measurement - Capable of measuring in inaccessible areas"
Conclusion: "Total Stations offer a range of advantages that make them invaluable tools in the field of
surveying. Their precision, versatility, and integration capabilities significantly enhance the efficiency and
accuracy of surveying projects."
1. Cost - Total Stations, especially advanced models like robotic Total Stations, can be quite
expensive. This high initial investment can be a barrier for smaller surveying firms or projects
with limited budgets.Complexity - Requires specialized training for operation
2. Environmental Limitations - Total Stations can be sensitive to environmental conditions such as
extreme temperatures, moisture, and dust, which can affect their performance and accuracy.
3. Maintenance - Regular calibration and maintenance are essential to ensure the accuracy and
reliability of Total Stations. This can add to the operational costs and require technical expertise.
4. Vulnerability - Delicate instrument prone to damage
5. Power Dependency - Total Stations rely on battery power, and their operation can be limited by
battery life, especially in remote locations where recharging may not be readily available.
"While Total Stations offer advanced capabilities and numerous benefits, it's important to be aware of
their limitations. Addressing these disadvantages through proper training, maintenance, and operational
planning can help maximize the effectiveness of Total Stations in surveying projects."
"Total Stations are indispensable tools in land surveying due to their precision and versatility.
Let's explore how Total Stations are used in this field and discuss the images on the slide.
Land Surveying: Total Stations are used extensively in land surveying to measure and map the
features of the Earth's surface. They provide precise measurements of distances, angles, and
elevations, which are crucial for creating accurate topographic maps, determining property
boundaries, and planning land development projects.
This is a sample of Lot plan or a lot boundary plan. By the help of technical descriptions the
survey can now determine the exact location of boundary lines of a certain lot by the help of total
station, ensuring accurate and legal land division.
In engineering, Total Stations are used to create detailed topographic maps that depict the contours and
features of the land. These maps are essential for planning and designing engineering projects, as they
provide a precise representation of the terrain. Engineers rely on these maps to determine the most
suitable locations for structures, roads, and other infrastructure elements, ensuring they fit
harmoniously with the natural landscape.
image shows an engineer using a Total Station to conduct a topographic survey. The instrument is set up
on a tripod, and the engineer is measuring angles and distances to various points on the land. This data
is then used to create accurate topographic maps that guide the design and planning of engineering
projects.
In quantity surveying, Total Stations are used to measure and calculate the quantities of materials
needed for construction projects. This includes measuring land areas, volumes of excavations,
and quantities of construction materials, which are vital for cost estimation and project
management.
Image Explanation:
1. Material Estimation: The second image depicts the use of a Total Station to estimate the
quantities of construction materials. The instrument provides precise measurements that
help in budgeting and resource planning
Total Stations are employed in construction for tasks such as setting out building lines, checking
alignments, and monitoring construction progress. They ensure that all elements of a
construction project are accurately positioned and aligned according to the design specifications.
Image Explanation:
1. Setting Out: The first image shows a surveyor using a Total Station to set out building
lines on a construction site. This process involves marking the exact locations of
foundations, walls, and other structural elements to guide the construction work.
2. Progress Monitoring: The second image depicts the use of a Total Station to monitor the
progress of construction. Surveyors take periodic measurements to ensure that the work is
proceeding according to the planned design and specifications.
Step 1 - Setup: The first step in using a Total Station is setting up the instrument. This involves
mounting the Total Station on a sturdy tripod and ensuring it is securely fastened. The instrument
must be placed over a known point or benchmark, and it needs to be leveled accurately using the
built-in bubble levels. Proper setup is essential to ensure the accuracy of all subsequent
measurements.
Step 2 - Orientation: Once the Total Station is set up and leveled, the next step is orientation.
This involves aligning the instrument with a known reference point, typically a back sight. By
orienting the Total Station, you establish a coordinate system that will be used for all
measurements. This step is crucial for ensuring that the data collected is consistent and accurate
relative to the survey area's coordinate system.
Step 3 - Measurement: After orientation, the Total Station is ready to measure distances and
angles. The instrument uses its telescope and Electronic Distance Meter (EDM) to accurately
measure the distance to a target point. The surveyor aims the telescope at the target, and the
EDM calculates the distance based on the time it takes for the emitted laser or infrared beam to
return. Measurements of horizontal and vertical angles are also taken to determine the exact
position of the target.
Step 4 - Data Collection: The final step is data collection. The Total Station records the
measured data, including distances, angles, and coordinates. This data can be stored in the
instrument's internal memory or transferred to an external device such as a data collector or
computer for further processing and analysis. Accurate data collection is essential for creating
detailed maps, planning construction projects, and conducting various types of surveys.
Image Explanation: The image on the slide shows a surveyor using a Total Station in the field.
The instrument is mounted on a tripod, and the surveyor is carefully aligning and sighting
through the telescope to take precise measurements. This visual representation highlights the
importance of proper setup, orientation, and measurement techniques in obtaining accurate
survey data.
"Step 1: Set up your Total Station over a control point, adjusting the tripod to the appropriate height."
"Step 2: Attach the Total Station and adjust the leveling screws to their center position."
"Step 3: Level the circular bubble by adjusting two of the tripod legs."
Slide 32: Total Station Setup - Step 4
"Step 4: Turn on the laser plummet and shift the Total Station until the laser is centered on the control point."
"Step 5: Level the Total Station using the plate level by twisting both screws in opposite directions until the bubble
is centered. Rotate the instrument 90 degrees and repeat the leveling process."
"Step 1: Measure the height of the instrument and the height of the prism, and register these on the Total
Station."
"Step 2: Place the prism on the known point, ensuring it is vertically erect and exactly centered."
"Step 3: Ensure a clear focus on the target with no obstructions. Confirm and register the target on the Total
Station."
Slide 38: Basic Guideline in Volumetric Quantity Surveying using Total Station
"Next, let's go through the basic guidelines for volumetric quantity surveying using a Total Station."
Slide 39: Step by Step Instructions - Step 1: Preparation
"Step 1: Preparation
"To illustrate these concepts, let's look at a case study. Initially, the site had stockpiles and uneven terrain."
"The team set up control points around the stockpile area, ensuring precise measurements could be taken."
"Data was collected using the Total Station, and processed to create a digital terrain model, allowing for accurate
volume calculations."
"Volumes were calculated using triangulation methods, and the results were verified and reported, providing
detailed information on the stockpile volumes."
"In conclusion, Total Stations are invaluable tools for volumetric quantity surveying, offering high precision and
efficiency. Understanding their operation and applications can greatly enhance surveying accuracy and
productivity."
"Thank you for your attention. If you have any questions or need further clarification, please feel free to ask."